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1400-early 1600s renaissances culture; Began in Italy and spread through Europe
1450 printing press developed
1517 Martin Luther protests against the Catholic Church and the religious reformation began
1534 England breaks away from the catholic church; becomes protestant country under king Henry VIII

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Chapbooks were small pamphlets that contained ballads, religious tracts, and tales that were sold by peddlers. They were often small cheaply made books that had 24 pages and no cover. According to N. Hausman of MIT, chapbooks didn't involve current events or anything of that sort, they were simply pamphlets that had jokes and stories that usually came from Folklore. They were not necessarily for children but they were some of the only types of writing pieces that were available to all people who could afford to buy from the peddlers, including children.

Resource:
Hausman, N. (n.d.). Chapbooks: Definition and Origins. Chapbooks: Definition and origins. Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://web.mit.edu/21h.418/www/nhausman/chap1.html

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-contain a lesson or a moral of some sort
-most fables are about animals; ex. " The Fox and of the stork"
- there are some non-animal fables; ex. 'the belly and the members'
- among the first illustrated books to be printed
- earliest known were published in Bamberg, Germany, 1461
- first published in English 1484 by William Caxton

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Aesop's Fables "The Tortoise and the Hare" Short Film

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- protestant martyrology and history of the christian church
-refers to catholic rulers, including Queen Mary, as tyrants
-he describes the horrors how catholics treated Christians up until and including Marys reign
-his book was second to the Bible in its importance to the English Protestant households
-there were chained copies installed throughout England; in churched, schools, libraries, and guildhalls

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-The first piece of writing on the practical education of children
-Originally written for 11yr old Henry of Burgundy; son of Adolph, prince of Veere
-Teaches boys how a boy should behave around adults
-It was not intended for girls, but to teach boys manners as girls were taught by their mothers, governesses, nursemaids, and their tutors that taught them at home as they were not going to grammar schools any longer during the 16th century.

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One of the original hornbooks from the early 1400s

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-A hornbook is a "book" that is made for children to learn basic lessons such as the alphabet, math, and prayers.
- A hornbook was sometimes called battledores or lesson paddles.
- In the early versions, the outside was covered in gilt and embossed with papers or floral or marble patterns.
- Sometimes there was a hole in the handle so the hornbook could be attached to a boy's belt or a girl's girdle.

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-before the 16th century there were no children books
- learned to read with religious texts or books for adults
- even when they did start writing anything for children it still had a lot to do with religion; or traditional oral folk and fairy tales

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The hornbook is a good piece of literature for its time because it was a book for children to learn from. It was educational. It may not have been fun to read, but it taught them their letters and taught them scripture at the same time so they could learn the values and beliefs of their people.

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How do these types of books connect to the 21st century?

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How do these types of books connect to the 21st century?

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- Books like the hornbook or Civility in Children were books that taught children scripture or the alphabet through pictures of scripture.
- Books during this time that were made for children were not fun reads or for entertainment (unless scripture entertains you).