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1) Sparking Curiosity: Human Thermometer
Imagine you are a human thermometer. Use your senses of sight, touch and also how you feel to ‘guess’ and rate the temperature at each of the 3 sites listed in the worksheet.  Then rank the 3 sites from Rank 1 hottest (highest) to Rank 3 coolest (lowest).
Record in the worksheet in Google Doc.
https://tinyurl.com/GIWorksheet19Sep

2) Gathering of Data: Using The Weather Tracker
a) Use the weather tracker to take the temperature (◦C) and record the readings in the worksheet https://tinyurl.com/GIWorksheet19Sep

b) Look around you. Observe the ground surface and its surroundings. Include any other factors/ physical features that may affect the temperature of the site and/or the readings of the weather instruments. Record the data in the worksheet.
https://tinyurl.com/GIWorksheet19Sep

3) Exercising Reasoning: Consolidate data and arrive at a group decision
a) Based on your data, what can you conclude about the various sites?

d) Where is the best place in the school to site a café?

4) Reflective Thinking
Reflect on the reliability of the data collected. Evaluate the data collection method used. Consider the conditions which may have resulted in inaccuracies of the data. Think of ways to improve the methods in the investigation.

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2022 Growth Series_Hum PD_GI Worksheet_19 Sep.docx

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Where is the best location in JVS to set up an outdoor cafe?

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Where is the best location in JVS to set up an outdoor cafe?

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Question: Was Merger between Singapore and Malaya beneficial to the countries involved overall?

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Question: Was Merger between Singapore and Malaya beneficial to the countries involved overall?

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What kind of event would involve Britain, Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak?

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1) Sparking Curiosity:
in 1963, an agreement was signed between Britain, Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak. It would combine the territories of everyone except Britain, under the name of 'Malaysia'. It was a troublesome process with a lot of negotiation required. Why was it carried out, and was it beneficial overall?

Participants will examine different sets of given sources to answer this. In each set of given sources, one of the sources will not help you understand the reasons for the Merger. DO NOT USE THIS SOURCE.

2) Gathering of Data:
Examine the given sources. 3 sources per group, from one of the countries involved in the Merger. Analyse the reasons for Merger from 2 of the 3 sources.

3) Exercising Reasoning:
Based on your sources, summarise the reasons for/against Merger, from the point of view of your country.

4) Reflective Thinking
Hear from other groups about their reasons for/against Merger. Understand how other countries would have reacted to this idea. Form a wider perspective of this issue.

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Source A: Mr Lee Kuan Yew during one of the radio talks known as ‘Battle for Merger’, broadcast in 1961.

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Source A: Mr Lee Kuan Yew during one of the radio talks known as ‘Battle for Merger’, broadcast in 1961.

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We cannot survive alone.

If we delay merger, every one of us, no matter what you are – worker, hawker, clerk, technician, businessman, all will suffer.

There will be less business. There will be less profits. There will be less pay. There will be less jobs.

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Source A: Mr Lee Kuan Yew during one of the radio talks known as ‘Battle for Merger’, broadcast in 1961.

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Source A: Mr Lee Kuan Yew during one of the radio talks known as ‘Battle for Merger’, broadcast in 1961.

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We cannot survive alone.

If we delay merger, every one of us, no matter what you are – worker, hawker, clerk, technician, businessman, all will suffer.

There will be less business. There will be less profits. There will be less pay. There will be less jobs.

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Source A: Comments made by Tunku Abdul Rahman regarding Singapore’s Merger with Malaya, 1961

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Source A: Comments made by Tunku Abdul Rahman regarding Singapore’s Merger with Malaya, 1961

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I told him (the British Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations) that there was no pleasure in taking Singapore in. Why then did I take over Singapore where they have three strikes a day? We in the Federation have taken on these burdens because we genuinely feel we must save these people from the common enemy (the communists).

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Source B: Adapted from a speech by Tengku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, October 1961.

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Source B: Adapted from a speech by Tengku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, October 1961.

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But one thing I can tell Honourable Members: the subject of merger was not brought up for the first time by the present Prime Minister of Singapore. In fact, it was brought up by different Chief Ministers who were in power before Mr. Lee Kuan Yew – like Tun Lim Yew Hock and Mr. David Marshall.

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Source C: Adapted from a speech by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, 3 June 1961.

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Source C: Adapted from a speech by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, 3 June 1961.

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Now gaining independence through merger with a larger unit (Malaya) is clearly before us and we can achieve it sooner than anyone imagined two years ago….. we in Singapore have always been closest to Malaya….it would also mean that we would have a larger and more powerful economic base for our new nation.

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Source B: From an excerpt about Malaya’s willingness to merge with Singapore.

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Source B: From an excerpt about Malaya’s willingness to merge with Singapore.

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In 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Prime Minister of Malaya, proposed that Malaya, Singapore, and the two British territories of Sarawak and Sabah should join to form a new country, Malaysia. There would be economic advantages, through trade and investment, as well as security benefits to help fight Communist rebellion. Another main attraction for Singapore in joining the new state was that it could increase Singapore’s range of exports to Malaya.

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Source B: Adapted from a speech by Tengku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, October 1961.

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Source B: Adapted from a speech by Tengku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, October 1961.

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But one thing I can tell Honourable Members: the subject of merger was not brought up for the first time by the present Prime Minister of Singapore. In fact, it was brought up by different Chief Ministers who were in power before Mr. Lee Kuan Yew – like Tun Lim Yew Hock and Mr. David Marshall.

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Source C: Adapted from a speech by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, 3 June 1961.

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Source C: Adapted from a speech by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, 3 June 1961.

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Now gaining independence through merger with a larger unit (Malaya) is clearly before us and we can achieve it sooner than anyone imagined two years ago….. we in Singapore have always been closest to Malaya….it would also mean that we would have a larger and more powerful economic base for our new nation.

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Source A: Comments made by Tunku Abdul Rahman regarding Singapore’s Merger with Malaya, 1961

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Source A: Comments made by Tunku Abdul Rahman regarding Singapore’s Merger with Malaya, 1961

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I told him (the British Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations) that there was no pleasure in taking Singapore in. Why then did I take over Singapore where they have three strikes a day? We in the Federation have taken on these burdens because we genuinely feel we must save these people from the common enemy (the communists).

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Source B: From an excerpt about Malaya’s willingness to merge with Singapore.

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Source B: From an excerpt about Malaya’s willingness to merge with Singapore.

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In 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Prime Minister of Malaya, proposed that Malaya, Singapore, and the two British territories of Sarawak and Sabah should join to form a new country, Malaysia. There would be economic advantages, through trade and investment, as well as security benefits to help fight Communist rebellion. Another main attraction for Singapore in joining the new state was that it could increase Singapore’s range of exports to Malaya.

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Source C: Comment by a Malaysian politician

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Source C: Comment by a Malaysian politician

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Tunku never thought that Lee Kuan Yew would come into Malaysia and set up the PAP. He thought that as PAP was a Singapore political party, it would remain in Singapore. Thus, when Lee came in and took part in the elections in Malaysia and started criticising Tan Siew Sin, Malaysia’s Finance Minister and the Malaysian Chinese Association, Tunku got very angry.

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Source C: Comment by a Malaysian politician

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Source C: Comment by a Malaysian politician

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Tunku never thought that Lee Kuan Yew would come into Malaysia and set up the PAP. He thought that as PAP was a Singapore political party, it would remain in Singapore. Thus, when Lee came in and took part in the elections in Malaysia and started criticising Tan Siew Sin, Malaysia’s Finance Minister and the Malaysian Chinese Association, Tunku got very angry.

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Source A: Adapted from a 2016 speech given by Dr Poh Soo Kai, who lived through the Merger years.

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Source A: Adapted from a 2016 speech given by Dr Poh Soo Kai, who lived through the Merger years.

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The main reason why the British engineered the merger of Malaya and Singapore in 1963 was to safeguard their military base in Singapore from Communists…

With the rise of the Communists in Singapore in 1961, Britain was not assured that its military base in Singapore would be safe in what the British referred to as “a sea of hostile local population.” In 1961, Lee Kuan Yew’s PAP government seemed unable to survive. As the Singapore military base was still necessary in Britain’s strategic plans, Britain had to find other ways to protect it.

Britain, therefore, took the Malaysia merger proposal and advanced it.

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Source B: Adapted from a historian’s account about Merger, published in 2013.

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Source B: Adapted from a historian’s account about Merger, published in 2013.

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The British always believed that Singapore’s future would be as part of a greater Malaysia. This idea was officially revived in May 1961 when the Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, proposed the creation of a new state of Malaysia through merger, including Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei.  The proposal was quickly supported by the British authorities, who saw the merger as a way of maintaining influence in the region, while also reducing the financial costs of paying for Singapore’s internal security.

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Source C: An online article about the incidents during the Merger

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Source C: An online article about the incidents during the Merger

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In August 1961, agreement in principle was reached between Singapore and Malaya on the merger and discussions were held in London in November. The opposition party in Singapore, Barisan Sosialis, rejected the merger, so a vote was held in September 1962, resulting in overwhelming support by Singaporeans for the merger.

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Based on my sources, Singapore wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Singapore wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Singapore wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Singapore wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Malaya wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Malaya wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Source A: Adapted from an online article Konfrontasi: Why it still matters to Singapore by Daniel Wei Boon Chua

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Source A: Adapted from an online article Konfrontasi: Why it still matters to Singapore by Daniel Wei Boon Chua

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In a speech in Singapore on 27 May 1961, the Prime Minister of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman, announced the idea of a federation of states, which would include Malaya, Singapore and the British territories in North Borneo, Sarawak, Sabah as well as Brunei. The Indonesian President, Sukarno, who wanted to unite the Southeast Asian region as part of Indonesia instead, accused the West of setting up Malaysia as a puppet state to control Southeast Asia, and opposed the Merger vigorously.

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Based on my sources, Britain wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Britain wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Malaya wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Malaya wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Source B: from an online article on the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation

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Source B: from an online article on the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation

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In May 1963, President Sukarno and Tunku Abdul Rahman held talks and agreed that a vote would be held before the Federation (Merger) was formed. Sukarno agreed that Indonesia would not object to merger if the people of North Borneo (one of the territories included in Merger) voted to support joining the Federation.

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Source C: Adapted from an online article, The War That Gave Birth to ASEAN, published in 2016. 

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Source C: Adapted from an online article, The War That Gave Birth to ASEAN, published in 2016. 

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The Konfrontasi was an “undeclared war” fought between Malaysia and Indonesia in the 1963 to 1966. The conflict started when Malaysia, consisting of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore, was formed on September 16, 1963.  Indonesia under President Sukarno was strongly against the formation of Malaysia, which Sukarno saw as a British plan to reduce Indonesia’s influence in the region. Sukarno launched a “Ganyang Malaysia” or “crush Malaysia” campaign, initially using political, economic, and propaganda methods. When these actions failed, he decided to launch military attacks against Malaysia.

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Based on my sources, Indonesia wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Indonesia wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Source A: Adapted from a 2016 speech given by Dr Poh Soo Kai, who lived through the Merger years.

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Source A: Adapted from a 2016 speech given by Dr Poh Soo Kai, who lived through the Merger years.

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The main reason why the British engineered the merger of Malaya and Singapore in 1963 was to safeguard their military base in Singapore from Communists…

With the rise of the Communists in Singapore in 1961, Britain was not assured that its military base in Singapore would be safe in what the British referred to as “a sea of hostile local population.” In 1961, Lee Kuan Yew’s PAP government seemed unable to survive. As the Singapore military base was still necessary in Britain’s strategic plans, Britain had to find other ways to protect it.

Britain, therefore, took the Malaysia merger proposal and advanced it.

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Source B: Adapted from a historian’s account about Merger, published in 2013.

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Source B: Adapted from a historian’s account about Merger, published in 2013.

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The British always believed that Singapore’s future would be as part of a greater Malaysia. This idea was officially revived in May 1961 when the Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, proposed the creation of a new state of Malaysia through merger, including Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei.  The proposal was quickly supported by the British authorities, who saw the merger as a way of maintaining influence in the region, while also reducing the financial costs of paying for Singapore’s internal security.

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Source C: An online article about the incidents during the Merger

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Source C: An online article about the incidents during the Merger

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In August 1961, agreement in principle was reached between Singapore and Malaya on the merger and discussions were held in London in November. The opposition party in Singapore, Barisan Sosialis, rejected the merger, so a vote was held in September 1962, resulting in overwhelming support by Singaporeans for the merger.

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Based on my sources, Britain wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Britain wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Source A: Adapted from an online article Konfrontasi: Why it still matters to Singapore by Daniel Wei Boon Chua

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Source A: Adapted from an online article Konfrontasi: Why it still matters to Singapore by Daniel Wei Boon Chua

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In a speech in Singapore on 27 May 1961, the Prime Minister of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman, announced the idea of a federation of states, which would include Malaya, Singapore and the British territories in North Borneo, Sarawak, Sabah as well as Brunei. The Indonesian President, Sukarno, who wanted to unite the Southeast Asian region as part of Indonesia instead, accused the West of setting up Malaysia as a puppet state to control Southeast Asia, and opposed the Merger vigorously.

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Source B: from an online article on the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation

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Source B: from an online article on the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation

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In May 1963, President Sukarno and Tunku Abdul Rahman held talks and agreed that a vote would be held before the Federation (Merger) was formed. Sukarno agreed that Indonesia would not object to merger if the people of North Borneo (one of the territories included in Merger) voted to support joining the Federation.

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Source C: Adapted from an online article, The War That Gave Birth to ASEAN, published in 2016. 

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Source C: Adapted from an online article, The War That Gave Birth to ASEAN, published in 2016. 

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The Konfrontasi was an “undeclared war” fought between Malaysia and Indonesia in the 1963 to 1966. The conflict started when Malaysia, consisting of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore, was formed on September 16, 1963.  Indonesia under President Sukarno was strongly against the formation of Malaysia, which Sukarno saw as a British plan to reduce Indonesia’s influence in the region. Sukarno launched a “Ganyang Malaysia” or “crush Malaysia” campaign, initially using political, economic, and propaganda methods. When these actions failed, he decided to launch military attacks against Malaysia.

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Based on my sources, Indonesia wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Based on my sources, Indonesia wanted/did not want Merger because ...

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Source C is a dummy source as it did not contain any information on the reason for merger or no merger.

Source A tells me that the merger is good because it allow Britain to have strong military influence.

Source B tells me that the merger is good because can save money hahahaahhaa.

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Based on my sources, Singapore wanted Merger because ...
1. It will benefit us economically.
2. Gain independence quickly.
3. We will have a bigger hinterland to reply on.
Dummy source: Source B

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Based on my sources, Malaya wanted Merger because ...
1) They wanted to save Singapore from communists (Source A) and to prevent its spread from Singapore to Malaysia.

2) There was economic benefits such as more trade and investment (Source B).

However, we noticed Malaya was a bit reluctant in Source A based on the Tunku's tone ('Why then did I take over Singapore where they have three strikes a day? We in the Federation have taken on these burdens...')

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Source A says, We in the Federation have taken on these burdens because we genuinely feel we must save these people from the common enemy (the communists).

Source B says, "There would be economic advantages, through trade and investment, as well as security benefits to help fight Communist rebellion. Another main attraction for Singapore in joining the new state was that it could increase Singapore’s range of exports to Malaya."

Thus we can infer that Malaya thought that communism was a greater threat and wanted to merge with Singapore to protect it. Malaya also wanted to benefit from Singapore's enlarged range of exports.

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Our dummy source is source B.

Based on both sources,
Indonesia did not want the Merger.

From source A,
Sukarno, wanted to unite the Southeast Asian region as part of Indonesia instead.

From source B,
Sukarno was against the formation of malay as he saw it as a British plan to reduce Indonesia’s influence in the region.

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Our dummy source is B. From A and C, Indonesia didn't want the merger because they accuse the west of establishing Malaysia as a puppet state. Indonesia sees it as a British plan to reduce the influence of Indonesia in the region.

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Our dummy source is B. From A and C, Indonesia didn't want the merger because they accuse the west of establishing Malaysia as a puppet state. Indonesia sees it as a British plan to reduce the influence of Indonesia in the region.

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Dummy source is Source B because it doesn't really give any particular reason for the merger and it just mentions that the idea of the merger was first introduced by the two Chief Ministers.

Based on Sources A and C, Singapore wanted a merger because of economic reasons. LKY in Source A stated that Singapore "cannot survive alone" which means that Singapore's economy would suffer badly in terms of revenue and employment if we did not merge.
Source C states that Singapore would have a "larger and more powerful economic base" after the merger which means that Singapore would prosper after the merger.

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Based on my sources, Britain wanted Merger because the safety of its military base - viewed as essential to Britain's strategic plans, was challenged in the rise of Communist influence. Britain also intended to maintain its influence in the region, at the same time reduce financial burden with regards to Singapore's internal security payments.

In summary, Britain's reason for supporting the merger was due to its objection to Communism, as well as for their own financial and political benefit.