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It is evident that among homeless youths, their mental health and depression rates are steadily increasing, calling for better access to treatment and initiatives. It is simply not ethical for the government to 1) deny basic treatment, 2) not conduct ethical studies/ surveys to gain data, 3) not amend their failing programs.

Countless of data show that mental/physical health issues are increasing every year for homeless children & families --> government must intervene and help their citizens/ work to make a less biased system----> in order to get accurate data to help make policies, must first conduct non-bias surveys & interviews to better understand how we can help the homeless--> we must also listen to those who have gone through the system, and incorporate their opinions and personal experiences/ make sure it aligns we current data

We must explore current policies of shelters & amend/ take away policies that do not work or can no longer be applied.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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When researchers are able to conduct interviews/studies on homeless families & children, they must incorporate ethical standards on how to conduct them, much of the data can be useful for future/current policy development. Researchers understand that when those two main ideas are conducted properly, we can gain more invaluable information from those who went through these experiences, and what worked, what could go better, and what limitations they had/overcame
This discipline also connects with the personal anecdotes/ experiences in family homeless b/c much of the findings also contribute to the results of the surveys/ studies on children and their families.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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Most of the mental and physical health data collected on homeless families were through studies or qualitative interviews. The findings of these studies showed researchers that increased stress and lack of access to basic necessities, contributed to a crisis among families in mental and physical health but most importantly in children. This theme is in conversation with examining the ethics of researching and collecting data from homeless families as circumstances such as child autonomy may affect how the research was done. Researches mus be sensitive and understand how to effectively conduct research on these homeless families.

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- re-examines the main takeaways in the other two clusters; ethics of the healthcare/shelter systems & the effects from the system failures
- there are not many "good options" ex: doubling up families was not very successful
RQ: How can the government change these solutions/ adapt or re-examine new ones?

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Sources (7,10) examine personal anecdotes from families and those who have actually experienced government regualted systems & attributes to how they are flawed.

Source (7,10,12) all examine different methods/ solutions in how to change these current policies based on case studies(source 12) and personal anecdotes/experiences (7,10). All three sources indicate that it is not ethical for the government to not intervene and stop the abuse/neglect of these current systems.

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Source #10: Hidden Homelessness and What we Don’t See

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Source #10: Hidden Homelessness and What we Don’t See

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Purpose: Rachel Martinez Hall examines the effects of hidden homelessness and how the government and society fail to recognize them.

Evidence:
- in 2017, the HUD has estimated 553,742 people as homeless, however, that figure does not include hidden homeless
- "many fall into the trap of the income cliff in which families who have a job, earn too much to qualify for assistance, but do not have enough to live on."

Implications:
- as many homeless families fall into the income cliff, they are left to “survive” on their own, as the government nor charities can not legally help them as they do not “qualify” for the grants.
- brings up the important question: is it ethical to turn away families that need help but can’t get it due to a certain qualification thus, to what extent are “exceptions” made and how can a family qualify for it?

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- taking surveys/ studies on children & vulnerable homeless families must be done ethically; can help researchers develop new surveys or help create better systems to help homeless
- not every survey is perfect, but we can reduce the bias & stigma in order to get a better data analysis

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Sources (2,9,4) all examine the ethical standards in which researchers must conduct their surveys as well as how to approach homeless families/children in their studies.

Sources (4,9) specifically censure an existing study (HUD & MHHCP) and examine how ethical it is, the implications of the study, and the results from the data.

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- the suicidal rate for homeless youths are dramatically increasing as they don't have access to mental health care
- government surveys for homeless youths are flawed, must do something to take the stigma away, and actually help these youths & their families
- majority of homeless families are minorities, making it even harder to gain basic necessities

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Sources (1,11) establishes the ethical questions of how polices of the HUD and the overall system make it hard for children/youths/ and families to get access to basic healthcare. Furthermore, it evaluates the question: how can the government deny basic treatment to the citizens that need it the most? Source 3 further explores the effects of lack of treatment/ access to healthcare in youths and how it correlates to their mental/physical health.

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Highlight the relationship between these two sources and how they are in conversation with one another.

Furthermore, accentuate how the implications of this connection better help the audience understand the theme and its relationship to your RQ.

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Should the U.S government be held responsible for the ethical concerns that surround family homelessness?

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Source #11: Homelessness During the Transition From Foster Care to Adulthood 

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Source #11: Homelessness During the Transition From Foster Care to Adulthood 

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Purpose: Researchers Amy Dworsky, Laura Napolitano, and Mark Courtney examine the condition of “aging out” of the foster care system and how the transition to adulthood results in greater risk and more autonomy for these young adults

Evidence:
- results of the study show that 31-46% of the study participants had become homeless at least once by the age of 26 years old

Implications:
-rather than it being the youth’s fault for being homeless, it is the system’s failure that makes it almost impossible for these youth/ young adults to receive the help they need to move on.
- ethical questions: Once youths “age out” is it right for the government and shelters to deny them their basic needs and care?

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Source #9: Lessons for Conducting Experimental Evaluations in Complex Field Studies: Family Options Study 

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Source #9: Lessons for Conducting Experimental Evaluations in Complex Field Studies: Family Options Study 

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Purpose:
-Anne Fletcher from the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)  examines the different solutions and implementations of the Family Options Study, in which it determines which housing and serving interventions for homeless families are harmful or beneficial
- HUD conducted an observational study design in which it would examine outcomes for families who have participated in the different programs. From there, the outcomes for these families will either be applied to other models, or be adjusted to alternative types of assistance.

Evidence:
-Family Options Study must conduct research in an accepted, ethical standard.
- majority of the participants are a part of a highly vulnerable population staying in emergency shelters, observational studies must be conducted in a way in which it will not alter how families qualify or receive different types of assistance

Implications:
- researchers must keep in mind to respect the idea of “voluntary participation” and not violate privacy in which the data will be kept confidential
- examine the ethical considerations of housing methods

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Source #12: Redefining Transitional Housing for Homeless Families

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Source #12: Redefining Transitional Housing for Homeless Families

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Purpose: examines the conditions of “transitional housing” and how it can be applied to homeless families

How the study is conducted:
- examines three disciplines of characteristics in homeless families: first, is the characteristics of homeless families, policy responses to homeless families such as transitional housing, and homeless shelters, lastly, the researcher examines a case study

Evidence:
(Case study)
- researchers interviewed a single mother of the age of 19 years old; saw that she was cold, and distant and was not comfortable letting anyone close to her

Implications:
-examines the government’s failure to put in place these programs, and choose to ignore families that need help
- in the meantime, these families and their children have psychological, and mental health problems

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#1: Homeless Women & Children's Access to Healthcare 

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#1: Homeless Women & Children's Access to Healthcare 

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Purpose:
- multiple certified nurses from the Hahn School of Nursing conducted a study to focus on the overall accessibility to health care for homeless women and children.
- Specifically, the researchers focus on how homeless shelter staff manage health problems of homeless children and women in a healthcare system that is reclusive to them

Evidence:
- The researchers have conducted interviews with eight staff members from a total of five shelters in which the majority of the participants have backgrounds in social work and nursing.
-" It took a month to get a Medi-Care card and I was saying "This baby is going to die"

Implications:
- The researchers have found that there is a transparent paradox in which it focuses on three consequential issues: the problems, the clients, and the system.
- denial to basic healthcare calls for ethical concerns which further increases disease, sickness, and lack of independence of homeless women and their children

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Source #3:Youth Homelessness: Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates 

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Source #3:Youth Homelessness: Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates 

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Purpose:  conducted a study that focuses on how the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) can be utilized to do a thorough examination on how youth homelessness has an impact on mental health
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Evidence:
- CDC used two methods to screen out participants: the enrollment size of the school. From there, credited surveys such as the YRBS must meet three criteria: have a scientifically selected sample, appropriate documentation, response rate is above 60%
- "youth who are homeless are three times as likely to have attempted suicide than their housed peers"

Implications:
-researchers have found that youth experiencing homelessness have an exponentially increased rate of mental health problems than their house peers.
-youth who are homeless with parents are found to have a higher rate of self injury and suicidal than their housed or unaccompanied peers, thus making it imperative for officials to intervene and implement political policies.

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Source #4: Feasibility of Shelter-Based Mental Health Screening for Homeless Children

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Source #4: Feasibility of Shelter-Based Mental Health Screening for Homeless Children

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Purpose:  focused on how the mental and behavioral health screening program, Medical Home for Homeless Children project (MHHCP) had an impact on homeless children

Evidence:
- 68% of homeless children had contact with MHHCP during study period
- 54% of parents had less than a 12th grade education
-high rate (33%) of older homeless children having SDQ scores above the cutoff is greater than the failed SDQ scores (7% )
- higher rate may be due to accumulated risks or negative life experiences

Implications:
-MHHCP is a widely known program used to survey homeless children
- the study could go on for longer, obtaining more research in order to examine how the duration of children’s stay in homeless shelters affect their mental health

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Source #7: Families’ Experiences of Doubling Up After Homelessness 

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Source #7: Families’ Experiences of Doubling Up After Homelessness 

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Purpose: examine the effects on the different disciplines of doubling up families in one household; analyzes the advantages and disadvantages by conducting qualitative interviews of 29 families.

Evidence:
- researchers scaled the advantages and disadvantages into a four-point scale: 1-4 in which 1 is “mostly”  negative and 4 is “mostly” positive
- "researchers have found that more than one-third of experiences were mostly negative as a participant described it as a “bad environment” as there were issues of autonomy, conflicting parenting styles, and feelings of impermanence."

Implications:
- Researchers have to question the ethics of doubling up families in an potentially unsafe environment.
- the majority of the ratings were negative, it can further increase the mental instability in children or substance abuse.

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Source #2: Ethical Considerations for Research and Treatment With Runaway and Homeless Adolescents 

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Source #2: Ethical Considerations for Research and Treatment With Runaway and Homeless Adolescents 

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Purpose: Melissa Meade and Natasha Slesnick from the University of New Mexico have conducted an examination in which they determine the ethical considerations of working with homeless youth in treatments and recovery

Evidence:
- "homeless youth present a depression rates from 29% to 83%"
- "Runaway and homeless youth show higher rates of substance abuse.. 70-95%.. needs the assistance of health care workers the most"

Implications: For an adolescent to consent to working with researchers, the decision as to whether the adolescent can even cooperate becomes an issue. Factors to determine whether an adolescent can participate must be done with specific factors: mental competency, abuse & neglect, high family conflict, guardianship/autonomy

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Ethics of researching on homeless children & families 

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Ethics of researching on homeless children & families 

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As many homeless fall into a state of depression leading to substance abuse and a lack of belonging to society, we must examine the implications into how this cycle is still functioning as well as how ethical is it for the government to watch its citizens struggle and fall into a state of despair because they have, fundamentally, received no aid.

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Mental/ Physical Health of homeless families 

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Mental/ Physical Health of homeless families 