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Bureaucrat- civil servant

Embassy- offices of ambassadors in foreign countries

Government Corporations- businesses

Deregulate- reduce (powers of regulatory agencies)

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State- Department of State is responsible for implementing foreign policy of the US. It staffs embassies, analyzes issues related to American interests to other countries, and represents American positions to the UN

Treasury- Manages monetary resources for US. Bureau of the Mint manufactures coins, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing produces paper money. The largest bureau is the IRS

Interior- Protects public lands and natural resources and oversees relations with Native Americans. Establish in 1849 by Congress

Agriculture- Created to help farmers improve their incomes and expand their markets. Develops conservation programs and provides financial credit to farmers, as well as safeguards the nation's food supply

Justice- Oversees the nation's legal affairs. Includes the FBI and DEA

Commerce- Promotes and protects the industrial and commercial segments of the American economy. The Bureau of the Census counts the population every 10 years

Labor- Ensures safe working conditions, safeguards a minimum wage, and protects pension rights. The Bureau of Labor Statistics analyzes data on employment, wages, and compensation

Defense- Merged departments of War and Navy. Civilian officials work with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to manage armed forces

Health and Human Services- Concerned with public health and social services. Manages federal Medicare and Medicaid programs, Public Health Service agency helps implement a national health policy, funds medical research, and ensures the safety of food and drugs

Housing and Urban Development- Ensures Americans have equal housing opportunities. The Government National Mortgage Association helps make mortgage money available

Transportation- Divided into separate agencies to help regulate all aspects of American transportation needs, policy development, and planning. Includes Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Highway Administration, and the Federal Transit Administration

Energy- Created in 1977 in response yo the nation's first major energy shortage. One department developed and tested the nation's first atomic bomb. Department of Energy plans energy policy and researches and develops energy technology

Education- Coordinates federal assistance programs for public and private schools

Veterans Affairs- Administers several hospitals as well as educational and other programs for veterans and their families

Homeland Security- Created in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Controls Coast Guard, Border Patrol, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Custom Service, Federal Emergency Management Agency, etc.

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-Independent of all three branches of national government

-Protected from political pressure by Congress to keep them impartial

-Each commission has 5-11 commissioners (appointed by the president with Senate's consent)

-Created to make rules for large businesses and industries that affect the public

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The federal bureaucracy has more than 100 more independent organizations (ex. NASA and the Social Security Administration). Most have few employees, small budgets, and little publicity.

-Some independent agencies perform services for the executive branch (ex. GSA, CIA).

-Some independent agencies directly serve the public (ex. TVA, FDIC).