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https://quizlet.com/_4df2y0

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sociological perspective
society

social location

Family

Gender

Age

Race

Occupation

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sociological imagination; post WWII society; the elite

sociology = connection between history and biography

history: specific characteristics/events
i.e. going to high school

biography: external experiences
i.e. high school experiences

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figuratively small world now

war of 1812

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bio
geo
chem
physics...

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understand social world objectively
--> observations

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goal = understand culture
1. artifacts --> tools
2. structure --> hierarchies
3. ideas/values --> beliefs
4. forms of communication --> language

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study single social institution
- choices to determine supply and demand

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how governments are formed, operate, and their relations with others

*ruling positions*

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experimental: emotions, memory, personality, mental illnesses

clinical: therapists, counselors, aptitude tests...

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study culture
group structure
communication
social inequality
power structures
adjusting to difficulty

FOCUS IS ON industrialized and post-industrialized society
-- there exists external stress factors

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1. explain why something happens
2. make generalizations (why and why all the same people do that)
patterns
3. predict
common sense

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others disapprove of invasive research; can threaten ideal images

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(magic v. systematic research)
began mid 1800s
1. industrial revolution

farm to factory

2. political revolution

American and French Revolutions

movement toward democracy

3. imperialism

colonization

4. success of natural sciences

concurrent w/ rise of scientific method and its application to society

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APPLIED sci method to the social world

coined positivism and sociology
--> apply social principles to social reform

armchair philosophy

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Spencer = 2nd founder of soc?
*believed sociologists should NOT guide social reform*
BASIC/PURE SOCIOLOGIST

social darwinism = survival of the fittest
- idea favored by the wealthy

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*believed people SHOULD guide social reform*
--> revolution

class conflict:
bourgeoisie v. proletariat

- proletariat would unite and throw off their chains

conflict theory

marxism is NOT communism

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Durkheim's Goals
1. get sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline
2. show how social forces affect people's behavior
- suicide research
- male, unmarried, protestant
- social factors and social bonds
-----> social integration

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human behavior must be examined through social forces that affect people's lives
- patterns of behavior
- reflect conditions in society

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RELIGION AND THE ORIGIN OF CAPITALISM
*religion is the central force in social change*
--> sign of god's will was financial success
protestants = competitive, independent, and invest $

spirit of capitalism

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(Weber)
don't let values interfere

objectivity

replication

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Argument over Purpose and Use of Sociology

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Argument over Purpose and Use of Sociology

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Pure/Basic - construct theory

purpose: understand human behavior

use: used for anyone for anything

Applied - implement solutions

purpose: investigate harmful social arrangements

use: should be used to improve society

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(Weber)... insight to someone's situation

how author of textbook felt in the homeless shelter

subjective meanings

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group's patterns of behavior

- use social facts to interpret other social facts

*patterns that hold true for years indicate that all those people studied have made individual decisions, responding to the conditions in society*

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How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together

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How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together

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HIGH NUMBER OF BIRTHS ON TUESDAYS... why?
1. advanced technology --> choose hospital
2. advanced technology --> c-sections can be scheduled
3. doctors > midwives
4. medicine [has a goal of making profit]
verstehen --> prefer hospital and prefer a doctor and the doctor prefers to deliver babies on tuesdays

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University of Kansas
University of Chicago

Albion Small (founder of sociology department and magazine American Journal of Sociology)

Atlanta University

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Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology

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Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology

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Church, Cooking. Children, Clothing ):

Marion Talbot

associate editor at American Journal of Sociology

view: sociology = path to social reform and improvement of society

Harriet Martineau

her US social custom research was suppressed at first

she translated Comte's ideas into English

Society in America

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WEB Du Bois

Fisk University

1st black man to receive doctorate at Harvard

taught sociology at Atlanta University

Souls of Black Folk

founded NAACP (with Jane Addams)

during Harlem Renaissance

Philadelphia Negro - the "white" black man weakens the African American community

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Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer

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Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer

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(came from wealth and education, a writer, a social reformer)

Nobel Peace Prize

Chicago

founded NAACP and American Sociological Society

founded Hull House

helped immigrants "assimilate," the elderly, the ill

bridge between powerless and powerful

founded American Civil Liberties Union

8hr work day

no child labor

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Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory v. Reform

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Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory v. Reform

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Talcott Parson = pure/basic

C. Wright Mills = applied
- external factors
- social reform (during civil rights movement)

before 1940s: study society and want to reform it
1940s: switch to social theory (How parts of society work together harmoniously)

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Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, Public Sociology

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Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, Public Sociology

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Basic:

analyze society

pure sociology

audience = fellow sociologists

product = knowledge

Applied

reform society

solve problems

audience = clients

product = change

Public

apply soc for the public good

criticisms

audience = policymakers

product = recommendations

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symbols that people use to establish meaning

Change meaning of symbols affects expectations

People:
George Herbert Mead
Charles Horton Cooley

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analyze how social life depends on the ways we define people

face to face interaction

how people make sense of their place in life

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Marriage

duty/obligation --> personality --> affection

Divorce

failure --> new beginnings

Parenthood

responsibility for children has increased (not just until they're 18!)

Love

cannot be the main reason for marriage

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Functionalism; Structural Functionalism

People:
Auguste Comte
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
*Robert Merton*

life is composed of interrelated parts

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functions and dysfunctions
manifest and latent

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Industrialization and urbanization has undermined the traditional factors of a family that revolved around farming
- marriage is no longer an "economic unit"

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KARL MARX
society is composed of groups competing for scarce resources

- political conflict

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studies the industrial revolution

class conflict is key to human history

bourgeoisie (capitalists) v. proletariat (workers... who will rebel)

capitalism
- suffering and exploitation of workers occurring during industrial rev

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Happens on smaller scale; everyday life

teen v. teacher

Lewis Coser - conflict more likely to happen in close relationships

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conflict between men and women

women's focus: historical, contemporary, and global inequalities

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refusal of marriage on the rise during industrialization because women did not have to depend on men as much anymore

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micro level
- Wall street and politics
- functionalists
- conflict theory
macro level
- how members of group interact
- symbolic interactions
- *social interaction
- *nonverbal interaction