# data[].attributes.body
4200–4000 B.C

It was created in Mesopotamia, and was originally used as a wheel for pottery. The wheel is one of the most important inventions, facilitating travel and transportation. It is still used today in vehicles, machinery, and more.

https://www.bricsys.com/en-ca/blog/who-invented-the-wheel-a-brief-history

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3700 B.C to 3100 B.C

Horses were first tamed around 6000 years ago in modern-day Kazakhstan. Tamed horses were very important for transporting materials and travelling.

https://www.science.org/content/article/these-asian-hunter-gatherers-may-have-been-first-people-domesticate-horses

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Sumerians divide the day into 24 hrs, 60 mins and 60s

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Sumerians divide the day into 24 hrs, 60 mins and 60s

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3500 B.C

This division of 60 comes from the Babylonians, who used a sexagesmial (60) number system. We use this system today for our calendars.

https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-1487,00.html#:~:text=in%20a%20day%3F-,Who%20decided%20on%20these%20time%20divisions%3F,as%20early%20as%203500%20BC.

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3330 B.C

There were many technological advancements in the Bronze Age, such as the first writing systems, the wheel, and metal weapons.

https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/bronze-age

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1200 B.C

The Iron Age followed the collapse of many Bronze Age civilizations, like Mycenaean Greece. It is speculated that famine or drought could have caused problems with their trade routes, so they turned to iron as an alternative. Then, they learned to make steel by heating iron with carbon, which was stronger than bronze.

https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/iron-age#:~:text=The%20Iron%20Age%20was%20a,weapons%20from%20iron%20and%20steel

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Pythagoras contributes to the development of math

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Pythagoras contributes to the development of math

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570 B.C - 490 B.C

Pythagoras is often credited with having created the Pythagorean theorem, despite it being used about 1000 years earlier in ancient Babylon. This is an important part of mathematics, and we can use this formula to find the length of the hypotenuse. This is used in construction, engineering, architecture, and more.

https://www.livescience.com/earliest-form-of-pythagorean-triplet
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pythagoras

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Democritus suggests the world is made up of atoms

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Democritus suggests the world is made up of atoms

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400 B.C

He was actually correct about atoms, despite it being just a guess. He was right that everything is made up of atoms, and that they are incredibly small. However, atoms can be split, contrary to his belief that they were indestructible. Understanding atoms are important for understanding the basis of our world.

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/section/3.11/primary/lesson/democrituss-idea-of-the-atom-ms-ps/#:~:text=Around%20400%20B.C.E.%2C%20the%20Greek,and%20constantly%20moving%20at%20random

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Archimedes discovers a way of measuring the density of gold

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Archimedes discovers a way of measuring the density of gold

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250 B.C

Archimedes was hired by the king of Syracuse to determine if his crown was made of pure gold or mixed with silver. While Archimedes was bathing, he noticed that the water that flowed out of the bath was equal to the space his body took up in the water. He realized that he could test the crown by putting the crown in water, as gold was denser than silver, and so the volume of gold would be less than silver. This story is the origin of the exclamation Eureka, as it is said Archmedes jumped out of the bath and ran around yelling Eureka, which translates to “I have found it” from Greek. Gold is an important metal used for money, jewellery, and more.

https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1020lmanual/exp01/module1density.htm

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Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals appear in Europe.

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Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals appear in Europe.

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1100s

Arabic numerals were actually first developed in India. It is the basis for the modern number system, using the base-ten system.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/arabic-numerals-definition-history-example.html

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Johann Gutenberg invents printing press.

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Johann Gutenberg invents printing press.

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1436

Before Johann invented the printing press in Europe, it had been used in China in the 9th century. It greatly advanced civilization by allowing books to be printed quicker, instead of hand-copied manuscripts that took very long to finish.

https://www.history.com/news/printing-press-renaissance#:~:text=German%20goldsmith%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20is,type%20a%20century%20before%20Gutenberg.

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Nicolaus Copernicus shows planets orbiting the sun

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Nicolaus Copernicus shows planets orbiting the sun

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1543

For nearly 1000 years, Aristotle’s theory that the planets orbited the earth was the prevailing theory. Then, in 1515, a polish priest named Nicolaus Copernicus discovered that the planets orbited the sun. His theory was later published in 1543. However, those who believed his theory were charged with heresy, like a scientist named Giordano Bruno who was burned at the stake. Learning how the planets orbit was a huge advancement for space science, and allowed us to travel to the moon and research outer space.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsHistory#:~:text=In%201543%2C%20Nicolaus%20Copernicus%20detailed,planets%2C%20rotated%20around%20the%20Sun.

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Johan Kepler publishes laws about the movement of planets.

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Johan Kepler publishes laws about the movement of planets.

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1609

He created three laws of planetary motion: 1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus. 2) A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit. 3) A planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit. These laws help us study the planets and space science.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Keplers-laws-of-planetary-motion

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1609

Galileo did not make the first telescope (commonly credited to Hans Lippershey), but he was the first to point his telescope to the sky to obverse space.

https://www.space.com/21950-who-invented-the-telescope.html

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William Harvey shows that the heart pumps blood around the body

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William Harvey shows that the heart pumps blood around the body

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1628

William Harvey published his research in 1628, contrary to the previous belief that the lungs were responsible for moving blood around the body. This was an important discovery because it advanced biological studies.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776239/#:~:text=Harvey's%20famous%20%22Exercitatio%20Anatomica%20de,Harvey%20was%2050%20years%20old.

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Last seen 1662

An estimate for the extinction of the Dodo bird is 1690, due to a statistical method used to calculate the actual extinction time versus its last sighting. This method is used because as a species becomes increasingly rare before its final extinction, the last sighting may be an inaccurate estimate of its time of extinction.

The dodo was endemic to an island in the Indian Ocean called Mauritius, where it had no natural predators. So, the species thrived there for millions of years. Then, in the 1500s, humans discovered the island. The main reason for their extinction was likely due to the human behaviour on the island, like deforestation and newly introduced species.

The dodo used to be considered a mythical creature due to lack of evidence for its existence.

https://artsandculture.google.com/story/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-the-dodo/lQKCJWtqLgvEIA

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1687

He discovered gravity after watching an apple fall from a tree, and realized that there was a force pulling everything towards the centre of the earth.

https://sciencing.com/first-person-discover-gravity-23003.html

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1705

Edmond Halley discovered that three comets that had passed in 1531, 1607, and 1682 were actually the same comet, which passed earth every 76 years. The first known observation of the comet was in 239 B.C by Chinese astronomers.

https://www.space.com/19878-halleys-comet.html

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Antoine Lavoisier shows air contains oxygen and nitrogen

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Antoine Lavoisier shows air contains oxygen and nitrogen

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1774

Actually, Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen, but Antoine Lavoisier named it. Knowing the properties of air was a great advancement for medicine.

https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/YtgEcBEAACcA9ov3

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1781

Although Uranus had been seen many times before, Herschel was the first to discover that it was a planet and not a star. It was the first planet to be discovered using a telescope.

https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/uranus-first-planet-discovered-telescope#:~:text=When%20Uranus%2C%20the%20seventh%20planet,visible%20to%20the%20naked%20eye.

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Edward Jenner vaccinates against smallpox

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Edward Jenner vaccinates against smallpox

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1796

He created the vaccine after noticing that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox. This helped save many lives.

https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html

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Charles Darwin publishes theory on evolution.

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Charles Darwin publishes theory on evolution.

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1859

His theory of evolution and natural selection was published in 1959. He was inspired by a trip to South America, where he collected fossils and samples. This revolutionized our understanding of our origins.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/charles-darwin

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1866

Dynamite is named after the Greek word for power, dynamis. Today, dynamite is used for construction, weapons, and more.

https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-life-and-work/#:~:text=Alfred%20invents%20%E2%80%9Cdynamite%E2%80%9D&text=The%20invention%20was%20made%20in,off%20by%20lighting%20a%20fuse.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/carmendrahl/2016/10/01/three-things-to-know-about-dynamite-the-reason-we-have-nobel-prizes/?sh=4bf5a5465cdd .

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Thomas Edison invents electric lightbulb.

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Thomas Edison invents electric lightbulb.

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1880

Even though he wasn’t the first to invent the light bulb, he was the first to patent it. Today, we use the lightbulb to illuminate rooms in everyday life, so it was an important advancement for humans, as we used to use candles to light up rooms. He tested over 6000 vegetable fibres. In the early 1990s, a comic called Felix the Cat had a lightbulb above his head, and that’s why a lightbulb represents an idea.

https://www.edisonmuckers.org/10-fun-facts-about-thomas-edisons-incandescent-light-bulb/

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1898

Marie Curie was awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize for her discovery of radium and polonium. She is the only woman to have been awarded the award twice.

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/questions-and-answers/

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Albert Einstein discovers the theory of relativity.

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Albert Einstein discovers the theory of relativity.

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1915

With his theory of relativity, he discovered the concept of black holes.

https://www.britannica.com/story/how-albert-einstein-developed-the-theory-of-general-relativity

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1919

This led to the creation of the atomic bomb, first dropped in Hiroshima, Japan in 1945.

https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1890s-1939/exploring.htm

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Frederick Banting produces and patents insulin

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Frederick Banting produces and patents insulin

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1921

Insulin has saved many lives, as type 1 diabetes used to be deadly, and this medicine can treat the disease. Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy who was dying of type 1 diabetes, was the first person to receive insulin.

https://www.diabetes.org.uk/research/research-impact/insulin#:~:text=Insulin%20was%20discovered%20by%20Sir,purified%20by%20James%20B%20Collip.

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Alexander Fleming discovers the antibacterial properties of penicillin.

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Alexander Fleming discovers the antibacterial properties of penicillin.

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1928

Penicillin was the first antibiotic, and is one of the greatest advances in medicine. Before antibiotics, there were no treatments for pneumonia, and infections were deadly. The Egyptians used mouldy bread on wounds to prevent infection, and penicillin was made from Penicillium mould.

https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html#:~:text=In%201928%2C%20at%20St.,number%20of%20deaths%20from%20infection.

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Watson and Crick discover DNA structure.

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Watson and Crick discover DNA structure.

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1953

They discovered that the structure of the DNA was a double-helix polymer. They were aided greatly by another researcher named Rosalind Franklin, although she did not share their Nobel Prize.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/watson-and-crick-discover-chemical-structure-of-dna

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1960

The birth control pill was a big step in women's rights, and also is an effective way to prevent pregnancy. It can also prevent certain types of cancer. It was initially only prescribed for cycle control for married women.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520685/#:~:text=Introduced%20in%20May%201950%2C%20the,that%20has%20dramatically%20transformed%20generations.

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2021

It is the largest and most powerful space telescope ever. It costed $10 billion to make. The development involved over 300 universities and companies from 14 countries. This will allow for many new advancements in space science.

https://www.space.com/21925-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst.html