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VOCAB BANK GROUP 11

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Yhoakim Suryo Kusumo/31

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Group member:
- Suryo/31
- Raga/28
- Arya/29

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https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/07/15/former-minister-edhy-prabowo-jailed-for-5-years-over-lobster-graft-scandal.html

https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/biografi-singkat-muhammad-hatta-dalam-bahasa-inggris-dan-artinya/

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Former maritime affairs and fisheries minister Edhy Prabowo was sentenced by a court on Thursday to five years in prison for accepting bribes in a corruption scandal involving the export of lobster larvae.

Edhy, who is a politician from the Gerindra party, was arrested last November at the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport after returning home from a trip to the United States with his wife.

As minister he had reversed a ban on the export of lobster larvae, igniting criticism over sustainability concerns.

"The defendant Edhy Prabowo was proven legitimately and convincingly to be guilty of committing acts of corruption," said presiding judge Albertus Usada, quoted by Reuters.

The presiding judge passed sentence in a video hearing held due to Covid-19 restrictions. "(Edhy Prabowo) did not set a good example as a public official," he said, quoted by AFP.

The former minister was also fined 400 million rupiah ($27,624) for accepting bribes and banned from running for office for three years.

His lawyer said Edhy, who had denied the charges, would consider appealing.

"Based on the facts, the verdict is not right, there is no evidence that he received the money," said lawyer Soesilo Aribowo.

Indonesia's anti-corruption body (KPK) has prosecuted hundreds of politicians, officials and businessmen since its formation in 2002, becoming one of the country's most respected agencies.

The latest verdict will be seen as a win for the agency, after concerns that a 2019 law governing the KPK would fatally undermine its powers and capacity to fight graft.

According to the global watchdog Transparency International (TI), worsening graft saw Indonesia drop three points on its corruption perception index last year to rank 102 out of 180 countries.

Read also: 'Insulting': Watchdogs slam KPK's leniency toward former minister

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Former minister Edhy Prabowo jailed for 5 years over lobster scandal

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Former maritime affairs and fisheries minister Edhy Prabowo was sentenced by a court on Thursday to five years in prison for accepting bribes in a corruption scandal involving the export of lobster larvae. Edhy, who is a politician from the Gerindra party, was arrested last November at the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport after returning home from a trip to the United States with his wife.

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Group Members :
1. Bonaventura Maheswara / 3
2. Christian Pradana / 4
3. Yudhan Firdaus / 33

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Group Member
Raditya Daniel Wibisono (20)

Raymundus Epifani Mahendra Bayuaji Budi Nugroho(23)

Sean Alexio Satriawan(26)

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Group member
1. Francesco Hayden Tan (11)
2. Jason Nataniel Nahason (15)
3. Michael Mario Wicaksono Marsudi (18)

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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Source

Source 1
https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2019/09/23/winning-trust-in-papua.html
Source 2
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-Lincoln

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Please Update your browser Your browser is out of date, and may not be compatible with our website. A list of the most popular web browsers can be found below. Just click on the icons to get to the download page.

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Edu/9
Oscar/13
Jeff/17

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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member:
1. Kinan / 21
2. Gabri / 12
3. Christian /30

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https://www.biography.com/activist/raden-adjeng-kartini

https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/article/read/4/2018/13899/3-pemikiran-inspiratif-kartini-yang-tak-lekang-zaman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini

https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/07/03/200200765/kasus-pegawai-starbucks-dan-pemahaman-soal-pelecehan-terhadap-perempuan-

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Group 6

Member:

1. Emmanuel Christendy/10

2. Jose Luiz Dari Panigas/16

3. Rafael Yoga Dhana Asastani/22

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https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/kids-club/cool-kids/general-kids-club/greta-thunberg-facts/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Greta-Thunberg

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/278707/1-s2.0-S1878522015X00063/1-s2.0-S1878522015002362/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEF0aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCkhRDzD9ewis5zZozboPq4GEZxu7ZaI4ms%2F07DW0Wy7wIgZXBUhba5tD78f73lj1mVW79VW7aiFJIgmHAOPkvruzgq%2BgMIFhAEGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDL0gOt%2FICfPUzY2bTirXAxkEVnVxI0fGA9IFpUc0ScOLFtzm07ltr4eZGCdgVCEa%2FhR%2FEvoZKY4%2BcAAq6QnYg7dAAYqw%2FT76tv4PJhkipvy%2BhVEkflARxTTwQjFRc%2BeLvXMjHdU6bDHIdvWgCB0r6NTUn3DzeDtDoirQ2hQORDDVBgww%2F46UlmeWZohWJRZmsfgdEQOIWxrxCnjZo7tTq5R4tv149XglnvBVMYQQzCF7hw8NtfDPXQj4nQQ2%2BvDfnSu9upoDumKdAzaaMhP%2FZFYwBC%2FLmEPMc55JW3s5nLNAp0aXIOV7aL%2BK%2FcXeKxiekbtuiVGPw%2BFIyNwhqzETmg%2FoUY7HBoF099keI%2FpEnBAOFrAD4ENungVK%2BWFzS0aRxN7O5%2ByCCPyFhhKPQDLL26GLFPF%2BPvlRggiUzT%2BYXy0HLkjSaGYvFLLGQI40zB%2BBtRNtGSMNvP3Fg3%2BULdqoOJJ8FvnqwGAqkptl5gWqOidIL%2BnocnyHylfL4bJPIKRZzcJqSmCCsO7moG2%2BUc50W32zNJnE0%2Bg7DcDedyTc08vBN3v0SFjtPiLUbgBOx%2F9ern4xPe4odpFoUi2L8%2B59WpdWriZcu7ZWDlOI%2Byw9U5oPVQ%2F2vqWGs3gcwD8NcHfOKRi3Of5XkjCio7SMBjqlAZeTscry5KoD6TgUo58IX7ipNRQ1e2LyPlkErqDWpqwzvazSVtInwsJbbcpfNCE08QnWUfHeor3sB1swAu112%2BV0%2B%2B8f6FQp4dNuk6tDCxdPnZ0jVJ2fAOG7Xwqj9R455pkgPIs6lvkknNAB7jSO1ptYcP8Mjr82ff7v%2FOrC9X0QciQRCmrUmdfmqGZ3kj4uiKS3ZF4gOm7FghTD2uQ4t0SmuUgKfw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20211111T140635Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY62QISKEF%2F20211111%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=59b729bd72d41a351c3f72b413b46f061be4464e252ec179c1e41962b465a34e&hash=caa5e045533abaa1481ded8907ce09c163334c601ecdce6d826b945235d8b530&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1878522015002362&tid=spdf-d547198f-6190-4f46-ad89-f5987dd7208d&sid=c7406f044a547840392aad27478b2849813dgxrqb&type=client

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Sources
//www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2019/05/11/intolerance-crisis.html

https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi

https://m.merdeka.com/trending/45-kata-kata-bijak-mahatma-gandhi-menyentuh-hati-dan-menginspirasi-jalan-hidup-kln.html

https://www.biography.com/.amp/activist/mahatma-gandhi https

https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/10-facts-about-mahatma-gandhi-1411388534-1

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Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) is also known as "Bapu" or "Rashtrpita" and "The Father of Nation". The ideal's of Mahatma Gandhi were Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satya (truth). He not only contributed in India's freedom struggle but also inspired people across the world and raise the voice against discrimination of caste, colour, religion. He was a simple man with vast ideas and he always give message to others that "Be the change you wish to see in the world".

He was born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat. He pursued law for one year at the University of Bombay and later went to University College London and completed his graduation in 1891. After that, he started working in the Bar council of England. And also went to South Africa, where he experienced racism.
20 interesting facts about Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of masses.
1. Mahatma Gandhi's mother tongue was Gujarati.

2. He did his schooling from Alfred High School, Rajkot.

3. His birthday (2nd October) is commemorated world-wide as International Day of Nonviolence.

4. He was the youngest child of his parents. He had 2 brothers and 1 sister.

5. Gandhi's father was Hindu by religion and Modh Baniya by caste.

6. Mahadev Desai was Gandhi's personal secretary.

7. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was assassinated in the garden of the former Birla House.

8. Gandhi ji and famous author Leo Tolstoy interacted with each other through letters.

9. Gandhi ji set up a small colony, Tolstoy Farm at an 1100 acre site, 21 miles from Johannesburg, South Africa for his colleagues in the Satyagraha struggle.

10. Gandhi ji was born on Friday, India got its freedom on Friday and Gandhi ji was assassinated on Friday.

11. He not only fought for Independence but also demanded fair treatment for the untouchables, lower caste and also done several fast in support of them. He also called untouchables as harijans meaning "children of God".

12. Gandhi in 1982 is an epic historical drama film based on Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi won the Academic Award for best motion picture.

13. In 1930, he was the Time Magazine Man of the Year. He was a great writer and the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi have 50,000 pages.

14. Do you know that 5 times Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.

15. The country against whom he fought for India's Independence, Great Britain, released a stamp honouring him, 21 years after his death.

16. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was not born with the title Mahatma. He was given the title to him by the Nobel Prize winning Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore.

17. When Jawaharlal Nehru was giving tryst of destiny speech to celebrate independence, Gandhi ji was not present at that time.

18. Mahatma Gandhi funeral procession was 8 kilometres long.

19. Reserve Bank of India issued The Gandhi series banknotes by displaying portrait of Mahatma Gandhi since its introduction in 1996. The series issued in 1996 is of 10 and 500 rupee banknotes.

20. In 1959, Gandhi Memorial Museum was established. It is located in the city of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, India. It is also known as Gandhi Museum. It consists of a blood stained garment which was worn by Mahatma Gandhi when he was assassinated by the Nathuram Godse.
GK Questions and Answers on Gandhi Jayanti Martyr's Day (Shaheed Diwas) in India 2019: History, facts, Importance

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20 Interesting and Unknown Facts about Mahatma Gandhi

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Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) is also known as "Bapu" or "Rashtrpita" and "The Father of Nation". The ideal's of Mahatma Gandhi were Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satya (truth). He not only contributed in India's freedom struggle but also inspired people across the world and raise the voice against discrimination of caste, colour, religion.

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Group Members:
-Cornellius Fabian / 6
-Rayya Tegar / 24
-RM Nicolaus Suryo / 25

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

# data[].attributes.body
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/03/03/12515101/kasus-korupsi-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19-yang-berujung-pada-wacana-hukuman?page=all

https://asset.kompas.com/crops/HUv4lp1_EJ0aY9_xddCV5hbJJEs=/0x0:780x390/750x500/data/photo/2013/10/24/1144505artidjo780x390.jpg

https://cdn-2.tstatic.net/kaltim/foto/bank/images/kolase-foto-juliari-batubara.jpg

https://peoplepill.com/people/artidjo-alkostar

https://ketik.unpad.ac.id/posts/2341/artidjo-alkostar-jadi-sosok-inspiratif-dalam-penegakan-hukum-2

https://www.transparency.org/en/news/15-ways-young-people-can-fight-corruption
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/risks/corruption/item235

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The issue of political corruption in Indonesia continues to make daily headlines in the Indonesian media and generates much heated debate and fierce discussion. In academic circles scholars have continuously searched for answers to the question whether corruption in Indonesia has its roots in the traditional precolonial societies, the Dutch colonial era, the relatively short Japanese occupation (1942-1945) or the subsequent independent Indonesian governments. However, an unequivocal answer is yet to be found. For the foreseeable future it just needs to be accepted that corruption in Indonesia's political, judicial and corporate domains exists and is widespread (although there are some signs - which are discussed below - that point towards an improvement).
Historical Framework of Corruption in Indonesia
Although there are great examples of corruption in Indonesia's earlier history, we take as our starting point president Suharto's authoritarian New Order regime (1965-1998) that was characterized by impressive rapid and sustained economic growth (with Gross National Product averaging +6.7 percent annually between the years 1965 and 1996) but also well-known for its corrupt nature. Suharto utilized a system of patronage to ensure loyalty of his subordinates, leading members of the national elite and critics. In exchange for business opportunities or political positions Suharto could count on their support. With the Armed Forces (including its intelligence apparatus) and huge resources (stemming from the oil booms in the 1970s) at his disposal, he became the apex of the national political and economic system, resembling the patrimonial power of traditional rulers in the pre-colonial past.

Regarding economic policy-making Suharto relied on the advice and support from a narrow group of confidants around him. This group consisted of three categories: (1) USA-trained technocrats, (2) economic nationalist (who supported the idea of a large role for the government in the economy) and (3) capitalist cronies (consisting of his family members and some rich ethnic Chinese conglomerates). At times all these categories were accused of being corrupt but most emphasis went to the small circle of capitalist cronies (particularly Suharto's children) who were - much to the dislike of national businesses and society at large - the major beneficiaries of state privatization schemes and often ran large business monopolies that operated with little oversight or monitoring.

One important characteristic of corruption during Suharto's New Order was that is was rather centralized and predictable. Investors and businessmen could more-or-less predict the amount of money they had to put aside for these 'extra' costs and knew which people they were expected to bribe. But there was also the tactic of including a Suharto crony in business activities in order to reduce uncertainties caused by bureaucratic red tape. This same pattern existed on a local level where governors and local army commanders enjoyed the same privileges as the key figures in Jakarta but were always aware of possible repercussions from higher up in case they would push it too far. With the new era of , which started after the fall of Suharto in 1998, this situation was about to change drastically.
Decentralization of Indonesian Corruption
The situation changed drastically when - after the fall of president Suharto in 1998 - an ambitious regional decentralization program was started in 2001 which foresaw the transfer of administrative autonomy away from Jakarta to the districts (not to the provinces). This new course was in line with demand of the people but had negative side effects on the distributional pattern of corruption. Bribe-taking was no longer 'coordinated' as it had been in the past but became fragmented and unclear. Decentralization meant that local governments started to produce new local regulations (often not tightly designed) which made it possible for more officials from multiple levels of the government and other agencies to mingle and request for financial extras.

Realizing the urgent need to tackle corruption (as it undermines the investment and business climate and - generally - fosters the existence of continued injustice in society), a new government agency was established in 2003. This government agency, the Corruption Eradication Commission ( Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, abbreviated KPK), is envisaged to free Indonesia from corruption by investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption as well as monitoring the governance of the state (for which it received extensive powers).

However, opinions regarding its achievements are divided. Critics point out that the KPK is more focused on tackling lower profile figures, although in recent years there has been a series of high profile cases, particularly towards the end of former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's government, involving ministers, high-ranked police officials, judges and the party treasurer of Yudhoyono's Democratic Party. This partial success and courage of the KPK have triggered counteracts - mostly from persons that have been prosecuted or interrogated - claiming that the KPK itself is a corrupt agency. In recent years a number of scandals have emerged in which members of the KPK were - reputedly - framed by senior police officers and arrested in order to undermine the KPK's authority.

KPK Chief Abraham Samad (2011-2015) had to step down from his post after he was named a suspect in a legal document forgery case in early 2015. Indonesian police claimed Samad had falsified documents (including a passport) for a woman called Feriyani Lim. Allegedly, Samad had an extramarital affair with this woman. A picture showing the pair in bed also leaked (whether this picture is authentic is unknown). Earlier, several pictures leaked showing Samad being intimate with Miss Indonesia 2014 Elvira Devinamira (both denied the authenticity of the scandalous photos and the extramarital affair). Perhaps it was no coincidence that these pictures leaked about one day after Samad announced a high-profile corruption case involving Police Commissioner General Budi Gunawan.
Corruption during the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Administration
During the elections of 2004 and 2009 Yudhoyono presented himself as being devoted and determined to tackle corruption in Indonesia, in particular regarding corruption within government circles. This made him particularly popular around the time of the elections of 2009. However, the ongoing persistence of political corruption and several high-profile graft cases within the government caused his approval ratings to free fall after 2010 and few people shed tears when his second - and final - presidential term was completed in late 2014.

Another blow to Yudhoyono's prestige was the departure of Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Indonesia's Finance Minister from 2005 to 2010. Sri Mulyani, who enjoys a reputation of integrity (although slightly sullied by the Bank Century scandal), was tasked to reform Indonesia's corrupt tax and customs office. She had considerable success and could count on the support of many Indonesians. But her performance also created enemies. In May 2010 she left Indonesian politics to become a managing director at the World Bank Group. Widespread speculation, however, was that her resignation was due to political pressure from businesses with high political connections. In particular, the Bakrie Group was often mentioned in Indonesian media in connection herewith (Aburizal Bakrie being then-chairman of the Golkar party; a coalition member of Yudhoyono's government). Critics say that Yudhoyono should have supported her.

Moreover, various corruption cases - involving members of Yudhoyono's party and ministers in his cabinet - emerged toward the end of his presidency and have seriously damaged the allure of both his Democratic Party and Yudhoyono himself (who became regarded by some as a weak leader because of the emergence of these corruption scandals in his party and cabinet). In the last two years of his presidency, the Minister of Youth & Sport Affairs (Andi Mallarangeng) and Minister of Religious Affairs (Suryadharma Ali) stepped down after being named suspects in corruption cases. Meanwhile, in 2013 Constitutional Court Chief Justice Akil Mochtar was charged with accepting a USD $260,000 bribe in exchange for fixing a court ruling. This means that - after a promising start - the emergence of many high profile corruption cases near the end of his second term, Yudhoyono will not be remembered as the big corruption fighter he seemed at the beginning.
Corruption during the Joko Widodo Administration
Since 2014 Joko Widodo leads the nation. Similar to previous presidents and presidential candidates he has called for a battle against the widespread corruption in the country, urging the need for a 'mental revolution' that includes a stop to greediness and corruption in society. It is a daunting task but Widodo has undertaken several important efforts, for example by moving many government services online (implying bribe-hungry bureaucrats have fewer chances to obtain some extra money).

So far, President Widodo can enjoy a clean, graft-free image (although he was criticized for supporting police chief nominee Budi Gunawan who was suspect in a graft case). Also within his cabinet there have not occurred any scandals. However, Widodo will need to remain careful not to suffer the same fate as his predecessor.
Positive Developments in Indonesia's Fight against Corruption
Despite this mostly negative overview, there are some positive signs. First of all, it needs to be mentioned that there is a big urge from the Indonesian people to eradicate corruption in Indonesia and the free media provide ample room to deliver their voices on a national scale, while zooming in on various corruption scandals (although some media institutions - owned by politicians or businessmen - have their own agenda for doing this). But the popular urge to tackle corruption means that being anti-corrupt is actually an important vote-gainer for aspiring politicians. Being involved or mentioned in a graft case can seriously damage a career as popular support declines. A negative side effect (for the country's economy) of this public scrutiny is that government officials are currently very prudent and hesitant to disburse their government budget allocation, being afraid to become a victim in a graft scandal. This careful behavior can be called the success of the influence of the KPK that is watching the money flow, but also causes slower government spending.

Poll Indonesia Investments:
Has corruption been falling in Indonesian society (politics/governance/business) over the past decade?

Voting possible: -

Results

Yes, Indonesia is now less corrupt than 10 years ago (47.4%)

No, it has stayed at the same level (21.4%)

No, Indonesia has become even more corrupt (20.5%)

No opinion (10.8%)

Total amount of votes: 870

The Berlin based politically non-partisan Transparency International publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (based on polls) which assesses "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians" in countries around the world. It uses a scale from one up to ten. The higher the outcome, the less (perceived) corruption there is. In their latest edition (2016) Indonesia occupied the 90th place (out of a total of 176 countries). However, it needs to be stressed that there is not a 100 percent accurate method to measure corruption because of the nature of corruption (often hidden to the public). The numbers below, therefore, only show the perceived degree of corruption by the participating voters in the poll of that particular country. But because a population usually has a good sense of what is "going on" in the country, these numbers do indicate something interesting and meaningful.
Corruption Perceptions Index 2016: Source: Transparency International

These numbers indicate that - in accordance with the text above - there is a rather negative public view of the degree of political corruption in Indonesia. However, when we take previous results into consideration the index shows a more positive trend:
Corruption Perceptions Index 2005-2015: Source: Transparency International

Indonesia is actually one of the few countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index that shows a steady and marked improvement, coinciding with the Yudhoyono administration (2004-2014) and continued by the Widodo administration. But it needs to be emphasized that - although representing an actual development - these figures should be handled carefully as the methodology used in the polls changes from year to year.

Regarding corruption there is still a long reform road ahead for Indonesia. Both on the local and central level business and politics still go hand-in-hand to a high degree, hence forming a sort of oligarchic society in which conflicts of interests occur. For example, illegal logging is widespread on Sumatra and Kalimantan as many illegal logging permits have been issued by public bodies (thus threatening the existence of Indonesia's rain-forests). Similarly, in Indonesia's procurement sector lucrative contracts are often awarded to companies associated with Indonesian state officials.

Corruption hinders the country from fully tapping its economic potential and causes significant injustice in Indonesia's society as some people are disproportionally benefiting from a corrupt society. But credit has to be given to Indonesia's free media and the KPK as both play a vital role in the reduction of corruption.
Last update: 23 June 2017

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The issue of political corruption in Indonesia continues to make daily headlines in the Indonesian media and generates much heated debate and fierce discussion. In academic circles scholars have continuously searched for answers to the question whether corruption in Indonesia has its roots in the traditional precolonial societies, the Dutch colonial era, the relatively short Japanese occupation (1942-1945) or the subsequent independent Indonesian governments.

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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini
https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/31/1667/kesetaraan-gender-perlu-sinergi-antar-kementerian-lembaga-pemerintah-daerah-dan-masyarakat
https://www.gramedia.com/blog/6-sifat-teladan-kartini-nomor-empat-bisa-menginspirasimu/#:~:text=Kartini%20tidak%20membangkang%2C%20ia%20rela,mementingkan%20kepentingan%20bersama%20dibanding%20pribadi.
https://www.sman1pklkerinci.sch.id/biografi-r-a-kartini-pahlawan-emansipasi-wanita-indonesia/#:~:text=R.A%20Kartini%20lahir%20pada%20tanggal,Raden%20Ajeng%20Kartini%20Djojo%20Adhiningrat.&text=Ngasirah%2C%20beliau%20ini%20merupakan%20anak,dari%20Sri%20Sultan%20Hamengkubuwono%20VI.

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_BWzkwViU988EkRaVJBodZ3fsLlCFtpa/view?usp=sharing

Group member :
- Ignatius Hasta Hosapradipta/ 14
- Obie Zuriel/19

- Yonathan Widyantoro/32

*Notes : On 8th November 2021 (Consultation), Ms Ipo said it's okay if the video only 6 minutes 55 seconds (already confirmed)

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https://www.biography.com/activist/raden-adjeng-kartini

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raden-Adjeng-Kartini

https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/12/15/pandemic-showcases-indonesias-systemic-gender-inequality.html

https://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/gender-equality.html

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Quick Facts

"I have been longing to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! She who, happy and self-reliant, lightly and alertly steps her way through life, full of enthusiasm and warm feelings; working not only for her own well-being and happiness, but for the greater good of humanity as a whole."

Name

Raden Adjeng Kartini

Birth Date

April 21, 1879

Death Date

September 17, 1904

Place of Birth

Mayong, Java, Indonesia

Place of Death

Rembang Regency, Indonesia

AKA

Raden Ayu Kartini

Lady Raden Adjeng Kartini

Raden Adjeng Kartini was a Javanese noblewoman best known as a pioneer in the area of women's rights for native Indonesians.

Who Was Raden Adjeng Kartini?

Raden Adjeng Kartini opened the first Indonesian primary school for native girls that did not discriminate based on social standing in 1903. She corresponded with Dutch colonial officials to further the cause of Javanese women's emancipation up until her death, on September 17, 1904, in Rembang Regency, Java. In 1911, her letters were published.

Early Years

Kartini was born to a noble family on April 21, 1879, in the village of Mayong, Java, Indonesia. Kartini's mother, Ngasirah, was the daughter of a religious scholar. Her father, Sosroningrat, was a Javanese aristocrat working for the Dutch colonial government. This afforded Kartini the opportunity to go to a Dutch school, at the age of 6. The school opened her eyes to Western ideals. During this time, Kartini also took sewing lessons from another regent's wife, Mrs. Marie Ovink-Soer. Ovink-Soer imparted her feminist views to Kartini, and was therefore instrumental in planting the seed for Kartini's later activism.

When Kartini reached adolescence, Javanese tradition dictated that she leave her Dutch school for the sheltered existence deemed appropriate to a young female noble.

Feminist

Struggling to adapt to isolation, Kartini wrote letters to Ovink-Soer and her Dutch schoolmates, protesting the gender inequality of Javanese traditions such as forced marriages at a young age, which denied women the freedom to pursue an education.

Ironically, in her eagerness to escape her isolation, Kartini was quick to accept a marriage proposal arranged by her father. On November 8, 1903, she wed the regent of Rembang, Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat. Joyodiningrat was 26 years older than Kartini, and already had three wives and 12 children. Kartini had recently been offered a scholarship to study abroad, and the marriage dashed her hopes of accepting it. According to Javanese tradition, at 24 she was too old to expect to marry well.

Intent on spreading her feminist message, with her new husband's approval, Kartini soon set about planning to start her own school for Javanese girls. With help from the Dutch government, in 1903 she opened the first Indonesian primary school for native girls that did not discriminate on the basis of their social status. The school was set up inside her father's home, and taught girls a progressive, Western-based curriculum. To Kartini, the ideal education for a young woman encouraged empowerment and enlightenment. She also promoted their lifelong pursuit of education. To that end, Kartini regularly corresponded with feminist Stella Zeehandelaar as well as numerous Dutch officials with the authority to further the cause of Javanese women's emancipation from oppressive laws and traditions. Her letters also expressed her Javanese nationalist sentiments.

Death and Legacy

On September 17, 1904, at the age of 25, Kartini died in the regency of Rembang, Java, of complications from giving birth to her first child. Seven years after her death, one of her correspondents, Jacques H. Abendanon, published a collection of Kartini's letters, entitled "From Darkness to Light: Thoughts About and on Behalf of the Javanese People." In Indonesia, Kartini Day is still celebrated annually on Kartini's birthday.

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