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https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/the-gilded-age/gilded-age/a/america-moves-to-the-city

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The industrial boom of the late nineteenth century led Americans and immigrants from the world over to leave farming life and head to the city.

Americans increasingly moved into cities over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a movement motivated in large measure by industrialization.

Eleven million people migrated from rural to urban areas between 1870 and 1920, and a majority of the twenty-five million immigrants who came to the United States in these same years moved into the nation's cities.

By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history.

From farm to city

Today most Americans live in cities or suburbs, but from colonial times into the early twentieth century a majority of Americans lived in the countryside and worked on farms. Only two percent of Americans live on farms or ranches today, but in 1790 ninety percent of the population did. What caused this shift?

The movement of populations from rural to urban areas is called urbanization. Urbanization in the United States increased gradually in the early 1800s and then accelerated in the years after the Civil War. By 1890, twenty-eight percent of Americans lived in urban areas, and by 1920 more Americans lived in towns and cities than in rural areas.

The Second Industrial Revolution and urbanization

The principal force driving America's move into cities was the Second Industrial Revolution.

In the United States the industrial revolution came in two waves. The first saw the rise of factories and mechanized production in the late 1700s and early 1800s and included steam-powered spinning and weaving machines, the cotton gin, steamboats, locomotives, and the telegraph. The Second Industrial Revolution took off following the Civil War with the introduction of interchangeable parts, assembly-line production, and new technologies, including the telephone, automobile, electrification of homes and businesses, and more.

The businesses and factories behind the industrial revolution were located in the nation's towns and cities. Eleven million Americans migrated from the countryside to cities in the fifty years between 1870 and 1920. During these same years an additional 25 million immigrants, most from Europe, moved to the United States-one of the largest mass migrations in human history-and while some settled on farms, most moved into the nation's growing towns and cities.

Cities in the Gilded Age were studies in contrasts. The wealthy lived in urban mansions while the poor crowded into tenement houses, apartment buildings with tiny rooms, no ventilation, and poor sanitation. Not until journalist and reformer Jacob Riis published his eye-opening photoessay How the Other Half Lives in 1890 did cities begin passing ordinances to make tenement housing safer.

The Second Industrial Revolution also changed the physical composition of cities. The invention in the 1850s of the Otis elevator and Bessemer steelmaking process (an inexpensive process for the mass production of steel) created the material means for the rise of tall city buildings, some so tall they were said to scrape the sky- skyscrapers. The advent of trolleys and subways also allowed city dwellers to move about with ease on public transportation, encouraging developers to build new suburbs, allowing people to live outside the city center and commute to work.

Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American cities were energetic centers of culture and community, rich with ethnic enclaves such as "Little Italy," places in which people of different backgrounds and worldviews lived and worked in close proximity. With museums and public libraries, colleges and universities, churches and synagogues, clubs and organizations, saloons and dance halls, shops and street life, cities were vibrant and diverse places. But America's cities could also be geographically concentrated areas of poverty, disease, and violence.

New York City in the Gilded Age

The diversity of the nation's cities was nowhere more on display than in the nation's largest city, New York. At the turn of the twentieth century, New York City was the national capital of finance, industry, shipping and trade, publishing, the arts, and immigration, a magnet that drew to it much of the best and most avant-garde in art and literature. With a population of more than three million in 1900 and 4.7 million by 1910, New York was more than twice as populous than Chicago, the nation's second-ranked city, three times as large as third-ranked Philadelphia, and six to nine times as large as St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, and Cleveland, all urban centers of immigrants.

By 1910, New York's millionaires had built palatial mansions along much of Fifth Avenue, while, at the same time, many New Yorkers lived in poverty. The Lower East Side was the most crowded neighborhood on earth, housing tens of thousands in ill-lighted, overcrowded tenements, many without running water, flush toilets, or electricity. An 1893 observer in this section of the city wrote of the "fermenting garbage in the gutter and the smell of stale beer" and the sight of exhausted sweatshop workers toiling away, sewing clothes for the garment industry.

What do you think?

What drew Americans and immigrants to move into the nation's cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Do you think the city offered them a better life?

What were some of the contrasts in life between the rich and the poor in cities such as New York at the turn of the twentieth century?

Historians reach for words like "revolution" and "world-historical" in describing big historical changes. Would you consider the movement from farms to cities, from colonial times to today, to be revolutionary? Why or why not?

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America moves to the city (article) | Khan Academy

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Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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What 5 key things did you take away from your own research?

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What 5 key things did you take away from the other exhibits?

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I used the set to create a representation of my current mental headspace, showing the different aspects of my emotions to create a complex and expressionistic display of feelings. In addition to this, the set is open to many different interpretations because the expression of emotions is not literal and may mean different things to different people

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Ruth Snyder and Sophie Treadwell life and experiences. (the set)

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Ruth Snyder and Sophie Treadwell life and experiences. (the set)

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How could you have developed you own section of the exhibit? Research, delivery, presentation, commitment in order to make it developed and at a A Level standard

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Feminism in the 1920s (Anna & Elizabeth)

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Feminism in the 1920s (Anna & Elizabeth)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYKo0FluQEU

American women earned the right to vote thanks to the work of suffragists like Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt, 1920 ratification of the 19th Amendment passed.

“Young women with short hairstyles, cigarettes dangling from their painted lips, dancing to a live jazz band, explored newfound freedoms.”

Sadly new liberties were only enjoyed by upper-class white women.

Flappers - young women of the 20s intent on enjoying themselves and defying conventional rules of behavior

The 1890s -1920s women’s era

Right to own property, control their wages, make contracts and wills,

Women’s Christian temperance union was founded in 1874 and by 1990 it had 150000 members, making it the largest female organization

Daunted by urban industrialization, represented here

by deafening machine noises, train whistles, and welding and riveting sounds, the "Young Woman" as she is emblematically called, is the center of a web of social discourses that constrain her choices both as a worker and as a woman, and squelch the more romantic, spiritual impulses of her life.

in the United States. Pushed the right for women to vote

The growing economy and the expansion of the upper-middle class meant that there were more educational opportunities and this growing group of college-educated women leaned in and became the leaders of new movements

Labor saving devices gave women more freedom and saved them from working in the house all day - things like washing machines were invented

Native White women got the opportunity to work in the office, almost all the telephone operators in the US were women

By 1920 office workers and telephone operators made up 25% of the female workforce while domestic servants were only 15%

The play’s feminist themes are represented in the lack of uniqueness ascribed to the “young woman” character, and her representation as an archetype: a “modern Everywoman.” Treadwell accomplishes this depiction of Jones through her use of flat characters, repetitive dialogue, confusion of reality and utilization of short scenes, all aspects common in expressionist theatre.

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American Expressionism is  another term for Social Realism: imagery from the 1920's through the 1940's dealing with social concerns in a more or less representational manner.

Art Deco became very popular during the 1920s, originating in Europe but eventually spreading to North America. Art Deco emerged and remained popular during and after World War II. Visually it was characterised as vibrant colours, lavish ornamentation, and geometric shapes. In the US, New York City's Chrysler Building is an example of the Art Deco style.

Expressionism originally began in Germany as mentioned previously as a means of protesting against WW1. However, this small informal movement became a popular means of expressing many artists' feelings.

A form of rebellion against conventional realistic dramas

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German Expressionism in the 1920s (Layla)

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German Expressionism in the 1920s (Layla)

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In response to the banning of all foreign films in Germany, and with a higher demand for films and new distaste for the now stereotypical and dry theme of romance, German Expressionism became a profoundly unique yet understandable movement that embraced the macabre, the dark, and the themes of violence that many people thirsted for with the end of the World War. The key purpose of expressionism is it’s inherent subjectivity, allowing the audience an insight into the biased mind of a character. Brecht played a large role in this and epic theatre acts as an example for the movement of expressionism.

So, in relation to the play at hand, Machinal acts as an expressionistic piece, offering up an unconventional addition of an unusual setting that envelops the young woman in relation to her state of mind, psyche and inevitable confusion and lack of control. Ask yourself:

How would you create the set to reflect the inner workings of Helen’s brain and display a perception of her reality through the stage?

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/14o26NnmDwVW-VYQn3OzeoJTnU0ps278JwTe69jTjumg/edit

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Expressionism - Quotes to describe (Layla and Sophie)

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Expressionism - Quotes to describe (Layla and Sophie)

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Broad expressionism: “Expressionism [...] sought to represent not tangible, external reality, but rather the inner and subjective world of emotions and personal experience.”

“German Expressionism reflects the inner conflicts of its 1920s German audience by giving their woes an inescapably external presence.”

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ruth Snyder and Sophie Treadwell life and experiences 

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ruth Snyder and Sophie Treadwell life and experiences 

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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the prison wouldn't allow photographs so a reporter snuck a camera on his ankle into the room and took a photograph while Synder was being electrocuted. This ended up on the cover of many articles.