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The Ottoman Empire ruled a large portion of Eastern Europe and the Middle East for over 600 years. The Empire was formed in 1299 CE to when it fell in 1923 CE and it became Turkey. The Empire was founded by Osman I, a Turkish tribal leader in Anatolia, in 1299 CE. Osman expanded the kingdom and allowed religious tolerance for the people living in his conquered land. Osman also created a formal government. In the next 150 years, the Empire continued expanding. The Byzantine Empire was the most powerful at that time. In 1453, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, was captured by Mehmet II the Conquer. Mehmet renamed Constantinople, Istanbul and turned it into the Ottoman Empire capital. After  this, the Ottoman Empire was the most powerful and one of the largest Empires in the world. When Constantinople was taken over, a lot of artists and scholars went to Italy. This flee made European Nations look for new trade routes in the Far East. This began the age of Exploration. The Ottoman Empire reached its peak when they had Suleiman the Magnificent rule. Suleiman ruled from 1520-1566 CE and he expanded the Empire concurring Greece, Hungary, and much of Eastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire started to decline in the late 1600s. The Empire stoped expanding and started to face economic competition from Europe and India. In 1923, the bad leaders and internal corruption made the Empire decline until the Empire abolished and Turkey was made a Republic. The Ottoman’s were Muslims, but they didn’t force Jews and Christians to convert. This kept the people from rebelling and allowed the Ottoman Empire to rule for so long. The leader of the Ottoman was called a Sultan. The Sultan’s oldest son would inherit being Sultan. When it was time to become Sultan, he would put all of his brothers in prison until the Sultans first son was born. Then the Sultans brothers would be executed.

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The Abbasid Empire was a major dynasty that ruled the Islamic Empire when it was at its peak.  In 750-1258 C.E., the Abbasid were all strong leaders whom had alot  of territory and had created a culture, The Golden Age of Islam. 1258 C.E. Abbsids fled to Egypt because Baghdad was stacked be the Mongols. In 1261-1517 C.E., the caliph of Abbasid was in Cario, Egypt. The Abbasid’s were still religious leaders, but the Mamluks had all the military and political power. The Abbasid ruled Northeast Africa, Egypt, Western Asia and the Middle East. The early years of the Abbasid Empire was only prosperity and peace and there were advances in medicine, mathematics and science. The culture, architecture and art flourished and reachesd higher heights in 790-1258 C.E., The Golden Age. In the early 1200s, the Mongol Empire in East Asia rose. The Mongols concurred China, then in 1258 C.E., they arrived at Baghdad, but the Baghdad caliph didn’t want to agree to the Mongols demands, because he thought Baghdad couldn’t be conquered. The Mongols took over Baghdad still and the caliph of Baghdad was killed. In 1261 C.E., the Abbasids got Cario, Egypt back, but the slave warriors, Mamluks, had the real power because they ran the armies and governments. The Abbsids has authority over the religion and together, the Abbsids and the Mamluks ruled until 1517, when Ottman conquered them.

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The first caliph was Abu Bakr, whom became caliph on June 8, 632 CE.  He was Muhammad's father-in-law and he was chosen by a group of Muhammad's advisers. He lost his job of being caliph because he died on August 22, 634 CE. The second caliph was Umar who became caliph in August 23, 634 CE. He was Muhammad's adviser and long time friend. Abu appointed him to be caliph after he died and Umar lost his job when he died in 644 CE. The third caliph is Uthman whom became caliph on November 6, 644 CE. He was Muhammad's adviser and long time friend. Uthman was chosen by the council's choice and he lost his job when he was murdered on June 17, 656 CE. The fourth caliph was Ali whom became caliph in 656 CE. He was a blood relative to Muhammad and he was chosen because he was Muhammad's family.  He lost his job when he was murdered in 661 CE.

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The Arabian Peninsula had harsh desert climate. The heat and the sand made it hard for animals and plants to survive. The Arabian Peninsula was mostly dessert. Most of the water were in oasis' and there were ginormous sand dunes.

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The Umayyad Empire At It's                                    Height

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The Umayyad Empire At It's                                    Height

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Arabian Peninsula Trade                Routes

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Arabian Peninsula Trade                Routes

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Map of The Ottoman Empire at Its Height 

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Map of The Ottoman Empire at Its Height 

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The Umayyad Empire was one of the first Islamic dynasties that ruled the Islamic empire from 661-750 C.E.. They succeeded Rashidun caliph after the Muslim civil war because of Muawiyah. Muawiyah made the capital of Damascus. The Umayyad Empire expanded the Islamic Empire into one of the largest empires in history. At it's peak, the Umayyad empire controlled Spain, much of North Africa, parts of India and the Middle East and had 30% of the world's population. The Umayyad modeled their government after the Byzantines, whom ruled much of the land the Umayyad concurred. The Umayyad empire so that provinces that were ruled by a government. They created diwans that handled separate government agencies. They standardized weights and measurements, established Arabic as the official language and created common coinage. They also built some of the most reserved buildings. In 750 C.E. the Abbasid overthrew the Umayyed empire.