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Abrupt, abnormal, and uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons within the brain that cause alterations in the LOC and/or changes in motor & sensory ability and/or behavior

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Involve both cerebral hemisphere. Can begin with auras (alteration in vision, smell, hearing, etc.) There are 5 Types:

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Begins with a stiff episode (tonic) and loss of consciousness.

Followed by a clonic episode (jerking of extremities)

Incontinence can happen

Breathing can stop during tonic phase & become irregular in clonic phase.

Biting of tongue and cheeks can happen in clonic phase

In postictal phase, confusion and sleepiness can follow the seizure

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Sudden loss of consciousness with an increased muscle tone, and autonomic manifestations (arrhythmia, apnea, vomiting, incontinence, & salivation).

Generally last <30 seconds but can last minutes.

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Lasts several mins.

Muscles contract & relax (jerking movement)

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Brief jerking or stiffening of extremities, can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Lasts for seconds

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Involves only one cerebral hemisphere
Clients can experience
two types:

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Have associated automatisms (behaviors client is unaware of)

Can cause loss of consciousness or black out for several mins

Amnesia commonly occurs before and after seizure

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consciousness is maintained

manifestations- unusual sensations, deja vu, changes in HR, flushed skin, abnormal unilateral extremity movement, pain, bad smell

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Test: BAC, illicit substance levels, HIV, if suspected then excessive toxins levels.

Procedures: EEG (records electrical activity, finds origin)
MRI, CT, PET, CSF analysis, skull x-ray

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NCLEX Review | Seizure Precaution | Seizure Nursing Care

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Repeated seizure activity within a 30-min time frame or a single prolonged seizure lasting >5 min

Effects of this: decreased o2, inability for brain to return to normal function, damaging neuron tissue,

Requires immediate EMERGENCY TREATMENT

Usual Causes are substance withdrawal, sudden AED withdrawal, cerebral edema, infection, metabolic disturbances