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This is a diagram of pyruvate (C3H4O3) Pyruvate is a final product of glycolysis, and can be used to create other helpful molecules like acetyl CoA, lactate, and ethanol.

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This is a diagram of pyruvate kinase, a kinase enzyme that helps with the transferring of phosphate onto ADP to produce ATP and pyruvate at the very end of glycolysis, at the tenth step.

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This is a diagram of enolase, an enzyme that helps with the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate in the ninth step of glycolysis.

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This is a diagram of a water (H20) molecule. Water is removed from 2-phosphoglycerate in the ninth step of glycolysis, to create phosphoenolpyruvate.

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This is a diagram of phosphoglycerate mutase, a mutase enzyme that helps with the isomerization of the phosphate group in the 3-phosphoglycerate molecule in the eighth step of glycolysis.

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This is a diagram of phosphoglycerate kinase, a kinase enzyme that helps with the transferring of a phosphate group onto an ADP molecule in the seventh step of glycolysis.

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This is a diagram of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (C21H27N7O14P2) better known as NAD in this padlet. NADH, a form of NAD, is a final product of glycolysis, as it also helps with the process. In another process separate from glycolysis, it will also become ATP,

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This is a diagram of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a dehydrogenase enzyme that helps with the oxidation of the aldehyde ends of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules in the sixth step of glycolysis.

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This is a diagram of triosephosphate isomerase, an isomerase enzyme that helps with the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the fifth step of glycolysis.

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This is a diagram of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, an aldolase enzyme that helps with the splitting of the fructose ring in fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the fourth step of glycolysis.

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Throughout glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are used, and 4 ATP molecules are made by the end. The final amount of ATP synthesized through glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules. A total of 2 NADH molecules are made, as well as 2 pyruvate molecules left over.

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STEP 10: Transferring of Phosphate onto ADP (Formation of Pyruvate and ATP)

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STEP 10: Transferring of Phosphate onto ADP (Formation of Pyruvate and ATP)

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The tenth and final step of glycolysis is the transferring of phosphate onto ADP, leaving pyruvate and ATP in the end (refer to diagram) The actual transfer process requires pyruvate kinase, which takes phosphate from the phosphoenolpyruvate molecule and adds it to the ADP (turning it into ATP) This leaves us with our final results of glycolysis.

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STEP 9: Dehydration (Formation of  Phosphoenolpyruvate)

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STEP 9: Dehydration (Formation of  Phosphoenolpyruvate)

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Step nine of glycolysis is the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate, forming phosphoenolpyruvate. The process of dehydration here requires an enolase enzyme, removing H20 from the molecule and turning it into phosphoenolpyruvate.

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STEP 8: Isomerization of Phosphate Group (Formation of 2-Phosphoglycerate)

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STEP 8: Isomerization of Phosphate Group (Formation of 2-Phosphoglycerate)

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Step eight of glycolysis is the isomerization of the phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate, turning it into 2-phosphoglycerate (refer to diagram) The actual isomerization process requires a phosphoglycerate mutase enzyme, which moves the phosphate group to a new position, turning 3-phosphoglycerate into the isomer 2-phosphoglycerate.

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STEP 7: Transferring of Phosphate Group onto ADP (Formation of 3-Phosphoglycerate and ATP)

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STEP 7: Transferring of Phosphate Group onto ADP (Formation of 3-Phosphoglycerate and ATP)

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The seventh step of glycolysis is the transferring of the phosphate group on carbon one onto an ADP molecule, turning it into 3-phosphoglycerate and forming an ATP molecule (refer to diagram) The actual transfer process requires a phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme, which transfers one phosphate group onto ADP, forming an ATP molecule and turning 1-3 diphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate.

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Everything past this point of the steps happen twice; once for each glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecule.

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STEP 6: Oxidized + Phosphorylation of the Aldehyde End of Molecule (Formation of  1,3-Diphosphoglycerate and an NADH)

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STEP 6: Oxidized + Phosphorylation of the Aldehyde End of Molecule (Formation of  1,3-Diphosphoglycerate and an NADH)

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The sixth step of glycolysis is the oxidation and phosphorylation of the aldehyde ends of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecule, turning it into 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and producing an NADH molecule (refer to diagram) The process of oxidation requires a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme and NAD+, and an inorganic phosphate is added for phosphorylation. This turns the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, and NADH is formed.

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STEP 5: Isomerization of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (Formation of a second Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

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STEP 5: Isomerization of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (Formation of a second Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

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The fifth step of glycolysis is the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, turning it into another glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (refer to diagram) The actual process of isomerization here requires a triosephosphate isomerase enzyme, which turns the dihydroxyacetone phosphate into another of the isomer glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

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STEP 4: Cleavage of the Fructose Ring (Formation of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate and Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

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STEP 4: Cleavage of the Fructose Ring (Formation of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate and Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

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The fourth step of glycolysis is the cleavage of the fructose ring in fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, separating it into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (refer to diagram) The process of separating the fructose ring apart requires a fructose-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme, which breaks the bond between the second and third carbon (refer to diagram) This splits the molecule into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

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This is a diagram of phosphofructokinase, a kinase enzyme that helps with the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate in the third step by adding a phosphate from an ATP molecule to the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. Phosphofructokinase is also an energy regulator. When the brain starts detecting too much energy in the body, the enzyme becomes inhibited.

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STEP 3: Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate (Formation of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate)

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STEP 3: Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate (Formation of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate)

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The third step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate, turning it into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (refer to diagram) The actual process of phosphorylation here requires an ATP molecule and a phosphofructokinase enzyme, which takes a phosphate from the ATP (turning it into ADP) and adds it to the fructose 6-phosphate.

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This is a diagram of phosphohexose isomerase, an isomerase enzyme that helps with the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate in the second step of glycolysis.

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STEP TWO: Isomerization of Glucose 6-Phosphate (Formation of Fructose 6-Phosphate)

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STEP TWO: Isomerization of Glucose 6-Phosphate (Formation of Fructose 6-Phosphate)

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The second step of glycolysis is the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate, turning it into fructose 6-phosphate (refer to diagram) The actual process of isomerization here requires a phosphohexose isomerase enzyme, which turns the glucose 6-phosphate into the isomer fructose 6-phosphate.

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This is a diagram of adenosine triphosphate (C10H16N5O13P3), better known as ATP in this padlet. ATP is a final product of glycolysis, as it also helps with the process. It is a source of energy.

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STEP ONE: Phosphorylation of Glucose (Formation of Glucose 6-Phosphate)

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STEP ONE: Phosphorylation of Glucose (Formation of Glucose 6-Phosphate)

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The first step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose, turning it into glucose 6-phosphate (refer to diagram) The actual process of phosphorylation here requires an ATP molecule and a hexokinase enzyme, which takes a phosphate from the ATP (turning it into ADP) and adds it to the glucose.

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This is a diagram of hexokinase, a kinase enzyme that helps with the phosphorylation of glucose in the first step of glycolysis, by adding a phosphate from an ATP molecule to the glucose molecule.

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This is a diagram of glucose (C6H12O6) This molecule is very important in the process of glycolysis, as glycolysis literally means the breaking down of glucose in order to produce ATP.