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Checks and Balances- a system that allows each branch of government to amend or veto acts of another branch.

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Separation of Powers- the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.

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Judicial Review- the power of the supreme court of the US to review actions taken by the legislative and executive branches to decide whether or not these actions are legal under the constitution.

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Federalism- a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

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Welfare- financial or other assistance to an individual or family from a city, state, r national government.

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Posterity- future generations

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Amendment- a formal or official change made to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document.

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Ratify- to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction.

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Original Jurisdiction- the power of a court to hear a case first, before an other court.

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Concurrent Jurisdiction- power shared by federal and state courts to hear certain cases.

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Exclusive Jurisdiction- the authority of a court to hear a case.

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Appellate Jurisdiction- the authority of a court to hear a case appealed from a lower court.

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Statute- a law enacted by the legislative branch of government.

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Veto- the power or right vested in one branch of a government to cancel or postpone the decisions, enactments, etc. of another branch. especially the right of a president, governor, or other chief executive to reject bills passed by the legislature.

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Cloture- the only procedure by which senate can vote to place a time limit on consideration of a bill or other matter, and thereby overcome a filibuster.

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Filibuster- an attempt to block or delay senate action on a bill or other matter.

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Writ of Habeas Corpus- often shortened to habeas corpus, is the requirement that an arrested person be brought before a judge or court before being detained or imprisoned.

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Concurrent Powers- a political power independently exercisable by both federal and state governments in the same field of legislation.

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Reserved Powers- a political power that is not enumerated or prohibited by a constitution, but is set aside by the constitution for a specified political authority.

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Delegated/ expressed powers- authorities that the constitutional framers deemed worthy of congressional effort and which the framers believed would not limit personal freedoms of individuals.

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Ordinances- decree or law promulgated by a state or national government without the consent of the legislature.

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Judicial Branch- the court systems of local, state, and federal governments responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the legislative branch and enforced by the executive branch.

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Executive Branch- the branch of government that is responsible for carrying out the laws.

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Legislative Branch- the branch of government that writes, debates, and passes laws.

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Limited Government- a controlling body whose power exists only within pre-defined boundaries that are established by a constitution or other source of authority.