# data[].attributes.headline
Key events that have defined American FEDERALISM PART 1:

# data[].attributes.subject
Key events that have defined American FEDERALISM PART 1:

# data[].attributes.body
Federalism is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government: The national and smaller political subdivisions have the power to create laws and provide power to multiple groups.

The first key event was the Revolutionary War. The demands to raise an army, create central command, supply and fund it exceeded any local commands. People started to realize that a centralized government was needed, but they still questioned the power struggle.

# data[].attributes.headline
Key events that have defined American FEDERALISM PART 2:

# data[].attributes.subject
Key events that have defined American FEDERALISM PART 2:

# data[].attributes.body
In the wake of war, urgency surged at the necessity of a union so they decided to ratify The Articles of Confederation on March 1st of 1781 which created loose confederation of the states and a weak central government. It failed. Because there was no authority the US was unable to levy taxes or regulate commerce and often depended on the states for revenue. (the states never supported)

# data[].attributes.headline
Key events that have defined American FEDERALISM PART 3:

# data[].attributes.subject
Key events that have defined American FEDERALISM PART 3:

# data[].attributes.body
In between May and September of 1787, the Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia to try to fix the problems and issues the Articles of Confederation brought. It was close to here, when feudalism started to take shape.

A quote from Judicature I find very helpful is this: "Article I, Section 8 specifically enumerates the powers of Congress. At the time of the founding, there was little controversy that many of these powers were best suited for national regulation, including the power to provide for a common defense, declare war, raise an army and maintain a navy, regulate naturalization, coin money, regulate international commerce, and punish piracy and violations of international law."

They used this convention to really fix any faulty articles and create the constitution to fit all problems and issues the US had. This included the Taxation clause to aid for funding, the Necessary and Proper Clause which granted congress the power to make any laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out it's other enumerated powers, and the constitution even provides key features of the federalist system.

# data[].attributes.headline
Key Events in that defined American Federalism.

# data[].attributes.subject
Key Events in that defined American Federalism.

# data[].attributes.body
The federalist papers are a huge part of the ratification of the constitution. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay promoted the ratification while specifically Hamilton calmed any concerns the states had about these changes. In detail in Federalist No. 51, Hamilton argues about how federalism would help limit the central government's powers.

In addition, anti federalist were introduced. These people consisted of people who were worried about power struggle between the national and state governments. So fearful, they demanded the bill of rights to be created in 1791, and they created the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

# data[].attributes.headline
Federalism in Practice: The Early Years.

# data[].attributes.subject
Federalism in Practice: The Early Years.

# data[].attributes.body
In addition federalism was imposed in the courts. In the 1810 Fletcher v. Peck case, Georgia's legislature could not invalidate a contract because the Constitution did not permit bills of the attainder. This court case established that the Supreme court can strike down an unconstitutional state law even if it is a state law.

# data[].attributes.headline
Federalism in Practice: The Early Years. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Federalism in Practice: The Early Years. 

# data[].attributes.body
In court case McCulloch v. Maryland the supreme court made two important rulings first declaring the Necessary and Proper Clause to carry out Congress's other enumerated powers, and second the court declared it reasonable to create a bank without taxation from Maryland.

# data[].attributes.headline
Federalism in Practice: The Early Years. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Federalism in Practice: The Early Years. 

# data[].attributes.body
In 1824 there was another court case called Gibbons v. Ogden which involved ferry boat owners whose vehicles operated between New York & New Jersey. Ogden obtained a licence in New York allowing him to operate on that route, but stopped Gibbons from using the same route. The court decided towards Gibbions with a primary interpretation of the commerce clause which explains that Congress has the power to regulate commerce among several states, meaning congress (House & Senate) have more power to regulate US commerce in the states rather than the state itself.

# data[].attributes.body
By the beginning of the Civil War, federal courts established main principals of federalism. This included the power of the federal government to invalidate any unconstitutional state laws, nullifying rulings, and insuring the federal government acts within the enumerated powers.

However the secession of the states and president lincoln, it kind of halted Federalism and the whole reason for it.

# data[].attributes.body
The reconstruction era including rebuilding the roles of the federal and state governments, confederate states, and implicating fundamental alterations.

In a court case called Dred Scott v. Sanford in 1857 held that apparently African Americans were not entitled to any rights of citizenship, however the Amendment's specifically the 14th Amendment prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, and property without due process of law. So essentially, they could not restrict Dred Scott from citizenship. So through federalism and the Congress court system, Dred Scott won.

# data[].attributes.body
Things like political reforms, changes in labor and welfare, and adopted constitutional amendments like the 16th amendment which authorizes direct federal income taxes and the 17th amendment which allows citizens to elect their senators directly rather than through the state legislatures has shown expansion in policy throughout the years.