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the German unification was achieved in 1871. It was marked as a turning point in European history. The process was largely driven by the ambitions of Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Chancellor, who skillfully used a combination of diplomacy and military force to unite the various German states. The unification was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, symbolizing not only the birth of the German Empire but also the shifting balance of power in Europe. This event laid the foundation for Germany's future as a major political and economic force on the continent. Key conflicts, such as the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War, played crucial roles in consolidating German territories under Prussian leadership.

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romantism

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a work of art indicating whether germany is Romanticism, Impression

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Otto van Bismark is the Prussian Prime Minister and chief architect of unification, Bismarck utilized a series of wars and diplomatic strategies to unify German states under Prussian leadership. https://www.britannica.com

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was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional struggles that occurred within the same period, and can be considered a revolutionary civil war.[2] It culminated with the drafting of the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, following the collapse of royal government and the military triumph of forces for independence.

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Mexican War of Independence | 3 Minute History

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In 1821, Mexico's leader was Agustin de Iturbide, a key figure in the Mexican War of Independence. Initially a royalist officer he switched sides to join the independence movement. He helped draft the Plan of Iguala, which outlined the principles for Mexico's independence and established a constitutional monarchy. After independence was achieved, he became the first Emperor of Mexico. Though his reign was marked by political instability. His rule ended in 1823 when he was overthrown, leading to the establishment of a republic. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Agustin-de-Iturbide

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Agustín de Iturbide, also called (1822-23) Agustín I, (born September 27, 1783, Valladolid, Viceroyalty of New Spain [now Morelia, Mexico]-died July 19, 1824, Padilla, Mexico), Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions in the Mexican independence movement and, as Agustín I, briefly emperor of Mexico.

Like many young men of the upper classes in Spanish America, Iturbide entered the royalist army, becoming an officer in the provincial regiment of his native city in 1797. In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla offered him a post with his revolutionary army, but Iturbide refused and pledged himself to the Spanish cause instead. His defense of Valladolid against the revolutionary forces of José María Morelos dealt a crushing blow to the insurgents, and for this victory Iturbide was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacán. In 1816, however, grave charges of extortion and violence caused his removal.

By 1820 the radical independence movement was almost entirely extinguished. Both Hidalgo and Morelos had been captured and executed; only guerrilla bands (under the command of General Vicente Guerrero) prevented the complete victory of the royalists. The Mexican independence movement then performed a curious about-face. In reaction to a liberal coup d'état in Spain, the conservatives in Mexico (formerly staunch royalists) advocated immediate independence. Iturbide assumed command of the army and, at Iguala, allied his reactionary force with Guerrero's radical insurgents. Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, published on February 24, 1821, proclaimed three guarantees: (1) immediate independence from Spain, (2) equality for Spaniards and Creoles, and (3) the supremacy of Roman Catholicism and a ban on all other religions. The Army of the Three Guarantees quickly subjugated the country; on August 24, 1821, Juan O'Donojú, the new representative of the Spanish king, signed the Treaty of Córdoba, recognizing the independence of Mexico.

The revolutionary coalition quickly fell apart as Iturbide removed Guerrero and his insurgent following from influence. On May 19, 1822, Iturbide placed the crown upon his own head and became Agustín I, emperor of Mexico. An arbitrary and extravagant ruler, he proved unable to bring order and stability to his country, and all parties soon turned against him. Opposition solidified behind Antonio López de Santa Anna, whose own plan called for Iturbide's overthrow and exile. On March 19, 1823, Iturbide abdicated and went first to Italy and then to England. In 1824, however, he returned to Mexico, unaware that the congress had decreed his death. Captured on July 15, he was executed four days later. Although regarded by most scholars as a self-serving military adventurer, he has remained for the Roman Catholic church and for the conservative classes the great hero of Mexican independence.

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Agustín de Iturbide | Mexican Emperor, Independence Leader

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Agustín de Iturbide, Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions in the Mexican independence movement and, as Agustín I, briefly emperor of Mexico. Like many young men of the upper classes in Spanish America, Iturbide entered the royalist army, becoming

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The Italian unification was a political and social movement that various states of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. Key figures included Giuseppe Garibaldi, who led military campaigns to liberate southern Italy, and Count Camillo di Cavour, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia. The movement gained momentum after the Second Italian War of Independence. By 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was officially proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. The unification process continued, culminating in the capture of Rome in 1870, which became the capital of the newly unified nation.

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In 1861, the leader of Italy was King Victor Emmanuel II. He had previously been the king of the Kingdom of Sardinia and played a crucial role in the Italian unification . Under his leadership various states were brought together through military campaigns and political maneuvers. Victor Emmanuel II was seen as a symbol of national unity, and his reign marked the beginning of a new era for Italy as a unified nation-state. He continued to rule until his death in 1878, overseeing the consolidation of the new kingdom and its subsequent challenges.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victor-Emmanuel-II

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Victor Emmanuel II, (born March 14, 1820, Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Sardinia-died January 9, 1878, Rome, Italy), king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.

Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an Austrian archduke. After the Revolution of 1848, when war broke out with Austria, Victor Emmanuel was given command of a division. In the luckless campaign that followed he proved a brave soldier but an indifferent general.

Ascending the throne on his father's abdication, he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left and paying an indemnity to Austria, which brought him considerable opprobrium in Italy. In November 1852 he made the momentous decision to turn the government over to the able, determined Count Cavour, whose skillful manoeuvres over the next few years made him king of Italy. At the decisive battles of Magenta and Solferino, he commanded the Piedmontese corps in person, and following the armistice of Villafranca, he exercised a valuable restraint on Cavour, who wanted to continue the war alone. The following year Victor Emmanuel secretly encouraged Garibaldi in the conquest of Sicily and Naples; he then led his Piedmontese army into papal territory to link up with Garibaldi in the face of an excommunication by Pius IX.

Following Cavour's death in 1861, Victor Emmanuel played a more direct role in government and despite setbacks achieved two notable triumphs: the acquisition of Venetia through war on the side of Bismarck's Prussia in 1866, and of Rome after the withdrawal of the French garrison in 1870. The occupation of Rome as the national capital so antagonized Pius IX that he refused all overtures toward reconciliation, and no meeting ever took place between the two sovereigns; nevertheless, on Victor Emmanuel's death in 1878 Pius permitted his burial in the Pantheon.

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Victor Emmanuel II | Unification of Italy, Risorgimento, Savoy Dynasty

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Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy. Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an