# data[].attributes.body
B21BE0159
B21BE0092 - ATHIRAH
B21BE0164
B21BE0122
B21BE0172

# data[].attributes.body
1.B21BE0099
2.B21BE0167
3.B21BE0156
4.A20BE0385
5. A20BE0347

# data[].attributes.body
1. B21BE0137
2. A20BE0334
3. A20BE0349
4. A20BE0014
5. A20BE0120

# data[].attributes.body
Purpose which the building or any part of it, and any component and fitting must serve.
Different purposes will require different specifications which will have different cost.

Gymnasium

· Equipment –various tools and equipment provided in the gym for exercising that have various price

· Storage room – place for the people to store and keep their personal items safe during their workout time.

· Bathroom – people use it to take a bath and clean themselves after their activities.

# data[].attributes.body
- Each building have different technical regulation to achieve the the building's requirements
- Example 1 : Commercial buildings (e.g. mall & shop lots) are going to cost a lot on their technical since they're going to use wiring system for ventilation, CCTV and lighting
- Commercial building are also going to need to install fire fighting system like sprinklers and hose

Example 2 : Entertainment building (e.g. theme park & water park) are also going to be costly because they'll be needing a lot of piping system (different size & type) to supply the water
- Theme & water park are also needed for waterproofing system installed to ensure that the site is free from unneeded/excess water since the area are mostly going to be full with water

# data[].attributes.body
Aesthetic is concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
To make a building more aesthetic, it requires more materials, designs, and things that can make a building become more aesthetics. The contractor must add the materials to the building. Every materials and design have their own cost. Automatically, the cost will affected due to the materials and designs used.

As we can see in Figure 1.0 the building is called All-glass Building. The building is considered one of the aesthetic building. The building use glasses as the main materials to made the building look more aesthetic.

# data[].attributes.headline
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.subject
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.body
Definition of design in construction is the process of creating a solution to a project brief and then preparing instructions allowing that solution to be constructed. Then, the definition of maintenance is the process of ensuring that buildings and other assets retain a good appearances and operates at optimum efficiency. So, the relationship between design and maintenance is inversely propotional. Example, the higher the quality of a design of the building, the lower the maintenance cost needed.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Built for lease out
Example: office, rental house, home stay.
-If the building constructed is used to lease out such as office, rental house and home stay, the building cost will lower than a building that constructed to use by the owner like house.
- The building that are built for lease out are also mostly for short-term only that is why the price is lower
- Since the cost is lower, the owner can gain profit from constructing the building

2. Built for own
- Example : own personal house
-This is because the leased out building will focus on minimum maintenance, minimum furniture and minimum property in the buildings meanwhile the used building by owner will more cost because there are a lot of things that must to input in the building.
- This building will be worth with the costly price since it's for long-term use by the owner
- So a little worth of money are not going to be waste if it's for owner's own use

# data[].attributes.body
The function of a building influences the cost of the building. The functions of a building differs from the other making the cost of Building A differs from Building B. The more the functions, the higher the cost of building
Example : Lecture Hall

Functions:
- A large classroom capacity of hundreds
- Have large screen/boards that can be seen by everyone
- Can be used for lectures, talks, debates and many else
- A queit and undistracted learning environment

# data[].attributes.body
The technical requirements should provide enough technical details about the project. This is to allow the building's functional requirements can be achieved.

For example, the functional requirement of a stadium is to occupy thousands of occupants and also to be available during daytime and night time. Therefore, a stadium needs to be design carefully by prioritizing the safety aspects.

Of course, fulfilling technical requirements will have cost implications on the proposed building. Installment of building services such as lighting system on a stadium for it to fulfill the functional requirements, fire extinguisher and etc will give impact on the cost of building. Furthermore, the frame structure of a stadium would also affect the cost of the building.

To sum up, technical requirement will fulfill the functional requirements without leaving the cost aside,

# data[].attributes.body
1.It appears that designer firms consider maintenance factors like ease of cleaning, access to cleaning area and repair and replacement to be the least important when designing buildings.

2. The project team must define clearly the needs of the client, eliminate unnecessary expenditure and obtain the optimum balance between cost, time and quality.

# data[].attributes.body
User's requirement: House
- minimum maintenance for the owner
- have a large space
- give a comfortable condition

# data[].attributes.body
Clients wants the building to look aesthetic which includes factors such as color, pattern, shape etc

different aesthetic requirements will have different cost implication

for example, a client want fiberglass door instead of panel door

therefore, there will be an additional cost based on the client's requirement.

# data[].attributes.body
A20BE0403
A20BE0155
A20BE0216
B21BE0116
A20BE0340

# data[].attributes.body
A20BE0136
B21BE0120
A20BE0421
A21BE5009
A20BE0139

# data[].attributes.body
Every buildings are built for diferrent funtion and purposes such as diferrent design, spesifications and other requirements.
Example: hospital
Hospital in an institution that is built, staffed and equipped for the diagnosis deases (for the treatment, surgical also for mediacal purposes). Each of the wide-ranging and constantly evolving functions of hospital including highly complicated electrical, telecommunications systems and mechanical. Therefore, good hospital design integrates functional requirements with the human needs.

# data[].attributes.body
For Example, Shopping Mall. One of the Technical requirements that is needed in a shopping mall is a sprinkler.

There are Several types of Sprinkler System

1) Wet Pipe Commercial Sprinkler System
2) Dry Pipe Commercial Sprinkler System
3) Pre-Action Commercial Sprinkler System
4) Foam Water Commercial Sprinkler System

Each of these sprinkler system varies in cost.

# data[].attributes.body
Different aesthetic requirements have different cost due to the material and design.

example: WALT DISNEY BUILDING- Deconstructivism
-Disney Concert Hall was originally designed with a stone finish
-The main entrance to the building features an expanse of glass, a grand stairway, an oval courtyard and several atria spaces.

# data[].attributes.body
A20BE0341
A20BE0360
A20BE0173
B21BE0205
B21BE0079

# data[].attributes.body
When working on a project, Technical requirement describe the technical aspects and issues that you need to address for the project or software to work and execute successfully

This includes health and safety requirements

For Example:
-Fire system

# data[].attributes.body
Known as for the final appearance of a building and its quality. Mainly affected by the technical requirements. A grand aesthetical value will be resulted as a higher cost implication.

Visual aesthetics have these key elements: Color, Shape, Pattern, Line, Texture, Visual weight, Balance, Scale, Proximity and Movement. Using these element well will help us achieve good visual aesthetics.

For an example, a high aesthetics vs. low aesthetic building are such as National Museum vs. the grocery supermarket. National Museum has higher aesthetic value as it is the place that needs attraction for tourists and local people. Meanwhile grocery supermarket doesn't a high aesthetic value as the museum because it is the place to shop your household needs.

Therefore, a high value will affect a higher cost implications as it will produce an outstanding appearance and achieved a good visual aesthetic.

# data[].attributes.body
Every building has its own functions and its own purpose, building are considered as effective and efficient if the function of the building is achieved. A part and the components must be able to function according to its requirements.

Building that need to fulfill different purposes will require different Specification, Design and Functions. These specification may influence the cost of the project because the building requires special fittings and this will give rise to cost implication.

Example of a building is a power plant. The purpose of the power plant is to generate electricity and to be able to distribute through the power grids. So the building must be fitted with special fittings to meet the demand of the functionality of the building itself such as power generators and towers to distribute the power to the grid.

# data[].attributes.body
Functional requirements is a important because the function determine the main purpose of  the building

examples :
clients want to build 50 high rise building

The functional requirements  for hotel building:

1. Strength

2. Stability (high rise so will not collapse easily)

3. Weather and ground moisture resistance (

4. Durability (to protect building from earthquake)

5. Fire safety

6. Sound resistance (will not disturb other people next door)

7. Lift

# data[].attributes.body
Owner will have expectations of what he will want. This can be taken from the consideration of convenience and from the desire for certain benefits for a building. All of that will affect the price of the building.

Example: Car Showroom
1. The owner wants a podium located inside the building that serves as an increase in visitor interest in cars.
2. The existence of a hydraulic lift with the aim of lifting the car to a higher floor and also a door on the outer wall of the second floor to enter the car.
3. A special room for storing car keys and company secrets.

# data[].attributes.body
A20BE0392
A20BE0350
B21BE0143
A20BE0317
A20BE0355

# data[].attributes.headline
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.subject
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.body
- Client want to build apartment.
- Apartment that have a swimming pool, garden and lift.
- For example, the maintenance of the garden which will need the pest control services.
- Maintenance for lift that the resident use, the lift cable need to be inspect to make sure the safety of the lift.
- This will make the cost of the building higher because of high maintenance.

# data[].attributes.body
B21BE0120
A20BE0422
A20BE0390
A20BE5013

# data[].attributes.body
1.A20BE0339
2.A20BE0400
3.B21BE0084
4.B21BE0178
5.B21BE0159

# data[].attributes.body
Every building has its own technical requirement which relate to its functions to make sure the building is more complete.

For example, shopping complex:
1. Emergency light system
2. Ventilation system
3. Security system - cctv
4. Lift and escalators
5. Fire protection system

# data[].attributes.headline
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.subject
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.body
Stadium: - if the client use better design at first, for example, the client choose better grass(which is more expensive compare to conventional grass) that are suitable for their weather, then the maintenance for the grass will be more easy and cheaper, the cost of building will decrease

# data[].attributes.body
Owner/user requirement is based on whether the client needs the building for their own use or to be leased out.

For own use:
- More pleasing design.
- Better quality of finishing.
- Minimum maintenance.
- Long working life.
- Eg: House.

To be leased out:
- More functional.
- User requirements vary depending on the building function.
- Eg: Shopping mall.

# data[].attributes.body
Functional requirement include the "why" the building or part of the building is built that way to serve its purpose. Therefore, different reason the building is built, different cost required.

Example: Private Secondary School

Student lounge- Place for students to rest while waiting for the next class or place to hang out after class and since it is the private school, therefore it is expected that the facility provided are of good quality, functioning well and some of the facility need skillful people to install. So, there is cost implication which is, higher cost required.

Swimming Pool- For the students to use during swimming lesson that school provided especially and if the private secondary school is a boarding school, it will be a place for students to swim in the deisgnated time. Here also have cost implication whereby depends on the swimming pool design, number of swimming pool at the school and the location.

Locker room- A place where all students' locker are located to keep their stuff so that they do not have to carry heavy bag to the class and also a part of the school's service to the student to ease their burden. Here also has cost implication, depending on the type of locker chosen, design of the locker room like floor finishes and wall finishes used to ensure it meets the theme.

# data[].attributes.body
Aesthetic can be consider in
- shape
- line
- size
- color
- etc.

Example like that picture:
- aesthetic also based on the design of the building
- more aesthetic the building, more expensive, likes more design, complex shape of building
- need a good quality of material to make a building more aesthetic

# data[].attributes.body
Apartment

An apartment with extra facilities provided will cost more than a regular apartment

1. Gymnasium
The fitness equipment can cause a change in the cost overall

2. Swimming pool
Building and Maintenance of the pool will come at a different price

Any extra services which is provided shall increase the functional requirement of a building and its value

# data[].attributes.body
example : house property

One thing(property) will be affected by this factor based on the purpose of the building itself

own use:
1. the owner will prioritize some aspects such as the safety measurement, comfortability, and the aesthetic value

public use (rent)
1. the owner will look into other aspects such as the functionality of the facilities of the house and security system

#cost can be very based on who use the building

# data[].attributes.body
1.Ensuring the building's functional comply with technical legislation and achieved the requirement
-Eg.  UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL - 1986)
2.The aspect of the health and safety requirements effect the concept, design and finishes of the building
Eg. Water Supply (firefighter), Electrical (TNB), Quality Indoor (Air)-air conditioning, Lift, Emergency Exit.
3.This requirement also effect the cost implications on proposed building.
Eg. Condominium at Bukit Senyum
(the more complex of the design building, the higher cost will be implement on the building)

# data[].attributes.body
House is a buildings that serve several societal needs for example primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work.

and

House that have things like Swimming Pool , Garden , Landscape and more other facilities will required more cost.

# data[].attributes.body
Serving either fittings or components based on  the purpose of the buildings. Different purposes will require different specifications. Thus, different cost implications will be budgeted. For example,  between schools and houses. The number of  bathroom fittings required obviously different. In school may need a lot more water closets than a house a may need. This is due to the fact that, school is a public place which content a lot of peoples while house is a private place which content few numbers of household. So definitely the cost of fittings for a school will be higher than a house.

# data[].attributes.body
Example: Religious building

Religious building always comes with a eye-catching design and the aesthetic value is higher compared to other buildings. The design is always complex yet special. For example, design of mosque normally in a dome shape and causing the construction process to be complex thus increase the construction.

Besides the complex design, the use of material in achieving aesthetic value also will affect the cost. The final appearance of a religious building looks appealing because of the use of high quality building materials, eg: ceramic tile. For example, we hardly find a temple that is only plain finishing but almost in all temples they are finished with attractive and colourful tiles. The use of tiles in a whole building has also affect the cost of building

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Sydney Opera House - inspired by peeling an orange 😂😂

# data[].attributes.headline
Factor 5 - Design / Maintenance Relationship

# data[].attributes.subject
Factor 5 - Design / Maintenance Relationship

# data[].attributes.body
-Complicated design shape required more cost for the project and maintenance cost
-since is for opera use sound proof system are required for specific work which increase the cost
-It also built beside the sea which need more durable and strength for the structure which also cost more
-Unique design shape required specific engineering work and safety consideration which also required more cost

# data[].attributes.body
Upon constructing a building, technical requirement is something that owners and contractor needs to give the most attention. Building requires a safety for any emergency purposes to avoid any accident occur.

Technical requirements helps to avoid this kind of situation to be counter as a backup plan.

Example : A Mall

1. A good lighting system.

- A good lighting system will avoid any crashing between any parties occur. A good lighting also avoid from tumbling over a bench.

2. Well planned fire protection.

- A building needs fire safety equipment such as sprinkler, fire extinguisher and etc. It helps to avoid from the fire to be spread out quickly.

3. CCTV

- This will help the user of a building safety is secure. If any bad events happen, the cctv will catch a footage and a police report can be done easily with proof.

## Hence, upon providing the technical requirements, the cost of a building will increases. It requires to be easily accessible, functionality and can be maintain easily.

# data[].attributes.headline
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.subject
Factor 5 - Design/maintenance relationship

# data[].attributes.body
- Increase durability of the building
- Well performed designing of a system leads to simplification of maintenance and consequently conduces to lower maintenance costs, increases the production and availability.
- long lasting building
- Design for reliability ensures that products and systems perform a specified function within a given environment for an expected lifecycle

# data[].attributes.body
Something relates to cost and services.

This requirements should be given priority such as environmental feasibility and economic feasibility

Such example, public railways might indicate important design features of cargo stations and provide relevant insight on the service requirements to ensure it meets structures parameter. The project team must be aware the technical requirements either it comply with regulatory standard or not.

# data[].attributes.body
Aesthetic requirements are related to the quality or the final appearance of the building. The more aesthetic the building is, the higher the maintenance cost because the choice of building materials requires considerations of combined aesthetic appeal. A building should also be designed in order to satisfy the requirements regarding safety, durabilty, serviceability and aesthetics.

# data[].attributes.body
Aesthetic requirements to build a buildings is influenced by the purpose use for the buildings (as example a library). To attract people to visit the library they make a aesthetic features to the buildings. The purpose to visit can be as the building structure is unique, not like the others buldings design and material used. This can give cost implications because of the material , quality in design and time consuming. Also. aesthetic requirements are influenced by technical requirements.

# data[].attributes.body
It can be divided into 2 category :

1. Clients build the building for their own used :
- must have a good and pleasant design as it is used for our own. The fixture and fittings must be chosen with the most high quality as we want to use it for a long time.
- It is also must be comfortable enough so that we can live peacefully.
- Low maintenance but has a long working life.

2. Client build the building to be lease out

If it is build to be leased out , can focus more for functional rather than design or elaboration for finishes

To cut the cost of construction, need to choose a very functional and incorporates hardwearing materials with minimum maintenance

# data[].attributes.headline
FACTOR 5- DESIGN/ MAINTENANCE RELATIONSHIP

# data[].attributes.subject
FACTOR 5- DESIGN/ MAINTENANCE RELATIONSHIP

# data[].attributes.body
Designing High Rise Building will give cost implication in a long term use:

- Due to high, cleaning service will costly because it'll occur many tools and machinery to perform the task.(crane, scaffolding)

-A lot of building services need to install to makes the building can use effectively.For example lift, escalator. The higher the building, the more cost of maintainace need to be spent due to numbers of lift and escalator.

-The more level of building, the more defect can occur and it will costly for maintainance

# data[].attributes.body
Owner/ user requirement

Owner requirement:

For example: Banglow

As a owner the client built for their own use and comfortable.

As a owner ofcourse they want the best for their home, so the Bungalows are really suit the needs because they are cost-efficient, easy to maintain, and due to increased square footage versus multi-story homes, relatively easy to modify. Because bungalows occupy more square footage than multi-story homes, they tend to allow more space for modifications and additions. So this requirement help the owner to reducing the cost implication, but with high end fixture and fitting for the pleasing design, it will also influence to the cost implication.

User requirement:

As a user the client built it to be leased out.

For example: The Condominium

If the condo complex has a high end shared features such as swimming pool, gym, spa, parking lot, the fees can cost several thousand for a month. If the crew comes regularly to clean the spaces, its fees are also included.

Every condo has a camera system and a full-time guard patrolling the ground area, its fees can influence to how much cost and bill need to pay.

There will be a monthly or quarterly fee paid into the condo association to take care of all common costs, insurance, taxes, maintenance, repairs, some utilities, and so on.

# data[].attributes.body
Technical requirements

The buildings that need to be constructed need to comply with technical legislation to ensure the building is functional

The project team must ensure that the technical requirements comply with applicable regulatory standards and policy directives for the respective sector.

For example, building need to have fire fighting system that will ensure the safety of the building and thus will increase the cost

Bank need to have security alarm and cctv system to ensure the safety of the bank and the people in it. Adding these systems will increase the cost.

# data[].attributes.body
Example : Apartment

# data[].attributes.headline
Factor 5 - Design/Maintenance Relationship

# data[].attributes.subject
Factor 5 - Design/Maintenance Relationship

# data[].attributes.body
Every building requires maintenance to maintain the aesthetic and safety of the building for a long-term usage. For example, airport is well-equipped with Hydrant Fuelling System to fuel up the aircraft. This system requires a good maintenance which definitely will contribute to the cost, as well as the operational costs on the work to operate and maintain the system. Consequently, the costs will increase the value of the building.