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The Great Depression: Causes & Repercussions —  US Economic History 7

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Story of "Migrant Mother" Photograph by Dorothea Lange - American Artifacts

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Story of "Migrant Mother" Photograph by Dorothea Lange - American Artifacts

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2017 Banned Books Week Promo Trailer, by Mooresville Public Library

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Mooresville Public Library (Mooresville, Indiana) presents a promo trailer for 2017 Banned Books Week (September 24-30). Be a Rebel Reader--read a banned or challenged book, and visit the American Library Association's Office for Intellectual Freedom's website (http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks) and blog (http://www.oif.ala.org/oif/).

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Dorothea Lange: Grab A Hunk of Lightning

Premiere date: August 29, 2014 | 1:49:52

Her celebrated photograph Migrant Mother is one of the most recognized and arresting images in the world, a haunting portrait that came to represent the suffering of America's Great Depression. Yet few know the story, struggles and profound body of work of the woman who created the portrait: Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 - Oct. 11, 1965).

American Masters - Dorothea Lange: Grab a Hunk of Lightning explores the life, passions and uncompromising vision of the influential photographer, whose enduring images document five turbulent decades of American history, including the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl and World War II Japanese internment camps. Peabody- and five-time Emmy award-winning cinematographer Dyanna Taylor - the granddaughter of Lange and writer/social scientist Paul Schuster Taylor - directs and narrates this intimate American Masters documentary.

Taylor, who learned to see the visual world through her grandmother's eyes, combines family memories and journals with never-before-seen photos and film footage to bring Lange's story into sharp focus. The result is a personal documentary of the artist whose empathy for people on the margins of society challenged America to know itself.

Learn more about the film.

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Dorothea Lange | Full Episode | American Masters | PBS

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Her celebrated photograph Migrant Mother is one of the most recognized and arresting images in the world, a haunting portrait that came to represent the suffering of America's Great Depression. Yet few know the story, struggles and profound body of work of the woman who created the portrait: Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 - Oct.

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Jim Crow part 3 | The Gilded Age (1865-1898) | US History | Khan Academy

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In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck describes the harrowing journey of the Joad family - migrant workers forced to leave their home during the Great Depression - a story still relevant to those facing the realities of America's current economic crisis.
"To the red country, and part of the gray country of Oklahoma the last rains came gently, and they did not cut the scarred earth..." That is how Steinbeck begins The Grapes of Wrath.

This year the last rains came in May to western Oklahoma. They lasted long enough to produce the last alfalfa crop but the winter wheat was already lost.

Brett Porter, who farms 3,000 hectares, unrolls the last of his hay in front of a thirsty line of prime Angus cattle. With just 18 bales left, and at $200 (£123) a bale on the open market, when he runs out he will have to sell the cows.

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In Steinbeck's footsteps: America's middle-class underclass [738 KB]
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"I already sold half my mamma cows and I sent my calves to market early," he says.

He has been working on the herd's DNA for 12 years. If no rain comes, he will sell the rest for hamburger meat before high summer.

With the south-west in the grip of its worst drought for 60 years, old-timers here are beginning to talk about the Dust Bowl years, years Steinbeck chronicled in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book of migration, poverty and social injustice.

I decided to retrace the route Steinbeck's fictional family took from Oklahoma City to Bakersfield, just north of Los Angeles. I hired a boaty old Mercury and put my foot down.

Today the road is just one straight freeway, Interstate 40, though the old Route 66 of blues legend still weaves along as a forlorn side-road.

After the Texas panhandle, scorched by drought so white that the grass crunches underfoot like in a deep frost, I hit New Mexico. Here the landscape changes to mesas and gulches.

I drop down into Albuquerque, into Joy Junction, which in the red dusk looks like a scene from Steinbeck. There are 300 homeless people staying here, all families.

Jeremy Reynalds, an expat Brit who runs the place, tells me frankly that the mainstay of the place are people with drug, alcohol and domestic violence issues. But as the years of crisis have dragged on, there is a new phenomenon - the homeless middle-class.

I meet some of them on the floor of an old gym, strewn with about 80 mattresses.

Sonya and Tim - he was a manager at McDonald's but the branch closed and she worked at Subway but they cut her shifts - lost their home and moved into a small apartment, but when the unemployment money ended they lost that too.

"We slept in our car, it was scary," says Sonya. "Then we came here."
Motel hopping
Larry Antista and his 14-year-old daughter Michelle are bedding down alongside 80 people they do not know. Does her school know she is homeless? "I didn't tell them," Michelle says. "I stay there until six o'clock to do my homework." They lost their apartment when the family split up.

Maurice Henderson and RoseAnna Ortice are across the parquet floor with their three kids. Maurice used to manage a car dealership. They lived in a motel. The day his unemployment cheque did not arrive was the day he had to leave the motel and come here. They have been on the mattresses for two weeks.

There is wrath aplenty here - though you seldom hear such thoughts expressed on the US media. "They're wasting money on wars," says Larry. Maurice tells me the same thing. A guy crawls over his large family and almost whispers to me, "I'm Native American. My tribe runs a casino so where does the money go? Why don't they use it to help their own people?"

Though the Okie camps of the 1930s are emblematic now - as are the dustbowl photographs of Dorothea Lange - it is easy to forget they were not front and centre of the nation's consciousness in the 1930s.

Steinbeck, who had lived in California most of his life, had to be alerted to the existence of the camps on his doorstep by Lange's husband, an academic, who wrote one of the first field reports of the migrant problem. Then, as now, the poor had only a walk-on part in the mass media, and their script lines seldom reflected what they actually thought.
Tent City jail
All along Interstate 40 I have been cursing the motelscape. The inedible sludge of reconstituted egg, "biscuit" and gravy that allows them to advertise "hot breakfast" - the coffee weak enough to read the Wall Street Journal's markets pages through.

Reynalds takes me to a line of cheap motels right by the interstate where rooms are $29 (£18) a night. "These places fill up in the first two weeks after the benefit cheques are paid and when they run out, they empty out and people drift over to Joy Junction."

Now I see the cheap motels in a new light. This is where America's hidden homeless live.

As I leave New Mexico and tank west beneath the mighty Mogollon Rim and into pine forest and then the cactus-strewn desert, one thing becomes clear... Steinbeck cannot have made this journey in one go.

The spectacular landscape is absent from the book - the Pueblo nation's shacks and trailers, the emptiness.

For the 350,000 real-life migrants - farmers, unemployed workers, office workers - who made the journey during the Dust Bowl years (1931-36) this must have seemed as alien as the Moon.

But Steinbeck is not about landscape, biblical though The Grapes of Wrath reads. It is about the conflict at the end of the journey and today you don't have to get to the end of the journey to find conflict.

In Phoenix, Arizona, I get to tour the Tent City jail. Prisoners wear stripes, pink socks, pink underwear and are forced to live, day and night, in Korean War-era tents.

On the day I arrive the mercury's thermostat tells me it is 114F (45.5C). They must remove their pink towels from their heads, even in harsh sunlight. And they must pay "premium rates" my guide tells me, for their landline calls, "to help pay for the cost of incarceration".

[The jail] is designed to make us self-deport
Fernando Lopez, Tent City jail inmate

One in five of the male prisoners is a detained illegal migrant. After their sentence, they will go into the deportation process. The jail - like the border fence and Arizona's famous new law SB1070 - is designed to deter migration. But neither deter it.

There are, say migrant activists, an estimated 1.5m illegal migrants in Arizona.

Fernando Lopez, aged 20, was caught driving without a licence and has no documents that prove his right to stay here. He says he was shunted for a month around the Arizona detention system before being released on bail. He is fighting deportation now.

"People still come, because of the conditions across the border," he tells me. The North American Free Trade Agreement, he believes, has bankrupted small business in Latin America, and the same rural poverty you find the whole world over simply drives people to move north.

Leticia Ramirez, an activist with the migrant campaign group Puente, tells me the effect of the unique Arizona laws that make it possible to be lifted off the street if you cannot prove your status, is chilling. "Kids say to their moms, 'Mom, don't go to the store. Don't leave the house'." Thousands stay at home in fear, she says.

But attitudes are polarised. At the West Valley Tea Party Patriots meeting I attend, campaigners for migrants are accused of being "communists". I ask about the imminent debt ceiling crisis and they hand me a dossier claiming to prove President Barack Obama is really Kenyan.

I ask about migration. The Patriots are raising money to build a private border fence.

Can they understand why the migrants come? Yes, but they believe it will not harm the US economy if the whole 12m-20m estimated to live in the US are deported.

You can't jail them all, I venture. "Just build a bigger tent," says Karen Szatkowski, their spokesperson.

And there is evidence that the jail conditions, the aggressive policing and the laws that have prompted an economic boycott campaign against Arizona, are working. Anecdotally, around 100,000 migrants have gone elsewhere.
'Morning glow'
"It's designed to make us self-deport," says Fernando Lopez.

Tension and conflict around migration here is more intense than anywhere in the US.

Meanwhile the economy declines. Arizona is still in recession and the radio sings to adverts for repossessed ranches in the desert. "You can hunt there, ride, anything you want... it's your ranch!" urges the disc jockey, perkily.

Here the gas stations are far apart and the Mojave desert is wide, so I have timed my refills rigorously against the distances on the GPS.

But the GPS does not agree with the mercury's fuel gauge, so I glide into a truck stop at Cedar Hills in neutral gear, having run eight miles (13km) on empty.

The shop is full of stuff that is emblematic - the stimulant drinks in yellow bottles that keep truck drivers going all night, confederate flag-themed headscarves to wear on your Harley instead of a helmet, Route 66 stickers. Like so much of American culture, the subtext - if you dare admit it - is "we were great once".

I cross the Mojave by night and get to Bakersfield at midnight.

The bar at the hotel is full of oilmen and military guys. The economy of Kern County, where the Joads ended up, is dominated by the Air Force, naval weaponry, big oil and private healthcare.

But there is still 15% unemployment here. The town grew by 25% in the past decade but now the property bust is here, 156 homes in every thousand are repossessed.

In the morning, the car valet - a Mexican - tells me the agricultural work is drying up. The farmers sold their fields for property. You can only earn the minimum wage.

I go in search of the spot where Steinbeck must have seen this - "They drove through Tehachapi in the morning glow, and the sun came up behind them and then suddenly they saw the great valley below them..."

But the interstate highway obliterates the old road here. I drive into a vineyard to get the view that must have greeted the real-life Okies as they crossed the mountains into the San Joaquin Valley.
Paul Mason's journey can be seen in the UK on Newsnight, Thursday 28 July 2011 at 10.30pm on BBC Two.
It is still beautiful. But hidden away from the mainstream media you can still find stories of social conflict and poverty that tell the other side of the story.

When he wrote the novel in 1939, Steinbeck pointed to a new economic model that would sustain the economic recovery, create jobs and drive the US into the era of prosperity and full employment.

That is the question that still confronts the US, as its president and legislature - as the Onion magazine so wryly put it - "continue the debate over whether the country should be economically ruined".

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The BBC's Paul Mason retraces the harrowing journey taken by migrant workers the Joad family which John Steinbeck described in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath, set during the Great Depression, to find out how it reflects the realities of America's current economic crisis.

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https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/video/understanding-jim-crow-setting-setting

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Understanding Jim Crow (Setting the Setting)

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David Cunningham, chair of the Department of Sociology at Brandeis University, explores systems of racial separation and institutionalized segregation known as Jim Crow.

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Uploaded by Paschal Library on 2017-01-30.

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FIRST ONEE

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Dorothea Lange: Grab A Hunk of Lightning

Premiere date: August 29, 2014 | 0:02:41

Coinciding with the Great Depression was the Dust Bowl, an eco-disaster created through a combination of drought and damaging agricultural practices. Farmers reported that their land literally blew away, forcing families from Nebraska to Texas to migrate. Dorothea Lange and her husband Paul S. Taylor documented the very start of the mass migration to California.

The couple were the first to witness and to understand the causes of this huge migration of hundreds of thousands of people, according to Linda Gordon, professor of history at New York University and author of Dorothea Lange: A Life Beyond Limits.

In this film excerpt, Dorothea describes photographing the first packed car of migrants entering California (pictured above): "That was the first car I saw that came out of the Dust Bowl. And that was the day the darn thing was discovered - what was happening. Nobody knew it. And then there was a rush. Never has stopped - that influx."

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Dorothea Lange | Documenting the Dust Bowl Exodus | American Masters | PBS

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Coinciding with the Great Depression was the Dust Bowl, an eco-disaster created through a combination of drought and damaging agricultural practices. Farmers reported that their land literally blew away, forcing families from Nebraska to Texas to migrate. Dorothea Lange and her husband Paul S. Taylor documented the very start of the mass migration to California.

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Jim Crow part 2 | The Gilded Age (1865-1898) | US History | Khan Academy

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KA's US history fellow Kim discusses the period after the Civil War in the American South, when Southern society reorganized to account for the end of slavery. Many Southern governments passed laws preventing African Americans from voting, among other things, which prompted Congress to pass the Fourteenth Amendment.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt33vQ8No_w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ce6z-u_Wk0

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From the film Freedom Riders: Jim Crow Laws | American Experience | PBS

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Separation of the races was the status quo.

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Great Depression Exclusive Videos & Features - HISTORY.com

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Check out exclusive Great Depression videos and features. Browse the latest Great Depression videos and more on HISTORY.com.

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Migrant Workers During the Great Depression

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Uploaded by Suzanne Tighe on 2016-06-13.

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Inside the Woodridge Neighborhood Library in the U.S. capital, a wall is plastered with ominous warning signs: "Reading This Book Display Is Banned" and "No Books to See Here." Below the messages are shelves with books that have been banned, at one time or another, in parts of the United States. They include books in the popular Harry Potter series, banned for "witchcraft," and the classic futuristic novel Brave New World, which has been banned for sexual content.

Although no books have been removed from libraries or schools in Washington, the display is part of Banned Books Week, which runs through September 30. The annual event points out the perils of censorship and emphasizes the freedom to read.

Among the groups sponsoring Banned Books Week is the American Library Association (ALA), which releases an annual list of the 10 most challenged books - works that have been targeted for removal from a library or school curriculum.

"Some of the themes could be dealing with LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) issues, race and religion," said Julius Jefferson Jr. of the ALA's intellectual freedom committee. Most requests for books to be banned "you see coming from parents, because they feel they are not appropriate for their children," he added.

Such topics may include "families with two dads or two moms," said Linnea Hegarty, executive director of Washington's DC Public Library Foundation.

"Books about war are often banned, particularly if they talk about political issues," she added, and also books about mental illness, because "some parents don't want their children to be exposed to that."
Transgender issues, profanity, Cosby
The books on this year's ALA list were mostly written for children or young adults, such as Drama, by Raina Telgemeier, which includes transgender characters, and Mariko Tamaki's This One Summer, which some critics have said is offensive due to profane language and instances of drug use.

In a first this year, a book was listed not due to its content or style, but because the author is under fire. Comedian and children's story-teller Bill Cosby wrote a series of books called Little Bill. The series is being challenged because of sexual assault allegations against Cosby.

As part of Banned Books Week, hundreds of copies of six other books that may be challenged or banned have been hidden in places like museums, restaurants and coffee shops around Washington, for anyone to take home for free.

At the Duende District Bookstore in Washington, customer Lyric Prince discovered Fahrenheit 451, a science-fiction novel that depicts an American society where books are outlawed, and firemen burn any contraband literature. Some people object to the burning of a Bible in the story.

Prince is not surprised that books like this novel published more than 60 years ago are still banned today, because "a lot of places in this country don't exactly take kindly to progressive ideas."

Another customer, Katie Schwartz, found The Giver, criticized for its violence in a story about a world of conformity. Schwartz can't believe books are still banned in the U.S., especially since the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of speech.

"It's an American right to express yourself however you see fit," she said. "It's also an American right to avoid things by choice that you don't agree with, and books are very easily avoided if you don't agree with them."

The American Library Association, which keeps tabs on challenges and bans, is aware of about 250 challenges last year, but it says very few succeed, and books hardly ever wind up truly banned.

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голос америки

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Banned Books Week in US Emphasizes Freedom to Read

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Inside the Woodridge Neighborhood Library in the U.S. capital, a wall is plastered with ominous warning signs: "Reading This Book Display Is Banned" and "No Books to See Here." Below the messages are shelves with books that have been banned, at one time or another, in parts of the United States.

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Dorothea Lange: Grab A Hunk of Lightning

Premiere date: August 29, 2014 | 0:01:45

When she was in her early twenties, Dorothea Lange decided to leave New York City and travel the world with a friend. They only made it as far as San Francisco, where a pickpocket stole all their money and ended their world travels.

Lange had already learned photography through her apprenticeship to photographer Arthur Genthe in New York City. In 1919 at the age of 24, she opened her own portrait studio in San Francisco. She worked many solitary hours there but her studio also became a place where artists came to socialize.

Of her early work as a portrait photographer, Lange said, "I did all the work myself. It was a successful studio. But I worked 18 hours, 20 hours, every day. I really worked. I was determined that I could make that go. And I did."

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Dorothea Lange | Lange's Start in Photography | American Masters | PBS

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When she was in her early twenties, Dorothea Lange decided to leave New York City and travel the world with a friend. They only made it as far as San Francisco, where a pickpocket stole all their money and ended their world travels. Lange had already learned photography through her apprenticeship to photographer Arthur Genthe ...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCQfMWAikyU

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The Great Depression: Crash Course US History #33

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Judy Blume: Banned Books and Trigger Warnings

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Judy Blume, author of "In The Unlikely Event," talks censorship and getting banned in the 1980s. For more videos from Bay Area Book Festival, please visit: http://library.fora.tv/2015/06/06/a_very_special_evening_with_judy_blume

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Banned Book Week: Top 10 Most Challenged Books at Schools and Libraries

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Banned Books Week kicks off as the U.S. debates freedom of speech and peaceful protests in the NFL and the NBA.

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Migrant Farmers In The 1930's After WW1, there was a recession. This lead to a drop in the price of farm crops. In order to meet increased productivity demand, many farmers bought more land and expensive equipment, plunging themselves into debt.

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Inside the Woodridge Neighborhood Library in the U.S. capital, a wall is plastered with ominous warning signs: "Reading This Book Display Is Banned" and "No Books to See Here." Below the messages are shelves with books that have been banned, at one time or another, in parts of the United States. They include books in the popular Harry Potter series, banned for "witchcraft," and the classic futuristic novel Brave New World, which has been banned for sexual content.

Although no books have been removed from libraries or schools in Washington, the display is part of Banned Books Week, which runs through September 30. The annual event points out the perils of censorship and emphasizes the freedom to read.

Among the groups sponsoring Banned Books Week is the American Library Association (ALA), which releases an annual list of the 10 most challenged books - works that have been targeted for removal from a library or school curriculum.

"Some of the themes could be dealing with LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) issues, race and religion," said Julius Jefferson Jr. of the ALA's intellectual freedom committee. Most requests for books to be banned "you see coming from parents, because they feel they are not appropriate for their children," he added.

Such topics may include "families with two dads or two moms," said Linnea Hegarty, executive director of Washington's DC Public Library Foundation.

"Books about war are often banned, particularly if they talk about political issues," she added, and also books about mental illness, because "some parents don't want their children to be exposed to that."
Transgender issues, profanity, Cosby
The books on this year's ALA list were mostly written for children or young adults, such as Drama, by Raina Telgemeier, which includes transgender characters, and Mariko Tamaki's This One Summer, which some critics have said is offensive due to profane language and instances of drug use.

In a first this year, a book was listed not due to its content or style, but because the author is under fire. Comedian and children's story-teller Bill Cosby wrote a series of books called Little Bill. The series is being challenged because of sexual assault allegations against Cosby.

As part of Banned Books Week, hundreds of copies of six other books that may be challenged or banned have been hidden in places like museums, restaurants and coffee shops around Washington, for anyone to take home for free.

At the Duende District Bookstore in Washington, customer Lyric Prince discovered Fahrenheit 451, a science-fiction novel that depicts an American society where books are outlawed, and firemen burn any contraband literature. Some people object to the burning of a Bible in the story.

Prince is not surprised that books like this novel published more than 60 years ago are still banned today, because "a lot of places in this country don't exactly take kindly to progressive ideas."

Another customer, Katie Schwartz, found The Giver, criticized for its violence in a story about a world of conformity. Schwartz can't believe books are still banned in the U.S., especially since the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of speech.

"It's an American right to express yourself however you see fit," she said. "It's also an American right to avoid things by choice that you don't agree with, and books are very easily avoided if you don't agree with them."

The American Library Association, which keeps tabs on challenges and bans, is aware of about 250 challenges last year, but it says very few succeed, and books hardly ever wind up truly banned.

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голос америки

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Banned Books Week in US Emphasizes Freedom to Read

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Inside the Woodridge Neighborhood Library in the U.S. capital, a wall is plastered with ominous warning signs: "Reading This Book Display Is Banned" and "No Books to See Here." Below the messages are shelves with books that have been banned, at one time or another, in parts of the United States.

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The Great Depression: Crash Course US History #33

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Great Depression: Causes, Definition & Dates | HISTORY

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in world history. Learn about the Dust Bowl, New Deal, causes of the Great Depression, a Great Depression timeline more.

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1930's Great Depression and Dust Bowl in Photos

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Great Depression: Causes, Definition & Dates | HISTORY

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in world history. Learn about the Dust Bowl, New Deal, causes of the Great Depression, a Great Depression timeline more.

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This video is for my project I do not own the song

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8k0jJdqKP0

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Great Depression: Causes, Definition & Dates | HISTORY

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in world history. Learn about the Dust Bowl, New Deal, causes of the Great Depression, a Great Depression timeline more.

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Arath Amaro

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ_lizW5zSI

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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

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Migrant Farmers In The 1930's After WW1, there was a recession. This lead to a drop in the price of farm crops. In order to meet increased productivity demand, many farmers bought more land and expensive equipment, plunging themselves into debt.

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Arath Amaro

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The 1930s Exclusive Videos & Features - HISTORY.com

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Check out exclusive The 1930s videos and features. Browse the latest The 1930s videos and more on HISTORY.com.

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Jim Crow part 3 | The Gilded Age (1865-1898) | US History | Khan Academy

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPAvg6CU6sIhttps

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www.good.is Sex. Ass. Falun gong. Chances are, if youre reading this right now, you dont live in Yemen, Myanmar, or China. Internet censorship can take many forms, from restricting private internet access to blocking searches for politically volatile keywords. Exercise your internet freedom by taking a look at our latest Transparency.

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FIRST ONE!

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LibGuides: Banned Books: Top Banned Books

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LibGuides: Banned Books: Top Banned Books

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ih1qy4vFcE

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This Week in Unnecessary Censorship - 500th Edition

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We give you our favorite bleeps and blurs of all-time in our 500th edition of This Week In Unnecessary Censorship featuring President Obama, President Bush, Vice President Biden, Barbara Walters, Kelly Ripa and more.

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Migrant Farmers In The 1930's After WW1, there was a recession. This lead to a drop in the price of farm crops. In order to meet increased productivity demand, many farmers bought more land and expensive equipment, plunging themselves into debt.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbilXmRAb34

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Find Informational videos about the topics below and post them using a link to our class #Padlet so everone can share resources. Watch as amny videos as you can [no repeats]

TOPICS:
-The Great Depression
-Censorship
-Banned Book List
-Dorthea Lange Photography
-Migrant Workers in the 1930s
-Jim Crow Law and the Jim Crow South

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Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society

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The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society

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The internet is not as free and open as we might think. How do governments, private companies, and internet service providers censor the internet? This video project was researched and created by the Berkman Center's class of 2012 Summer Interns.

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Great Depression: Causes, Definition & Dates | HISTORY

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in world history. Learn about the Dust Bowl, New Deal, causes of the Great Depression, a Great Depression timeline more.

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Angel Esparza

http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression
http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/speeches

http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/speeches