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Nama : Tasya Ramadhani
Kelas : x.8
Absen : 34
The eagle is one of the top predators in the food chain system, including the Javanese eagle. This bird, which is a symbol of freedom in Java, has a dashing posture and beautiful wingspan. The Javanese eagle also has sharp eyesight which helps observe prey from above.
This endemic animal from Java is a carnivorous bird which is considered the Garuda, the bird that is the national symbol of Indonesia. Apart from that, he is also the mascot of Indonesia's endangered species which must be protected and preserved. The existence of the Javanese Eagle has actually been known since 1820, namely by van Hasselt and Kuhl who collected two specimens of this bird from Mount Salak for the Leiden Museum, The Netherlands. But at that time the Javanese Eagle was still considered a Brontok Eagle.
Then in 1908, based on a specimen by Max Bartels from Pasir Datar, Sukabumi found in 1907, a German ornithologist named O. Finsch included it as a new taxon, but it was considered a type of Spizaetus kelaarti, a type of eagle in Sri Lanka .
Then in 1924, Prof. Stresemann gave a new, more specific taxon name, namely bartelsi so that this bird is known as Spizaetus nipalensis bartelsi. Until finally in 1953, D. Amadon proposed an increase in the type to Spizaetus bartelsi and now to Nisaetus bartelsi.
Morphology
In general, birds are vertebrates that have wings and feathers. This native Indonesian eagle has a medium body size with a height of about 70 cm with a wingspan of up to 100 cm.
If we observe, on the head there are tufts of feathers totaling 2-4 strands with a length of about 12 cm. The Javanese Eagle Crested is a black feather with a white tip and is a unique characteristic that is why it is nicknamed the Kuncung Eagle. In general, the overall coat color is brown, especially on the back and wings.This bird is named the Javanese Eagle because it is only found on the island of Java. The Habitat of the Javanese Eagle is in the lowland forest area, namely as a nesting area and hunting for prey. The eagle's nesting area is its territory, this is due to the abundance of food sources such as small fauna as its main prey.
Usually eagles will make nests in trees at an altitude of 1,100 meters above sea level with steep topography, such as cliffs or mountains, close to water sources or rivers, and about 500 meters away from open areas.
Bird nests will be placed at a height of 16 meters on saninten trees (Castanopsis argentea), rasamala trees (Altingia excelsa), tides (Lithocarpus sundaicus), tusam trees (Pinus merkusii), puspa (Schima wallichii), and ki sireum (Eugenia clavimyrtus) with more than 30 meters high and overgrownThreat of Extinction
The Javan Eagle population in nature is experiencing a very serious threat of extinction. The number is estimated at around 300 to 500 heads. Even though this bird has an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, because it is the apex predator in the food chain and pyramid. If the number of these predators continues to decrease, then the animals at the lower levels will experience a population surge.

Argument: Increasing public awareness about the threat of extinction of the Javan Eagle
Raising awareness of the threat of extinction of the Javan Eagle is the easiest thing you can do. Starting from telling your parents, your siblings, your friends, and you can also do this by sharing this knowledge on your social media. and also must preserve the environment also love nature

Reiteration:The Javanese eagle came to the conclusion that Java Island is one of the islands in Indonesia which has a biological habitat, for example the Javanese eagle is an endemic bird and is highly dependent on the existence of natural forests on Java island. The Javanese eagle is facing the risk of extinction with the latest research in 2010 which stated that there are only around 325 pairs of Javanese eagles left. The threat of extinction experienced by the Javan Eagle is caused by several things, such as habitat destruction to hunting and illegal trade. Preservation of the Javanese Eagle is important because the Javanese Eagle can be used as a bio-indicator for ecosystem balance, then as biodiversity on the island of Java, apart from that this animal is considered identical to the national symbol of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Garuda in accordance with government regulations stipulating the Javan Eagle animal as a national symbol. The Javanese eagle has characteristics that can be used as a reference for Indonesian people's lives, namely its personality which displays a figure of mighty, brave, and full of struggle without giving up. Through the coast the Javanese Eagle based on scientific data will be very useful in maintaining a healthy natural environment, where humans and wildlife can coexist. If this is achieved, the Javanese Eagle will transform into a Garuda that protects both nature and humans in Indonesia. Under these conditions, an educational and persuasive information medium is needed which not only contains information about the physical form of the Javanese Eagle, but also contains a description of the personality of the Javanese Eagle as a mighty, brave and full of struggle bird that can provide knowledge to the public from the point of view of different so that it is more attractive in the eyes of Indonesian people, especially children so that they can get to know their environment earlier and can behave rationally and responsibly towards their environment to care about environmental sustainability, which aims to prohibit more loving the charm of biodiversity conservation in Indonesia, especially eagles

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Thesis : Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is one of six
surviving subspecies of Panthera tigris. Sumatran tiger
including one of the priority protected animals based on Ministerial Regulations.

Environment and Forestry Number P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/.1/12/2018
(PermenLHK, 2018) regarding protected plant and animal species.
Based on the IUCN Red List, the status of the Sumatran tiger is critically endangered extinct (Critically Endangered) because the population continues to experience
decline from year to year (Dinerstein et al., 2006; IUCN, 2008). Recorded
in 1978 it was estimated that there were 1,000 individual Sumatran tigers
(Borner, 1978). In 1985 it was reported that there was a decrease in individuals in Sumatran tiger population to 800 individuals (Santiapiillai & Ramono, 1987).
In 2000, the number of adult Sumatran tigers was reported
an estimated 742 individuals and in 2012 an estimated 618 individuals (Luskin, Albert and
Tobler, 2017).

Facts : Sumatran tigers have the Latin name Panthera tigris sondaica, Kids.
Compared to other tiger species, the Sumatran tiger is the smallest, weighing 91-140 kilograms.
One of the unique facts about the Sumatran tiger is that it has sharp eyesight 30 times sharper than human vision at night. The Sumatran tiger has the Latin name Panthera tigris sondaica, Kids. Compared to other tiger species, the Sumatran tiger is the smallest, weighing 91-140 kilograms. One of the unique facts about the Sumatran tiger is that it has sharp eyesight 30 times sharper than human vision at night.

Argument : First, the tiger is the apex predator in the food chain whose role is very important in maintaining the balance of natural ecosystems. If one of the elements of this ecosystem is disturbed, the balance of the natural ecosystem will also be unbalanced. Second, for the people of Sumatra, the Sumatran tiger has high cultural value, both as an inspiration for martial arts and as a mascot. "This is the overall view that we summarize in society, outside of the studies of researchers, of course."

Reaffirmation : The Sumatran tiger is the most wanted wildlife in Indonesia
because every part of the body is believed to have benefits such as for traditional medicines and beliefs in mystical matters. To overcome this problem, the Indonesian government cooperates with WWF in tackling the illegal trade of Sumatran tigers in Indonesia. WWF is one of the environmental NGOs that focuses on overcoming animal trade wild and environment. WWF's efforts in tackling illegal trade Sumatran tigers in Indonesia were analyzed using the framework from Lucas J. Giese. There are four indicators to be analyzed, namely issue-framing, agenda-setting, information providers, lobbying and campaigning.

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Everyone loves a panda. they might be the kitschiest animal humanity has driven to the brink of extinction yet. From stuffed animals to martial arts-trained CGI abominations, we just can’t seem to get enough of the bi-colored beasts. Though their “aww factor” may verge on the cloying, it hasn’t been without effect. China, which is home to the remaining wild population of fewer than 2,500 individuals, has since the late 1980s instituted more stringent habitat protections and poaching has all but ceased. Their status is still tenuous, though. Their range is fragmented and they are still subject to disease, occasional predation, and starvation when large swathes of the bamboo on which they feed completes its life cycle and dies.

This panda is huge and can weigh up to 300 pounds. It has very thick black and white fur that keeps it warm when it is cold or chilly outside. It primarily eats bamboo but will also eat rodents, grass, and meat if needed. They drink their water from streams and rivers. They take shelter in hollow trees and the holes between rocks.

Even though pandas are 99% vegetarian, 1% of their diet is not just bamboo. Pandas also eat eggs, small animals, carrion, and forage on farms for pumpkins, kidney beans, wheat and even meat. Part of the bear family, the giant panda has a carnivorous digestive system, although it almost exclusively consumes bamboo for its daily diet.

We must protect the panda habitat so that it does not become extinct

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Thesis
Leopards have been hunted for the beauty of their skins to make coats and other body parts that fetch high prices on the illegal market.

They have also been killed by groups of villagers, in retaliation for the cats attacking livestock or simply being frightened by the leopard coming into human territory.
Facts
The black panther is a melanistic color variant of the leopard and jaguar. Black beetles of both species have excess black pigment, but their characteristic rosette is also present.
Argument
Javan leopard or often also called panther has the Latin name Panthera pardus melas. This big cat is one of the leopard subspecies which can only be found in tropical forests on the island of Java. In other words, the Panther is one of Indonesia's endemic animals. The Javan Leopard has 2 variations, namely light and black
Rerteration
The panther of these two types of animals has an excess of black pigment, but its characteristic form of spots can still be seen. Panthers are mostly found in tropical forest areas. The melanism found in panthers is caused by a recessive gene in leopards, whereas in jaguars it is caused by a dominant gene.

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Dendrophylax lindenii, or ghost orchid is a perennial epiphyte of the orchid family. This flower is native to Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba. The ghost orchid is a type of orchid that emits a sweet smell that blooms between June and August.
Ghost orchids have unique petals, so they are called ghost orchids.

This plant grows in nutrient-rich pine forests. This orchid is an epiparasite orchid where it does not photosynthesize like other orchids but absorbs other plant food.

There are approximately 400,000 species of plants on earth, 40% of which are threatened with extinction.
The ghost orchid is endangered on the state register of florida. So this flower should not be taken or left in the wild. Because it will likely die in captivity. Although so many orchid collectors are obsessed with owning it. The ghost orchid population has declined dramatically in the last century. This is due to changes in natural weather patterns in south florida, illegal logging, and hunting of collectors.

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BLACK RHINOS

Between 1960 and 1995, black rhino populations suffered dramatic losses in their numbers due to large-scale poaching. Around 2% survived the severe onslaught of the past. As rhino conservation took hold, their numbers have more than doubled across Africa since the 1990s. But, black rhinos are still listed as critically endangered by the IUCN, with around 5,630 individuals in the wild.

Three subspecies of black rhino now survive, with the western black rhino declared extinct in 2011. Today, 95% of black rhinos are found in just four countries: Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The biggest threat to the remaining population is still poaching for their horn—in the last 10 years, almost 10,000 African rhinos have been killed to supply the illegal rhino horn trade.

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SUMATRAN ORANGUTAN

The Sumatran orangutan is found exclusively on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. They are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN at present, with less than 14,000 individuals in the wild.
Sumatran orangutans face similar threats to their Bornean and Tapanuli counterparts. From logging, agricultural plantations, and expanding infrastructure development to the illicit pet trade.
Orangutans need vast tracts of connecting forest to live in but between 1985 and 2007 these great apes lost 60% of their forest habitat. Today the majority of these orangutans are found in the northernmost tip of Sumatra in the Leuser Ecosystem, a landscape that includes tropical lowland rainforests and steamy peatland swamps.

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                                               ANOA

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Anoa or pygmy buffalo kenit is the largest and endemic mammal that lives on the mainland of Sulawesi Island and Buton Island. Many call anoa a dwarf buffalo. Anoa is an animal belonging to the transitional fauna. Anoa is a mammal belonging to the bovidae family which is spread throughout almost the entire island of Sulawesi. The Wallacea region consists of the islands of Sulawesi, Maluku, Halmahera, the Flores Islands and small islands in Nusa Tenggara. This region is unique because it has many endemic flora and fauna and is a transitional area between the continents of Asia and Australia. One area that has flora and fauna endemic to Sulawesi is the Poso area. Anoa (Bubalus sp.) is one of the protected endemic animals which is a characteristic of Sulawesi Island which also inhabits the Protected Forest Area of ​​Sangginora Village, Poso Regency. Anoa is classified as a rare wild animal and has been protected by law in Indonesia since 1931.

There are two species of anoa, namely: Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Both of these species initially a lot of debate about their taxonomic status. However, recent research using DNA barcoding techniques has revealed that the two types of anoa are different species. Both of these species live in forests that are not touched by humans. Both are also among the types that are aggressive and difficult to tame to be used as livestock (domesticated).[8] These two types are distinguished by the shape of the horn and body size. Anoa mountains are relatively smaller, the tail is shorter and softer, and has circular horns. While the lowland anoa is larger, has a long tail, white legs, and has rough horns with a triangular cross section.

The body shape of anoa is similar to that of a buffalo or commonly called a midget buffalo. The lowland anoa or Bubalus depressicornis has a shoulder height between 80–100 cm, while the highland anoa or Bubalus quarlessi is between 60–75 cm. This description is the same as that stated by Groves (1969) which states that the lowland anoa are relatively larger than the anoa found in the highlands. The shape of the head resembles a cow's head (Bos), the legs and hooves resemble a bull's (Bos sondaicus). On the forelegs (metacarpals) they are white or similar to bali cattle but have a black stripe down. The horns point backwards, resembling a cross section, the base of which is not round like a cow's horn, but resembles a triangular shape like a buffalo horn.

Anoa is the largest animal species in Indonesia. The wealth of this fauna makes Indonesia one of the countries that have many rare animals. Anoa including rain forest animals. One of his habits is wallowing in the mud. The location where Anoa lives is far from human reach and prefers a permanent water source. Anoa has a specific habitat with components and distribution of locations that can support their food needs and behavior and in open locations such as grasslands, rarely inhabited. The anoa's habitat is in plains tropical forest, savanna (savanna), sometimes also found in swamps. They are forest dwellers whose lives move from place to place. When encountering an enemy, anoa will defend itself by jumping into the swamps and if forced to fight, they will use their horns.

Anoa is a herbivorous animal. In the wild, anoa eat aquatic food, such as ferns, grass, tree buds, fallen fruits, and types of tubers. Anoa in the lowlands (Bubalus depressicornis) consists of several types of grass and shrubs as well as other parts of plants such as leaves (shoots), fruit, tubers, or shoots which generally contain water. Like other ruminants. Anoa also need salt which is obtained by licking rocks which contain salt and minerals in nature. In the highlands, anoa also lick natural salt to meet their mineral needs. Some plant species that anoa really like, such as Alpinia sp., Pinanga caesia, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Dysoxyllum posasiticum, Litsea densiflora and Litsea formanii, Areca vestiaria, Calamus sp., Didymochlaena truncatula, Lithocarpus celebicus and Litsea densiflora are found in the Pangi Binanga Central Sulawesi Nature Reserve .

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The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

is one of the rarest animal species in the world with an estimated population of no more than 60 individuals  in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK), and around eight individuals in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam (2000). The Javan rhinoceros is also the rarest rhino species among the five rhino species in the world and is included in the Red List of the IUCN world conservation agency, which is in the critically endangered category.

Rhinos are believed to have existed since the tertiary era (65 million years ago). Like the extinct dinosaurs, rhinoceros 60 million years ago had 30 species, many of which went extinct. Currently there are only 5 rhino species remaining, 2 of which are found in Indonesia.

•Physical Characteristics of the Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinocerus sondaicus)
The Javan rhinoceros generally has a blackish-gray body color. Has one horn, with a length of about 25 cm but there is a possibility that it does not grow or is very small in females. The body weight of a Javan rhino can reach 900 – 2300 kg with a body length of around 2 – 4 m. It can reach almost 1.7 m in height.

The skin of the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinocerus sondaicus) has folds that make it look like it is wearing a steel shield. It has a similar appearance to the Indian rhinoceros but the body and head are smaller with fewer folds. The upper lip is more prominent so that it can be used to reach for food and put it in the mouth. Rhino is a shy and solitary type (loner).

•Javan Rhino Conservation and Protection
In 1910 the Javan rhinoceros as a wild animal was officially protected by law by the Dutch East Indies Government, so that in 1921 based on a recommendation from The Netherlands Indies Society for Protection of Nature, Ujung Kulon by the Dutch government was declared a Nature Reserve. This situation continued until Ujung Kulon's status was changed to a Wildlife Reserve under the management of the Forestry and National Park Service in 1982.

The Javan rhinoceros The Javan rhinoceros (one-horned rhinoceros) which live in one main area is very vulnerable to extinction which can be caused by disease, natural disasters such as tsunamis, Krakatau volcanic eruptions, earthquakes. In addition, this rhino also lacks home range and resources due to the step (Arenga) invasion and competition with bulls.

WWF's initial research identified a suitable, safe and relatively close habitat, namely the Halimun National Park on Mount Salak, West Java, which was also the habitat of the Javan rhinoceros. If a second habitat is found, rhinos that are healthy, healthy and meet the criteria in Ujung Kulon will be sent to a new area. This habitat will also ensure the safety of its population.

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Edelweiss Flower

Edelweiss flower or whose Latin name is Anaphalis javanica is a popular plant among mountain climbers. This flower is often dubbed as the eternal flower. Edelweiss itself is one of the wild plants with a very unique physical form.

In fact, the existence of the Edelweiss flower in Indonesia actually existed around 200 years ago and was discovered by a German naturalist named Georg Carl Reinwardt.

It's the ecosystem that regulates the ban on picking Edelweiss. The Edelweiss flower itself has a height of about 5 to 30 cm. For one Edelweiss flower there are 6 to 9 petals that are hairy and shaped like spears. It also has a leaf texture that is quite soft and brittle when held. This flower from the Asteraceae family has a strong charm so that many people hunt it.

Edelweiss is a sturdy and strong plant. It can grow on barren slopes as well as open areas such as peaks and craters. It can live in an environment with little nutrient content. Edelweiss flowers are also not easily withered and damaged even if they are picked from the stem. Edelweiss flowers are called eternal flowers because they can bloom for 10 years. This flower contains the hormone ethylene which can prevent the petals from falling out. Unfortunately, the population of this flower is getting smaller because of the many irresponsible parties who pick this flower even though there are already rules that prohibit it. In fact, the best way to preserve it is to let Edelweiss grow wild in its habitat.

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The vaquita porpoise (Phocoena sinus ) is classified as the rarest marine mammal in the world. Quoting the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), this species of marine mammal was discovered in the Gulf of California in 1958. The name vaquita comes from Spanish which means little cow. The average body length of the vaquita is 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters
The physical characteristics of the vaquita marine mammal  are black rings around its eyes. There is also a thin dark line from the eye to the fin. The upper part of its body is dark gray. While at the bottom is white mixed with light gray.
Vaquita babies tend to be a bit darker in color. If a boat gets a little close to the vaquita, the marine mammals swim quickly away. Vaquitas inhabit waters with strong currents.
The vaquita's area of ​​activity reaches 4,000 square kilometers. Quoting Science Daily , currently vaquitas are on the verge of extinction. There are only 10 species left. Vaquita frequently becomes entangled in illegal fishing nets in a marine protected area in the Gulf of California.
The population has decreased drastically in recent years. According to the NMMF, its population has declined by 98 percent, and from 1997 to 2019 hundreds of vaquitas have been killed. Estimates of the vaquita population have fallen from about 600 to fewer than 20. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) included the name of this species on the red list as critically endangered .
Quoting the journal Science , marine biologists estimate that even when the population was still considered large, the number of vaquitas never reached the number of thousands. Its population is limited to a few hundred. This very small population has reduced the genetic diversity of these marine mammalsThe vaquita porpoise (Phocoena sinus ) is classified as the rarest marine mammal in the world. Quoting the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), this species of marine mammal was discovered in the Gulf of California in 1958. The name vaquita comes from Spanish which means little cow. The average body length of the vaquita is 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters
The physical characteristics of the vaquita marine mammal  are black rings around its eyes. There is also a thin dark line from the eye to the fin. The upper part of its body is dark gray. While at the bottom is white mixed with light gray.
Vaquita babies tend to be a bit darker in color. If a boat gets a little close to the vaquita, the marine mammals swim quickly away. Vaquitas inhabit waters with strong currents.
The vaquita's area of ​​activity reaches 4,000 square kilometers. Quoting Science Daily , currently vaquitas are on the verge of extinction. There are only 10 species left. Vaquita frequently becomes entangled in illegal fishing nets in a marine protected area in the Gulf of California.
The population has decreased drastically in recent years. According to the NMMF, its population has declined by 98 percent, and from 1997 to 2019 hundreds of vaquitas have been killed. Estimates of the vaquita population have fallen from about 600 to fewer than 20. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) included the name of this species on the red list as critically endangered .
Quoting the journal Science , marine biologists estimate that even when the population was still considered large, the number of vaquitas never reached the number of thousands. Its population is limited to a few hundred. This very small population has reduced the genetic diversity of these marine mammals.

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blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

There are fewer than 25,000 blue whales, the largest animals on the planet. Comprising several subspecies, blue whales are found in all of the world’s oceans save the Arctic. The current population is thought to have been reduced by up to 90% by whaling in the 20th century. Commercial hunting of the species was ultimately banned in 1966. The National Marine Fisheries Service of the U.S. spelled out a recovery plan in 1998. It stipulated the maintenance of photo databases of individual specimens and the collection of genetic and migration data in order to better understand the species, which remains at risk from ship collisions and entanglement in fishing nets.

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal and a baleen whale. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 ft) and weighing up to 199 tonnes (196 long tons; 219 short tons), it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. The blue whale's long and slender body can be of various shades of greyish-blue dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath. Four subspecies are recognized: B. m. musculus in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia in the Southern Ocean, B. m. brevicauda (the pygmy blue whale) in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, B. m. indica in the Northern Indian Ocean. There is also a population in the waters off Chile that may constitute a fifth subspecies.

The Blue Whale is endangered because there are poisonous chemicals in the seas. They are sometimes hit by ships and can get injured so badly that they die.

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Peacocks consist of only three species. Two of them are the most famous species, namely the blue peacock or Indian peacock and the green peacock. The blue peacock is found in India and Sri Lanka. Meanwhile, the green peacock, commonly called the peacock, is found mostly in Java and Myanmar. Blue peacock and green peacock have similar physical characteristics. Both have a height of about 90 to 130 centimeters. If you add up the length of the tail, the total is about 150 centimeters. Uniquely, only male peacocks have green or blue tails. While the peahen only has a brown tail. In addition, the size of the peahen is smaller. The maximum size of the female is only up to 100 centimeters. The peacock has metallic green feathers, at the ends of the feathers there is a pattern shaped like brown eyes with blue edges. When the tail is developed, usually the fur will vibrate and make a distinctive sound. Peacocks develop in an oviparous way. Before breeding, the male peacock will spread his tail and make a loud sound to attract the female peacock. After the breeding season, the peahen will lay eggs. The incubation period needed for the eggs to hatch is 28 days. The existence of this bird species is very rare or almost extinct. The cause of the decline in the green peacock population is mainly due to capture by the community, in addition to depreciation or land conversion and habitat destruction. The capture of the green peacock, which is classified as rare and has high economic value, is driven by the potential and uniqueness of this rare animal, such as the beauty of its feathers, melodious voice, unique shape and behavior. The beauty of this bird species is a potential that can be developed as part of an area's environmental services. The population of green peacocks in nature is decreasing as more and more forest areas are used as agricultural land, cultivation, and human settlements. Besides that, hunting for this bird species is getting higher, so that eventually the population decreases.

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Jalak Bali/Bali Starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) is a kind of medium-sized, approximately 25 cm long warbler bird, from the Sturnidae tribe. He is also known as Curik Rather Than Starling. The Bali Starling is only found in the forests of the western part of Bali Island and is endemic to Indonesia. This bird is also the only species endemic to Bali and in 1991 was named the animal symbol of the Province of Bali. Some literature says that the Bali Starling is an endemic bird to Bali, but its natural habitat is only concentrated in the western part of the island, namely the West Bali National Park, so some people are still worried that the release of the Bali Starling will invade other species in Nusa Penida. The reason is, in the mid-90s, the Bali Starling was threatened with extinction due to poaching for the illegal trade because the prices were classified as fantastic, reaching tens of millions for one bird. When it was first discovered in 1912, there were around 900 Bali Starlings. However, in the 1990s, only about 50 individuals remained in the wild. Not only poaching, ecosystem damage due to human activities is also a factor in the decline in the Bali Starling population in the wild. Even though its status has been protected by the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 421/kpts/Um/8/1970 since 1970. The number of Bali Starling populations in the wild is still relatively small. An inventory in 2008 stated that there were only 30 Bali Starlings in the wild at that time. The small population of these birds is due to their reproductive method which only produces 1-3 eggs in each marriage. Various efforts have been made by various parties, including by making conservation carried out in-situ, as well as ex-situ by making captive breeding.

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Bayur
Bayur tree becomes one of the most endangered plants in Indonesia that is protected by the Indonesian government. The amount of the tree becomes in a critical condition that makes their existences are in damage as one of the original types of Indonesian wood.

Endangered Plants In Indonesia
Bayur trees are commonly found around the Kalimantan forest in only a deep rain forest. The tree has a good quality of wood that is perfect for building houses and some types of furniture. That is why this tree becomes one of the most hunted trees for illegal logging activity in the black market.

So, there are some of the most endangered plants in Indonesia that exist in most Indonesian provinces with forests. Most of them are protected by the Indonesian government under the law.

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Tapanuli OrangutanLocal name: Orang Utan Tapanuli
How many left? Fewer than 800
Lifespan: 35-45 years
Reproduction: Usually just one baby after a gestation period of nine months.Classified only in 2017 as a distinct species from the Sumatran orangutan. They live in a mountainous forest range of about 1,000 square kilometres, south of Lake Toba in North Sumatra province. Only eight percent of their habitat is classified as conservation forest, while 76 percent has protection status and 14 percent is unprotected. Habitat destruction started with farming and logging, but palm oil producers are now the main agents of destruction. Mothers are shot or hacked to death with machetes, so infants can be captured and sold as pets, although most die before reaching the market.

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•Catopuma temminckii is indeed an animal with a rare and endangered status. Their numbers continue to fall due to human activity and poaching. In fact, these animals can only be found in southwestern Asia, such as China, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia.

•They usually live at an altitude of 1,100 to 3,738 meters above sea level (masl), occupying meadows and gardens. This golden cat can grow to a length of 116 to 161 centimeters. The female body size is smaller than the male. The tail is half or a third of the body length. Cat weight ranges from 12 to 15 kilograms.

•Despite being called a golden cat, their coat color varies quite a bit, including tawny, brown, black, fox red and gray. The Asian golden cat has a distinctive white and black stripe that extends from the eyes to the neck. Underbelly, inside legs, and under the tail is white.

•Despite spending much of their time on the ground, these rare animals are known to be accomplished climbers. Their mating system is still mysterious because it is very difficult to observe. The golden cat is also known as a shy animal, let alone meeting humans. Those in captivity or zoos are reported to have died.

•A female can conceive her baby for 90 days with a 70 day mating process. The female can give birth to one to three cubs, where each cub weighs 250 grams when first born. In nature, the female will give birth in a tree hole.

•The Asian golden cat usually hunts animals that are smaller than its body, such as squirrels, small snakes, mice, birds, reptiles and rabbits. However, in the Goral Mountains in Sikkim, India, Asian golden cats have been reported to hunt wild boar, deer and buffalo calves. In areas inhabited by humans, they also frequently prey on domesticated fowl, sheep, and goats.

•For some people, the meat of the Asian golden cat is considered to have a very delicious taste and the bones are often used medicinally. Their skins are also traded illegally on the black market. In a myth it is said that by burning a strand of golden cat hair it can drive away a tiger.

•The Asian golden cat is listed as near endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List). Its rare status is largely due to land conversion and loss of natural habitat. They also face poaching. Today, several Asian golden cats occupy wildlife sanctuaries, and several zoos breed these cats in captivity.

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The Caspian seal is one of the smallest members of the earless seal family and unique in that it is found exclusively in the brackish Caspian Sea. They are found not only along the shorelines, but also on the many rocky islands and floating blocks of ice that dot the Caspian Sea. In winter, and cooler parts of the spring and autumn season, these marine mammals populate the Northern Caspian. As the ice melts in the warmer season, they can be found on the mouths of the Volga and Ural Rivers, as well as the southern latitudes of the Caspian where cooler waters can be found due to greater depth.

Caspian seals are carnivores, they mainly feed on a range of small fish and also crustaceans such as shrimps. They're usually live in large groups at the time of the mating season in the summer and winter months. They are shallow divers, usually diving 50 meters for around one minute, although they have been recorded diving deeper and longer. In summer months they make aggressive snorts or wave their flippers to warn other seals to stay at a distance.

Both male and female Caspian seals are monogamous, which means that one male mates with only one female. About a month after birthing, from late February to the middle of March, the breeding colony sees the arrival of males, and mating take place again, following which the adults molt. The ice breaks up and the seal begin to disperse into deeper, coolder areas to feed

The Caspian Seal is faced with many ecological changes and human pressures. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Caspian seal population size is estimated to be from 104,000 to 168,000 individuals, including 68,000 reproductively mature individuals. Currently this species is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List. Being an iconic animal for that area, it is a key indicator of the health of this body of water, upon which thousands of people depend for their livelihoods. The population today has decreased by over 90% and this decline is continuing. Conservation measures need to be put in place to prevent its disappearance, being a vital component of the Caspian's ecosystem.

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Bird of Paradise?

thesis: Birds of Paradise are members of the Paradisaeidae family and of the Passeriformes order. This bird has a variety of sizes depending on the species. Like the King bird of paradise species which has a size of 15 cm to the Black Sicklebill species which measures 110 cm.

This bird consists of 14 genera and 43 species. The most famous type of Cendrawasih is the Great Yellow Cendrawasih or Paradisaea apoda which comes from the genus Paradisaea.

The main characteristics of this bird are the bright and eye-catching colors of its fur, such as yellow, green, red and blue. Cendrawasih is usually named according to its dominant color, such as Little Yellow Cendrawasih, Big Yellow Cendrawasih, and Red Cendrawasih.

So beautiful, this bird was named Birds of Paradise by the British, who previously did not believe in the existence of these birds. Cendrawasih even became a gift for kings in 1522 after Europeans recognized its existence.

This bird can only be found in eastern Indonesia, such as the islands in the Torres Strait and Papua, Papua New Guinea, and eastern Australia. Of the 41 species of Cendrawasih in Indonesia, 37 of them live in Papua. Its natural habitat is in dense forests in the lowlands.

The male bird of paradise has brightly colored feathers and dance rituals that are used to attract the attention of the female bird of paradise. The male Cendrawasih dance is spectacular because it displays the flexibility of their feathers and body shape which further accentuates the beauty of their coat color.
Because of its beauty, Cendrawasih is the target of poaching. Not to mention deforestation to turn forest land into gardens which certainly threatens their habitat.

This makes Cendrawasih one of the animals protected by the government. The Indonesian government has protected Cendrawasih through Law no. 5 of 1990 and PP no. 7 of 1999.

Facts: Not only has beautiful colors and feathers, cenderawasih also has a loud and melodious voice, making it one of the most beautiful birds in the world.
This makes Cenderawasih much in demand by the community so that it becomes the target of poachers.

Argument:the extinction of birds of paradise occurred due to hunting in large numbers, paradise is an endemic bird that only lives in eastern Indonesia such as Papua, the Torres Strait and Papua New Guinea
Due to its beautiful fur, it is often used as a community decoration. Extinction also occurs because birds of paradise reproduce slowly, and also changes in habitat to become an industry

Reaffirmation: Based on information from the science book compiled by the Quadra Science Team, birds of paradise usually eat fruit, seeds and small insects. Body length can reach 43 cm. Most of the cenderawasih are found in the lowland forests and hills of Papua and Aru Island.

Now, the bird of paradise is classified as a protected animal. That's because many people hunt birds of paradise to be collected or preserved as decoration. In addition, illegal logging also makes it difficult for birds of paradise to find their habitat.

This problem certainly must be addressed immediately. This is because hunting can reduce the bird of paradise population to the point of extinction

The extinction of birds of paradise in the archipelago can have several negative impacts, including:

The next generation cannot recognize the bird of paradise.
Animal diversity in Indonesia is decreasing.
Natural ecosystems will be disrupted or unbalanced.

To prevent this extinction, more concerted efforts are needed to preserve birds of paradise. Quoting the book Encyclopedia: Satwa Negeriku (2019), one of the conservation efforts for the protection of cenderawasih that has been carried out is the management of forest areas or habitat of cenderawasih.

In addition, the community must also have self-awareness to participate in efforts to preserve cenderawasih. This can be done by opposing the hunting of birds of paradise and conserving forests which are the habitat of birds of paradise.

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The kadupul flower is the most expensive plant in the world because of its rarity and uniqueness. The kadupul flower has the Latin name Epiphyllum oxypetalum and is included in the cactus species.

1. Origin and Habitat

The kadupul flower is a cactus species native to Sri Lanka. This most expensive plant in the world is also found in several countries such as India and the United States.

The original habitat is tropical forest. However, currently kadupul flowers can be used as ornamental plants that are spread all over the world.

2. Flowers

The kadupul flower has a series of thin petals with leaves up to two meters in size. Kadupul flower petals are usually between 30 and 40 centimeters in size.

3. Nickname

This flower native to Sri Lanka has many nicknames. The kadupul flower is often referred to as the queen of the night because the flowers bloom only at night.

In addition, this flower is also called the flower from heaven because of its soft and soothing fragrance.

4. Myth

The myth says that when the most expensive plant in the world blooms, dragons descend and gather from heaven to offer the plant to Buddha.

Another myth about this flower is that anyone who sees the flower bloom, then he is one of the lucky ones.

5. Bloom Time

Kadupul flowers are only able to bloom once a year, even though the blooming season occurs every year.

This flower blooms for only about two hours, starting at 10 pm. Kadupul flowers will wither before dawn after the blooming process.

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•Physical form
This flower which is familiarly known as a perennial flower has the Latin name Leontopodium alpinum.
•It is a type of plant from the Asteraceae family and grows in the mountainous regions of Europe and South America.
•For edelweiss in Indonesia, he is better known by the Latin name Anaphali Javanica.
This edelweiss plant has a height of about 5 to 30 cm.
•For one flower, there are 6 to 9 lance-shaped, hairy petals.The texture of the leaves is quite soft and easily brittle when held.
•The edelweiss flower has a philosophy that true love requires sacrifice, struggle and sincerity
•Edelweiss is an endemic plant that can only grow at an altitude of 2000 to 3000 meters above sea level.
•In my opinion
the edelweiss flower is a unique plant and It can only grow in the mountains and it only grows It can only grow in the mountains and it only grows And found In 1819 and has been in Indonesia for over 200 years

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Sumatran tiger is a population of Panthera tigris sondaica on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is the only surviving tiger population in the Sunda Islands, where the Bali and Javan tigers are extinct.Sequences from complete mitochondrial genes of 34 tigers support the hypothesis that Sumatran tigers are diagnostically distinct from mainland subspecies. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognizes the living and extinct tiger populations in Indonesia as P. t. sondaica.

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The bull (Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823) is a mammal belonging to the endangered category (endangered) and is in a small population. Javan banteng conservation efforts are not limited to ecological and demographic aspects, but are also equipped with genetic aspects," said Maryatul, explaining the results of the research as well as the draft policy brief on the genetic conservation of the Javan bison.

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Strongylodon macrobotrys A.Gray, Jade Vine, Beautiful Green Colored Vines

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Strongylodon macrobotrys, commonly known as jade vine, emerald vine or turquoise jade vine, is a species of leguminous or Fabaceae which is a perennial liana, aka woody vines, originating from the tropical forests of the Philippines, with stems that can extend upwards up to 20 m in length.
The flowers grow hanging on flower stalks 0.9 - 1.5 meters long. It is extraordinary, with each flower shaped like a bird's beak or a tiger's claw with a length of 7 - 12 cm.
Vines with very strong and tough woody stems that are able to propagate up to more than 20 m, you can imagine 20 meters even in a suitable habitat can be more than 20 m.The leaves are 3-branched, each 7-12 cm long with black-brown young leaves.

A woody vine, native to the tropical forests of the Philippines, with ascending stems up to 20 m long.

The local name in the Philippines is Tayabak. A member of the Fabaceae or pea and legume family, it is closely related to the legume and plant Strongylodon macrobotrys, pollinated by birds and bats.

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The Lingsan Civet a species of linsang, a carnivorous mammal that lives in trees in the Sunda region of Southeast Asia. This animal is founded in southern Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and the Bangka Belitung Islands. It lives in evergreen forests. In Thailand and Malaysia the lingsang civet is found in deciduous forests, while in Sarawak it is also found in secondary forests and areas near oil palm plantations. The Indonesian government has designated the wregul otter as a protected animal species.
The Congkok Civet, or Linsang, is a type of civet with a weight of up to 5 kg and a length of about 71 cm. This animal, which has the Latin name Prionodon linsang, has a slender body and is medium-sized, with a length of 35–40 cm, a tail of 30-35 cm, and a body weight of up to 700 grams. The head is slightly pointed, resembling a cat's head. Actually, the color of the hair varies, but most of the body has yellowish-white hair with stripes or black spots. The tail is also covered with hair of a similar color. The Congkok weasel has sharp canine teeth as well as sharp claws that can be hidden in the soles of its feet.
Congkok Weasel is a nocturnal animal, or more active at night than during the day. These animals move very nimbly and are very agile, both on land and when climbing using their legs in the trees. The main food sources are small mammals, birds, frogs, rodents (such as mice), and insects.
The Congkok Weasel really likes to sleep on bamboo trees or other lush trees. This weasel emits sounds that are considered 'mystical' in the dark at night to communicate. These animals inhabit tropical rain forests in the lowlands and mountains with an altitude of up to 2000 meters above sea level. Often found in mountainous areas in Aceh and West Sumatra.
The threat to the population of these black and yellow colored animals, said Langkasani, was also caused by deaths from collisions on the streets. “Several times we found cases of these animals being hit by road deaths

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In the Nusa Tenggara region, there are many plants that are threatened with extinction due to human activities that are beyond the responsibility of the government, which causes plants to become scarce.
The results of the literature study show that several factors causing the scarcity of sandalwood include:

a) the reluctance of the community, especially in the Nusa Tenggara region, to plant sandalwood due to local regulations that do not support it.
b) forest fires.
c) illegal logging,
d) theft, and
e) requirements ...

Fragrant sandalwood (Santalum album) is now very rare and very expensive. In Indonesia, sandalwood from Timor is also highly valued. As a substitute, a number of aromatherapy and perfume experts use sandalwood jenggi (Santalum spicatum). These two types of wood differ in the concentration of the chemicals they contain, and therefore the level of fragrance is also different.

Fragrant sandalwood (Santalum album) is now very rare and very expensive. In Indonesia, sandalwood from Timor is also highly valued. As a substitute, a number of aromatherapy and perfume experts use sandalwood jenggi (Santalum spicatum). These two types of wood differ in the concentration of the chemicals they contain, and therefore the level of fragrance is also different.

Fact
nowadays, sandalwood is often used for spices by irresponsible people

-My opinion is that sandalwood trees are often cut down illegally by irresponsible people, namely by giving sanctions to the loggers, protecting and preserving sandalwood plants.

-Reitaration
The sandalwood tree is a spice-producing tree that must be protected

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The Bali Starling is a legacy for the children and grandchildren of the country, this is the word that people often talk about with one another about the presen

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• The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is a euryhaline species of oceanic dolphin found in scattered subpopulations near sea coasts and in estuaries and rivers in parts of the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia. It closely resembles the Australian snubfin dolphin (of the same genus, Orcaella), which was not described as a separate species until 2005. It has a slate blue to a slate gray color. Although found in much of the riverine and marine zones of South and Southeast Asia, the only concentrated lagoon populations are found in Chilika Lake in Odisha, India and Songkhla Lake in southern Thailand.

• Description
The Irrawaddy dolphin's colour is grey to dark slate blue, paler underneath, without a distinctive pattern. The dorsal fin is small and rounded behind the middle of the back. The forehead is high and rounded; the beak is lacking. The front of its snout is blunt. The flippers are broad and rounded. The finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) is similar and has no back fin; the humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) is larger, and has a longer beak and a larger dorsal fin. It ranges in weight from 90 to 200 kg (200 to 440 lb) with a length of 2.3 m (7.5 ft) at full maturity. Maximum recorded length is 2.75 m (9.0 ft) of a male in Thailand.

• Habitat and subpopulation
Although sometimes called the Irrawaddy river dolphin, it is not a true river dolphin, but an oceanic dolphin that lives in brackish water near coasts, river mouths, and estuaries. It has established subpopulations in freshwater rivers, including the Ganges and the Mekong, as well as the Irrawaddy River from which it takes its name. Its range extends from the Bay of Bengal to New Guinea and the Philippines, although it does not appear to venture off shore. It is often seen in estuaries and bays in Borneo Island, with sightings from Sandakan in Sabah, Malaysia, to most parts of Brunei and Sarawak, Malaysia. A specimen was collected at Mahakam River in East Kalimantan.

• Interaction with humans
Irrawaddy dolphins have a mutualistic relationship of co-operative fishing with traditional fishers. Fishers in India recall when they would call out to the dolphins, by tapping a wooden key also known as a lahai kway, against the sides of their boats, asking the Irrawaddys to drive fish into their nets. In Burma, in the upper reaches of the Ayeyarwady River, Irrawaddy dolphins drive fish towards fishers using cast nets in response to acoustic signals from them. The fishermen attempt to gain the attention of the dolphins through various efforts such as using a cone-shaped wooden stick to drum the side of their canoes, striking their paddles to the surface of the water, jingling their nets, or making calls that sound turkey-like. A pod of dolphins that agrees to work alongside the fisherman will entrap a school of fish in a semicircle, guiding them towards the boat. In return, the dolphins are rewarded with some of the fishers' bycatch. Historically, Irrawaddy River fishers claimed particular dolphins were associated with individual fishing villages and chased fish into their nets. An 1879 report indicated legal claims were frequently brought into native courts by fishers to recover a share of the fish from the nets of a rival fisher that the plaintiff's dolphin was claimed to have helped fill.

• Threats
Irrawaddy dolphins are more susceptible to human conflict than most other dolphins that live farther out in the ocean. Drowning in gillnets is the main threat to them throughout their range. Between 1995 and 2001, 38 deaths were reported and 74% died as a result of entanglement in gillnets with large mesh sizes. The majority of reported dolphin deaths in all subpopulations is due to accidental capture and drowning in gillnets and dragnets, and in the Philippines, bottom-set crabnets. In Burma, electrofishing, gold mining, and dam building are also serious and continuing threats. Though most fishers are sympathetic to the dolphins' plight, abandoning their traditional livelihood is difficult for them.

Another identified threat towards the Irrawaddy dolphins was noise pollution from high-speed vessels. This caused the dolphins to dive significantly longer than usual. The Irrawaddy dolphins always changed directions when they encountered these large vessels.

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Jaguars are mighty cats most easily recognized by the bold rosettes generously spotted across their tawny-colored coats. They have thick, stocky legs and short, round ears. The jaguar has the strongest of all the felines. The name “jaguar” originates from the Tupi and Guarani languages of South America from the word yaguareté, or “true, fierce beast and he who kills in one leap.” The majestic jaguar is a symbol of power for many Latin-American cultures, it represents the power of nature and is seen as the protector of the rainforest.

Jaguars are the third-largest cat in the world and can weigh over 300 pounds. However, their size varies by region, with jaguars in Central America being smaller than those found in the Amazon and the Pantanal. Jaguars are strictly carnivorous and are considered opportunistic hunters, meaning they will prey on almost any animal that crosses their path. Deer, peccaries, tapirs, iguanas, capybaras, armadillos, and monkeys are among the many kinds of animals that fall prey to jaguars. The powerful bite of jaguars makes them excellent hunters; their teeth possess the strength to pierce through crocodile hides and turtle shells. Once jaguars acquire meat for consumption, they use pointy bumps on their tongues, called papillae, to scrape the meat from its bones.

These magnificent cats are distributed from Mexico to Argentina across 18 countries, and Brazil holds around half of the wild jaguars in the world. Their habitats include wet and dry forests, savannahs, and shrublands. Jaguars are strong swimmers and climbers and are dependent on healthy freshwater systems and access to great amounts of territory for survival.

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African forest elephants are the elusive cousin of the African savanna elephant. They inhabit the dense rainforests of west and central Africa.
African forest elephants are smaller than African savanna elephants, the other African elephant species. Their ears are more oval-shaped and their tusks are straighter and point downward (the tusks of savanna elephants curve outwards). There are also differences in the size and shape of the skull and skeleton. Forest elephants also have a much slower reproductive rate than savanna elephants, so they cannot bounce back from population declines as quickly at the same rate. Following population declines over several decades due to poaching for ivory and loss of habitat, the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is now listed as Critically Endangered and the African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana). The latest assessments highlight a broadscale decline in African elephant numbers across the continent. The number of African forest elephants fell by more than 86% over a period of 31 years, while the population of African savanna elephants decreased by at least 60% over the last 50 years, according to the assessments. Both species suffered sharp declines since 2008 due to a significant increase in poaching, which peaked in 2011 but continues to threaten populations. The ongoing conversion of their habitats, primarily to agricultural and other land uses, is another significant threat. The 2016 IUCN African Elephant Status Report provides the most recent reliable estimate of the continental population of the two species combined, at around 415,000 elephants.

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This mollusk is pelagic and silvery-blue in color, up to 6 cm in length with three pairs of arms. The blue glaucus lives by floating upside down under the surface of the sea and feeds on Physalia, Porpita and Vellala colonies. The habitat of the blue Glaucus is offshore. The blue glaucus must be handled with care as it can deliver a very painful sting due to nematocysts harvested from their prey, Physalia.This mollusk is pelagic and silvery-blue in color, up to 6 cm in length with three pairs of arms. The blue glaucus lives by floating upside down under the surface of the sea and feeds on Physalia, Porpita and Vellala colonies. The habitat of the blue Glaucus is offshore. The blue glaucus must be handled with care as it can deliver a very painful sting due to nematocysts harvested from their prey, Physalia.

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Golden jellyfish
• currently there are many golden jellyfish that are rare or even very difficult to find in the world we live in and there are only a few in this part of the world.
• The golden jellyfish (Mastigias papua cf. etpisoni) is a subspecies of spotted jellyfish (Mastigias papua) that inhabits Jellyfish Lake on Eil Malk island in Palau in the western Pacific Ocean. Like the nominate subspecies, it derives part of its nutrition from symbiotic algae (Zooxanthellae) that live in their tissues and part of their nutrition from captured zooplankton.
• The golden jellyfish is morphologically, physiologically, and behaviourally distinct from the spotted jellyfish. It was described as a separate subspecies in 2011, together with four other new subspecies inhabiting nearby marine lakes. The species identification is uncertain (denoted by cf. in the name) because the individuals local to Palauan lagoons may be only one of several cryptic species that make up the M. papua group. It is distinguished by the almost complete loss of spots on the exumbrella and the almost complete loss of their clubs, an appendage attached to the oral arms.
• The subspecies carries out well-characterized daily migrations that are driven by light conditions in the lake.
From 1998 onwards, a steep decline in the golden jellyfish medusa population was detected in Jellyfish Lake. By December 1998, the medusa population had declined to zero. This was followed by a resurgence in 2000, and the population had returned to pre-decline levels in 2012. This was apparently caused by a die-off of the symbiotic zooxanthellae due to increased water temperatures during an El Niño weather event.
•

From here maybe I can take the message that a good and healthy life is a relationship that takes care of one another.From here maybe I can take the message that a good and healthy life is a relationship that takes care of one another

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This bird with the Latin name Megapodius tenimberensis looks like a chicken at first glance.
However, in fact it is a bird species and belongs to the megapodiidae family.
Its original habitat is Tanimbar Island in West Southeast Maluku Regency.
Its limited distribution makes this one scorched bird now included in the Vulnerable (VU) or vulnerable category.
Previously, it was still in the Near Threatened category (Near Threatened/NT).

Population size: 670-6700
Population trend: Decreasing
Extent of occurrence (breeding/resident): 4,000 km2
Country endemic: Yes
Attributes
Realm - Indomalayan
IUCN Ecosystem -- Terrestrial biome

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slender-horned spineflower (dodecahema leptoceras) is a California endangered plant species, which means that killing or possessing the plant is prohibited by the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). it is also listed as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act. Slender-horned spineflower is a small annual plant in the buckwheat family with distinctive basal leaves and small clusters of flowers. slender-horned spineflower is endemic to southwestern California, and occurs in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties.

slender-horned spineflower is currently threatened by direct and indirect habitat destruction from urbanization, agricultural development and highway development. it is also threatened by sand and gravel mining, altered hydrology, off-highway vehicle activities, nonnative plants and climate change.

however, the records for many of these occurrences have not been updated for several years, so the status of these populations is unknown. slender-horned spineflower population trends are difficult to estimate because it is an annual plant, and germination and reproduction rates are highly dependent upon rainfall and other environmental factors that vary from year to year. therefore, the number of occurrences is likely a better estimate of overall abundance of the plants than individual population counts.

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NAMA: Tasya Ramadhani.               KELAS: x.8( 34)

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NAMA: Tasya Ramadhani.               KELAS: x.8( 34)

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The eagle is one of the top predators in the food chain system, including the Javanese eagle. This bird, which is a symbol of freedom in Java, has a dashing posture and beautiful wingspan. The Javanese eagle also has sharp eyesight which helps observe prey from above.
This endemic animal from Java is a carnivorous bird which is considered the Garuda, the bird that is the national symbol of Indonesia. Apart from that, he is also the mascot of Indonesia's endangered species which must be protected and preserved. The existence of the Javanese Eagle has actually been known since 1820, namely by van Hasselt and Kuhl who collected two specimens of this bird from Mount Salak for the Leiden Museum, The Netherlands. But at that time the Javanese Eagle was still considered a Brontok Eagle.
Then in 1908, based on a specimen by Max Bartels from Pasir Datar, Sukabumi found in 1907, a German ornithologist named O. Finsch included it as a new taxon, but it was considered a type of Spizaetus kelaarti, a type of eagle in Sri Lanka .
Then in 1924, Prof. Stresemann gave a new, more specific taxon name, namely bartelsi so that this bird is known as Spizaetus nipalensis bartelsi. Until finally in 1953, D. Amadon proposed an increase in the type to Spizaetus bartelsi and now to Nisaetus bartelsi.
Morphology
In general, birds are vertebrates that have wings and feathers. This native Indonesian eagle has a medium body size with a height of about 70 cm with a wingspan of up to 100 cm.
If we observe, on the head there are tufts of feathers totaling 2-4 strands with a length of about 12 cm. The Javanese Eagle Crested is a black feather with a white tip and is a unique characteristic that is why it is nicknamed the Kuncung Eagle. In general, the overall coat color is brown, especially on the back and wings.This bird is named the Javanese Eagle because it is only found on the island of Java. The Habitat of the Javanese Eagle is in the lowland forest area, namely as a nesting area and hunting for prey. The eagle's nesting area is its territory, this is due to the abundance of food sources such as small fauna as its main prey.
Usually eagles will make nests in trees at an altitude of 1,100 meters above sea level with steep topography, such as cliffs or mountains, close to water sources or rivers, and about 500 meters away from open areas.
Bird nests will be placed at a height of 16 meters on saninten trees (Castanopsis argentea), rasamala trees (Altingia excelsa), tides (Lithocarpus sundaicus), tusam trees (Pinus merkusii), puspa (Schima wallichii), and ki sireum (Eugenia clavimyrtus) with more than 30 meters high and overgrownThreat of Extinction
The Javan Eagle population in nature is experiencing a very serious threat of extinction. The number is estimated at around 300 to 500 heads. Even though this bird has an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, because it is the apex predator in the food chain and pyramid. If the number of these predators continues to decrease, then the animals at the lower levels will experience a population surge.

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The Siau Tarsier is a primate species that lives on the island of Siau, North Sulawesi. This nocturnal or usually active animal at night has the Latin name Tarsius tumpara. Tarsius Siau likes places that have lots of bamboo groves, banyan tree roots, or wood with holes as a place for him to hide and rest.

This animal has a long tail that is hairy only at the end. The Siau Tarsier has dark gray fur with brown spots. Each hand and foot of this nocturnal animal has five long fingers. The head of the Siau tarsier can also rotate up to 180 degrees like an owl.

The main food of this primate is various insects such as cockroaches and crickets. However, the Siau tarsier can also eat small reptiles. In 2009, it was estimated that only 1,300 of the Siau tarsier population remained, a drastic decline of 80% in the last three generations.

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Red pandas only live in small, mountain territories in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. WWF estimates there are fewer than 10,000 left in the wild. It's believed that the population has shrunk by 40% over the past twenty years. Species of bamboo are impacted by forest fires and other environmental changes. As people move into the area, they often collect bamboo, leaving less for red pandas to eat. As habitat diminishes and there is reduced canopy cover overhead, seedlings don’t survive and bamboo doesn’t thrive. Some hunters who work in the wildlife trade capture red pandas and sell them as illegal pets. Sometimes red pandas are caught in traps that were intended to catch other animals, such as wild pigs and deer

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The sei whale is one of the fastest whales, reaching speeds of up to 30 miles per hour. Sei whales inhabit all oceans and adjoining seas except in tropical and polar regions. Like other great whales, they prefer to spend the summer feeding in cooler waters before migrating to warmer waters to breed and give birth to their calves.
Whales are at the top of the food chain and have an important role in the overall health of the marine environment. They are also highly vulnerable to human activities in the ocean. The sei whale became a major target for commercial whaling after the preferred stocks of blue and fin whales had been depleted. Today, although commercial whaling has been officially halted, the species is subject to "scientific whaling" by Japan—that is, killing whales for scientific research.

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Pyrenean Ibex
The Pyrenean Ibex is a subspecies of the Iberian goat that can be found on the Iberian Peninsula. This animal has a large body size, reaching 60-76 cm in height and weighing around 24-80 kg.

These grass-eating animals and herbal plants have reasons for extinction that are still widely debated. This giant goat is thought to have become extinct due to human hunting. There are also those who say their extinction occurred due to the inability of these animals to get addicted to finding food.

In the early 2000s, there were only about 100 Pyrenean Ibex left. Even sadder, the last species of this animal became extinct due to the death of a fallen tree in Northern Spain.

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Hawaiian Crow

The Hawaiian crow belonged to the crow family, having a wingspan of 50 centimeters. The difference between a regular crow and a Hawaiian crow is that it compromised a thicker bill with rounded wings.

These species resided in the southwestern and western regions of Hawaii. Findings of fossils indicate that they have been present there in large quantities.

The reason as to why these species became extinct is not fully concluded. It is believed they fell victim to various diseases such as fowlpox, toxoplasma gondii, and avian malaria which resulted in the extinction of these birds.

These species were omnivores, they fed on both plants and animals. 50% of their diet was consumed through branches and trunks while the other half was by feeding on land snails and isopods.

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The green turtle is one of the largest sea turtles and the only herbivore among the different species. Green turtles are in fact named for the greenish color of their cartilage and fat, not their shells. In the Eastern Pacific, a group of green turtles that have darker shells are called black turtles by the local community. Green turtles are found mainly in tropical and subtropical waters. Like other sea turtles, they migrate long distances between feeding grounds and the beaches from where they hatched. Classified as endangered, green turtles are threatened by overharvesting of their eggs, hunting of adults, being caught in fishing gear and loss of nesting beach sites. Threats to Survival: The greatest threat is from the commercial harvest for eggs and food. Other green turtle parts are used for leather and small turtles are sometimes stuffed for curios. Incidental catch in commercial shrimp trawling is an increasing source of mortality.

Population Estimate: Between 85,000 and 90,000 nesting females.

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The yellow-crested cockatoo is an endemic animal that can be found in the Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi and Masalembu Islands.

This one bird is a protected bird, therefore people are prohibited from catching or keeping it without permission. If you keep violating, there will be sanctions as in Article 21 paragraph (2) letter a Jo Article 40 paragraph (2) Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems.

Criminal acts by keeping, possessing, maintaining and transporting protected animals. As one of them has been handled by Bareskrim Polri, which has confiscated hundreds of protected birds without a permit.

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Titan Arum: Also known by the less politically correct name of “titanic pen!s” it is the world’s largest flower. Growing in Sumatra, it also is known as having the biggest inflorescence of all the flowers on earth. Its common name is the Corpse Flower for its unique and overpowering stench. endemic taro tribe from Sumatra, Indonesia, which is known as the plant with the largest flower in the world, although records state that its relative, A. gigas can produce flowersendemic taro tribe from Sumatra, Indonesia, which is known as the plant with the largest flower in the world, although records state that its relative, A. gigas can product flowers up to 5 meters high

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Burung Maleo (Macrocephalon Maleo)

Lore Lindu National Park is the habitat of this typical Central Sulawesi bird. The maleo bird is an endemic animal that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. This native Indonesian fauna has black fur with whitish pink undersides. The skin around the eyes is yellow, the beak is orange-gray and has a height of about 55 cm. Uniquely, the maleo bird only lays one egg in every season, and that is what causes this animal to become increasingly extinct.

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Medium to large, slender, with a body length of between 60-70 cm (from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail). The head is reddish brown (kadru), with a high, protruding crest (2-4 hairs, up to 12 cm long) and a yellowish brown nape (sometimes looks golden when exposed to the sun). Black crest with white tips; the crown and whiskers are black, while the back and wings are dark brown. Whitish throat with a black line (actually lines) running down the middle. Downward, towards the chest, black streaks spread over the pale brownish yellow color, which in the end turns into a dense cross-sectional pattern of brownish red to brown over the pale whitish color of the abdominal hairs and legs. The hairs on the feet cover the legs close to the base of the toes. Brownish tail with four dark stripes and transverse width that is clearly visible on the underside, the tip of the tail with a thin white stripe. Females are similar in color, slightly larger. The iris of the eye is yellow or brown; blackish beak; sera (flesh at the base of the beak) yellowish; yellowish feet (fingers). Young birds with head, neck and underside of body are light cinnamon brown, without streaks or stripes.[1] When flying, the Javanese eagle is similar to the brontok eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) with a light shape, but tends to appear brownish, with a darker looking stomach, and slightly smaller in size. High loud sound, repeated, klii-iiw or ii-iiiw, varying from one to three syllables. Or a high-pitched, quick click-click-click-click-click. In a way, this sound is similar to that of a brontok eagle although the difference is quite obvious in the tone

thesis: nowodays now there are few eagles because many are caught by humans

facts: This was revealed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) that the Javanese eagle is included in the EN (Endangered) status or endangered. In addition, the Government of Indonesia also stipulates the Javanese eagle as an animal protected by law. The extinction of this legendary bird is thought to be due to the large number of poachers who seize the eaglets and then trade them for personal gain. This is a serious threat to the sustainability of the Javanese eagle which is decreasing. Quoted from Fauna and flora, the Javanese eagle or called Nisaetus Bartelsi in the Latin name is one of the endemic species that can only be found on the island of Java. In 1993, the Garuda bird was symbolized as the national symbol of the Republic of Indonesia which was predicted to be quite identical to the Javanese eagle. Because during the struggle for independence, this bird was often found in the forest areas of Java Island. Read detikinet's article, "5 Facts about the Javanese Eagle, a Legendary Endangered Bird"

Argument: now many people are looking for eagles to sell, so now the Javanese eagle is almost extinct and now many are being put in animal sanctuariest

reitaration: The Javanese eagle is an endemic species that only occurs on the island of Java. As one of the endemic animals, this species is one of the animals that are facing the risk of extinction due to reduced habitat and rampant poaching. In fact, this bird is listed as "endangered" in the Red Data Book.

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Nowedays, many endangered species in the world be comes extict because of lost of their habitats environment and vulneration.
An example is edelweiss flower.
•Javanese edelweiss was first discovered on the slopes of Mount Gede, West Java.Apart from Semeru and Bromo, edelweiss flowers can also be found on Mount Lawu, Mount Gede, Mount Kawi, Mount Rinjani, Mount Pangrango, Mount Papandayan and the highlands in Dieng.
•Edelweiss flowers are flowers that are commonly found on several mountains in Indonesia when climbing. The Latin name for the edelweiss flower is Anaphalis javanica and grows a lot in the mountains of Indonesia. This flower is known to have such a beautiful appearance, so many climbers want to pick and bring this flower home.
•Facts: -Can grow up to 4 meters, -Part of customary needs, -One of the traditional medicine, -Found in Indonesia more than 200 years ago, --Has appeared as a national stamp, -
grows in April and highlands.
•Edelweiss flowers can be considered rare because population size is small and declining. In addition, Edelweiss flowers are rare plants that only live in the highlands and grow locally in certain areas. The forest of the Bromo Tengger Semeru National n Park(TNBTS) is trying to preserve these flowers by cultivating them.

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•Nepenthes

>Who would have thought, it turns out that there are plants that survive by eating insects and even frogs. Yes, semar or nepenthes bags have slippery sacs that function to trap insects. Once the insect is trapped in the pouch, it will be difficult for it to move. Apart from India, this plant can also be found in southern China, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka and Australia.
> The pitcher plant is a unique plant. The shape is pocketed and rounded at the ends.
Nepenthes are carnivorous plants that form the genus Nepenthes and belong to the monotypic Nepenthaceae family. It consists of 130 species not including natural or hybrid types.
>Unlike other plants, Nepenthes live and grow well in soils that lack nutrients. This plant can be found in damp places and minimal sunlight.
>With hunting and destruction of native habitat, one of which is caused by forest fires, this has reduced the pitcher plant population and its existence is threatened, another contributing factor is illegal sales.

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The Bali tiger is the smallest tiger subspecies in body and the darkest skin color and the short-tailed Balinese tiger is characteristic of other tiger subspecies. Common tiger food is wild boar, deer, monkeys, deer, poultry, rats, spiders, frogs, and sometimes tigers eat durian.

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Mahakam dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris ) is a type of mammal which is often called a freshwater dolphin whose status is endangered. This dolphin is called the Mahakam dolphin because it is commonly found in the waters of the Mahakam River , but western researchers are more familiar with this animal as the Irrawaddy Dolphin . Pesut has a global population of 6,000 individuals, based on 2018 data, only 80 of these animals live in the waters of rivers in Kalimantan and rank highest on the list of Indonesian animals that are endangered. However, the population of these animals has actually increased in Cambodia . It is distinguished from its cousin the Australian porpoise by the shape of its skull and fins.

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HAWKSBILL TURTLES

The Hawksbill turtle is one of the seven species of marine turtles and is found in nearshore tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific Ocean. Their numbers are believed to be between 20,000 and 23,000 nesting turtles, although it is difficult to assess their true population numbers since marine turtles are the true ocean wanderers.
In the last 30 years, the worldwide populations of hawksbill turtles have reduced by at least 80% as a consequence of accidental capture in fishing gears, nesting habitat degradation, coral reef damage and the illegal trade of hawksbill shells and products.
Other human-led threats such as plastic pollution, climate change and rising sea levels could further contribute to the decline of this species in the future. At present, Hawksbill turtles are listed as critically endangered.

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The leatherback turtle

The leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) is a giant sea turtle and the only surviving member of the Dermochelyidae tribe. This turtle is the largest turtle in the world and is the fourth largest reptile in the world after three types of crocodiles. Leatherback turtles are known by some people as giant turtles , pouches or mabo . Its common name in English is Leatherback sea turtle .

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The Javanese eagle is a medium-sized eagle species from the Accipitridae family and the Nisaetus genus which is endemic to the island of Java. This animal is considered synonymous with the national symbol of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Garuda. And since 1992, this bird has been designated as the mascot of Indonesia's endangered species. It has a reddish-brown head with a high, protruding crest consisting of 2-4 feathers 12 cm long. The distribution of this Javanese eagle can only be found on the island of Java, from the western end (Ujung Kulon National Park) to the eastern end on the Blambangan Purwo Peninsula precisely in primary forest and a small portion of secondary forest adjacent to ecotones. Its diet consists of small mammals, birds, snakes and lizards. Reduced habitat and rampant poaching have made this animal endangered. It is estimated that there are only around 200 of them, making them a protected animal and being bred in one of the national parks, namely Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Bogor, West Java.the distribution of this Javanese eagle can only be found on the island of Java, from the western end (Ujung Kulon National Park) to the eastern end on the Blambangan Purwo Peninsula precisely in primary forest and a small portion of secondary forest adjacent to ecotones. Its diet consists of small mammals, birds, snakes and lizards. Reduced habitat and rampant poaching have made this animal endangered. It is estimated that there are only around 200 of them, making them a protected animal and being bred in one of the national parks, namely Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Bogor, West Java.

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Underground Australian Orchid
This orchid gets its name from the obvious growth of the flower underground, it is more a low ground covering than directly in the ground. Over development and a drought, plus pollution, have put this delicate blossom on the endangered list.

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Tyrannosaurus * is a genus of large theropod dinosaur. The species Tyrannosaurus rex (rex meaning "king" in Latin), often called T. rex or colloquially T-Rex, is one of the best represented theropods. It lived throughout what is now western North America, on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia. Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the Upper Cretaceous period, 68 to 66 million years ago. It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

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One of the endemic species of South Kalimantan from the genus Mangifera is Mangifera casturi or mango kasturi. According to data from the Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list, this mango is included in the category of extinct in the wild or is almost extinct in the wild.

Kasturi mango or Mangifera casturi is a specific mango from South Kalimantan. This mango bears fruit at the beginning of the rainy season or around January. Most of the Kasturi mangoes are found in Banjar and Hulu Sungai Selatan districts, South Kalimantan. This plant is generally found in two agro-ecosystems, namely dry land and tidal swamp land.

The benefits of this fruit are:
1. Good for skin health.
2. Source of energy for the body.
3. Increase body resistance.
4. Maintain eye health.
5. Reducing the risk of developing cancer.

The cause of the extinction of the Kasturi mango in the wild is due to deforestation or tree cutting (Deforestation). Usually the forest land is used for non-forest uses, such as for livestock, agriculture, or human habitation.

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The Bornean orangutan is one of the largest endemic animals in the areas of Kalimantan (Indonesia), Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia). Pongo pygmaeus is commonly found in forests and lowland peatlands (below 500 meters above sea level). They enjoy exploring the area because it has many large fruit trees.

Morphologically, the Bornean orangutan has long, matted hair that is dark red-brown in color. Her face colors are pink, red, and black. Adult Bornean orangutans are 1-1.5 meters tall and weigh around 30-90 kg.

Compared to the Sumatran orangutan, which is also critical, the Bornean orangutan has a larger body and darker hair color. The behavior of Bornean orangutans is also quite different because they often move more slowly and often carry out activities on the ground.

The number of Bornean orangutans continues to erode due to loss of their habitat. In the last decade, at least 1.2 million hectares of forest areas in Indonesia have been used as large-scale logging areas. In fact, in the last 20 years, the habitat of the Bornean orangutan has decreased by around 55 percent.

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Also known as Sunda tigers, Sumatran tigers once roamed across Indonesia’s Sunda Islands. Today, the critically endangered tiger subspecies has a population of 

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Although most of its remaining range is isolated to protected tiger conservation landscapes and national parks, the dwindling global population of Sumantran tigers is believed to be declining at a rate of 3.2% to 5.9% each year.

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Komodo dragon

Komodo or Varatus Komodoensis is one of the endangered species that exists and is protected in Indonesia. As one of the largest types of reptiles, the Komodo dragon's habitat is only focused on the areas of Komodo Island, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and various other surrounding areas. Also read:  Definition of Herbivorous Animals, Characteristics, and ExamplesTherefore, the number of Komodo dragons on Rinca Island and Komodo Island, which are only around 2,700, are categorized as endangered and protected animals

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Rafflesia is a genus of flower with 28 known species, the second largest of which is Rafflesia kerrii, found in the Tenasserim-South Thailand Semi-Evergreen Rainforests ecoregion, with blooms measuring 70 to 110 cm across, or over three feet. Only Rafflesia arnoldii of Sumatra, found in the Sumatran Montane Rainforests ecoregion, exceeds its dimensions slightly, becoming the largest single flower on Earth. Rafflesia is endemic in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Thriving in rainforests, Rafflesia is in danger of extinction due to habitat loss as well as poaching — its buds are harvested and sold for medicinal properties. The plant cannot grow in captivity, and, as most occurrences of Rafflesia contain only male or female flowers, pollinations is rare. A fly must land first on a male flower, avoid being eaten, and then transport the pollen to a female flower. If pollination does occur, the flower produces a smooth-skinned fruit, which is actually a berry about 5-inches in diameter. Fortunately, squirrels and birds enjoy this fruit, and are therefore able to help with seed dispersal.

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Pangolin is a mammal that can be found in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia. In Indonesia alone, this animal with the Latin name Manis javanica is commonly found in the areas of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan.

The characteristic feature of the pangolin is that it has pointed scales all over its body that can also move. These scales cover the Pangolin's body from the tip of the nostrils to the tip of the tail. The mammal's scales have a yellowish-brown color, while the lower part of the body is covered with white-brown hair and the skin is bluish-gray.

The body of an adult pangolin is about 79-88 cm long and weighs 8-10 kg. The pangolin has a small, pointed head, small eyes, a mouth without teeth, and a small tongue up to 25 cm long. He uses this long tongue to eat ants, termites or insect larvae. In the last 21 years, the pangolin population has fallen by 80 percent

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Stegosaurus has been found in China from the Jurassic period, about 170 million years ago. The tails of Stegosaurus and Ankylosaurus were used to protect themselves or survive from predators, by shaking their strong tails at opponents who attacked these dinosaurs.

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JAVAN RHINOS

Once found throughout south-east Asia, Javan rhinos have suffered a staggering decline in their numbers due to hunting and habitat loss. The lone wild population of Javan rhinos is one of the rarest of the rhino species—around 75 individuals—which can only be found on the island of Java, Indonesia.

The Ujung Kulon National Park, a World Heritage Site, is the last remaining refuge of Javan rhinos. But the area also suffers from the invading Arenga palm, leaving the rhinos with less food to eat and less habitat to roam. Besides, the small Javan rhino population is also extremely vulnerable to extinction due to natural catastrophes, disease, poaching and potential inbreeding.

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An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation.

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An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation.

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Loss of Habitat

A loss of habitat can happen naturally. Dinosaurs, for instance, lost their habitat about 65 million years ago. The hot, dry climate of the Cretaceous period changed very quickly, most likely because of an asteroid striking the Earth. The impact of the asteroid forced debris into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of heat and light that reached Earth’s surface. The dinosaurs were unable to adapt to this new, cooler habitat. Dinosaurs became endangered, then extinct.

Human activity can also contribute to a loss of habitat. Development for housing, industry, and agriculture reduces the habitat of native organisms. This can happen in a number of different ways.

Development can eliminate habitat and native species directly. In the Amazon rain forest of South America, developers have cleared hundreds of thousands of acres. To “clear” a piece of land is to remove all trees and vegetation from it. The Amazon rain forest is cleared for cattle ranches, logging, and urban use.

Development can also endanger species indirectly. Some species, such as fig trees of the rain forest, may provide habitat for other species. As trees are destroyed, species that depend on that tree habitat may also become endangered. Tree crowns provide habitat in the canopy, or top layer, of a rainforest. Plants such as vines, fungi such as mushrooms, and insects such as butterflies live in the rain forest canopy. So do hundreds of species of tropical birds and mammals such as monkeys. As trees are cut down, this habitat is lost. Species have less room to live and reproduce.

Loss of habitat may happen as development takes place in a species range. Many animals have a range of hundreds of square kilometers. The mountain lion of North America, for instance, has a range of up to 1,000 square kilometers (386 square miles). To successfully live and reproduce, a single mountain lion patrols this much territory. Urban areas, such as Los Angeles, California, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, grew rapidly during the 20th century. As these areas expanded into the wilderness, the mountain lion’s habitat became smaller. That means the habitat can support fewer mountain lions. Because enormous parts of the Sierra Nevada, Rocky, and Cascade mountain ranges remain undeveloped, however, mountain lions are not endangered.

Loss of habitat can also lead to increased encounters between wild species and people. As development brings people deeper into a species range, they may have more exposure to wild species. Poisonous plants and fungi may grow closer to homes and schools. Wild animals are also spotted more frequently. These animals are simply patrolling their range, but interaction with people can be deadly. Polar bears, mountain lions, and alligators are all predators brought into close contact with people as they lose their habitat to homes, farms, and businesses. As people kill these wild animals, through pesticides, accidents such as collisions with cars, or hunting, native species may become endangered.

Loss of Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity found within a species. It’s why human beings may have blond, red, brown, or black hair. Genetic variation allows species to adapt to changes in the environment. Usually, the greater the population of a species, the greater its genetic variation.

Inbreeding is reproduction with close family members. Groups of species that have a tendency to inbreed usually have little genetic variation, because no new genetic information is introduced to the group. Disease is much more common, and much more deadly, among inbred groups. Inbred species do not have the genetic variation to develop resistance to the disease. For this reason, fewer offspring of inbred groups survive to maturity.

Loss of genetic variation can occur naturally. Cheetahs are a threatened species native to Africa and Asia. These big cats have very little genetic variation. Biologists say that during the last ice age, cheetahs went through a long period of inbreeding. As a result, there are very few genetic differences between cheetahs. They cannot adapt to changes in the environment as quickly as other animals, and fewer cheetahs survive to maturity. Cheetahs are also much more difficult to breed in captivity than other big cats, such as lions.

Human activity can also lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overhunting and overfishing have reduced the populations of many animals. Reduced population means there are fewer breeding pairs. A breeding pair is made up of two mature members of the species that are not closely related and can produce healthy offspring. With fewer breeding pairs, genetic variation shrinks.

Critically Endangered Species

1) Population reduction rate
A critically endangered species’ population has declined between 80 and 90 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer.

A species is classified as critically endangered when its population has declined at least 90 percent and the cause of the decline is known. A species is also classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 80 percent and the cause of the decline is not known.

2) Geographic range
A critically endangered species’ extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). A critically endangered species’ area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 square kilometers (4 square miles).

3) Population size
A species is classified as critically endangered when there are fewer than 250 mature individuals. A species is also classified as critically endangered when the number of mature individuals declines by at least 25 percent within three years or one generation, whichever is longer.

4) Population restrictions
A species is classified as critically endangered when its population is restricted to less than 50 mature individuals. When a species’ population is this low, its area of occupancy is not considered.

5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 percent within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer.

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Passenger Pigeon

Passenger pigeons, like these stuffed examples at the Denver Museum of Natural History in Colorado, were once plentiful in North America. They went from the status of least concern to extinct within 100 years.

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Northern Spotted Owl

A critically endangered northern spotted owl flies through a redwood forest in northern California. Spotted owls are threatened by habitat loss and increased competition from other species, such as barn owls.

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Lonesome George

Lonesome George was the last surviving Pinta Island tortoise, native only to the Galapagos Islands. Until 2012, Pinta Island tortoises were extinct in the wild. On June 24, 2012, Lonesome George died, and the Pinta Island tortoise became entirely extinct.

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African Elephants

An African elephant and her offspring eat shrubs in the Okavango Delta area of Botswana. African bush elephants are classified as vulnerable, with their numbers falling due to habitat loss and poaching.

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Giant Panda

One of the Giant Pandas at the San Diego Zoo enjoying a morning bamboo snack.