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2a. Primary Source: Occupation of Ruhr Article

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2a. Primary Source: Occupation of Ruhr Article

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"French Invasion of Ruhr." The Eugene Daily Guard, Eugene, Oregon, 1923

Notable quote: "The eyes of the world are upon the Ruhr industrial region now."

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The Coldwater Daily Reporter, Coldwater, Michigan, October 3, 1935

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"League Makes Final Effort to Halt War," The Bend Bulletin, Bend, Oregon, 1936

Notable quote: "If Italy rejects it, the league's general committee... is expected to proceed promptly to impose an embargo on shipments of oil to Italy."

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1a. Primary Source: League of Nations Political Cartoon

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1a. Primary Source: League of Nations Political Cartoon

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"The Gap in the Bridge" Punch Magazine, 1919

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From the Lawrence Daily Journal-World of Lawrence, Kansas

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What is it?
The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.

The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany. The acts were largely repealed in 1941, in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Countries involved? United States

How did it shape the international order?  limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany.
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Summary
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Sources: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/neutrality-acts-0
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What is it?
The Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic, left-leaning and relatively urban Second Spanish Republic, in an alliance of convenience with the Anarchists, fought against the Nationalists, a Falangist, Carlist, and largely aristocratic conservative group led by General Francisco Franco. The war has often been portrayed as a struggle between democracy and fascism, particularly due to the political climate and timing surrounding it, but it can more accurately be described as a struggle between leftist revolution and rightist counter-revolution. Ultimately, the Nationalists won, and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from April 1939 until his death in November 1975.
Countries involved? Spain
How did it shape the international order? The Defeat of Spanish Communism and Democracy at the hands of General Francisco Franco ensured a continued presence of Fascism, however stunted, in Europe until his death in 1975.

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8. Germany's Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936)

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8. Germany's Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936)

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What is it? The remilitarization of the Rhineland by the German Army took place on 7 March 1936 when German military forces entered the Rhineland.
Countries involved? Germany
How did it shape the international order? This was significant because it violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties, marking the first time since the end of World War I that German troops had been in this region. The remilitarization changed the balance of power in Europe from France towards Germany, and made it possible for Germany to pursue a policy of aggression in Eastern Europe that the demilitarized status of the Rhineland had blocked until then.
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Sources:
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/german-occupation/
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What is it? The Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a colonial war from 3 October 1935 to 1939 between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy and those of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia). Ethiopia was defeated, annexed and subjected to military occupation until the defeat of Italy in East Africa in 1941, during the East African Campaign of the Second World War.

Italy and Ethiopia were members of the League of Nations yet the League was unable to control Italy or to protect Ethiopia when Italy violated Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The Abyssinia Crisis of 1935 is often seen as a clear demonstration of the ineffectiveness of the league.
Countries involved? Ethiopia and Italy
How did it shape the international order? The Italian victory coincided with the zenith of the popularity of dictator Benito Mussolini and the Fascist regime at home and abroad. Ethiopia was consolidated with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into Africa Orientale Italiana (Italian East Africa). Mussolini's international popularity decreased when he endorsed the Anschluss (annexation of Austria) by Nazi Germany in 1938, beginning a political tilt toward Germany that destroyed Mussolini and the Fascist regime in 1943.
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Summary
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Sources:
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/italy.htm
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma04/wood/mot/html/ethiopia.htm
"After Italians Capture Adigrat" Jan 1935
https://martinplaut.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/images-of-invasion-and-occupation-italy-in-eritrea-and-ethiopia-1935/

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What is it? The Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China, known as Manchuria.

On September 18, 1931, Lt. Suemori Kawamoto detonated a small quantity of dynamite close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden (now Shenyang).The explosion was so weak that it failed to destroy the track, and a train passed over it minutes later.
Countries involved? Japan and China
How did it shape the international order?The Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo six months later. The ruse of war was soon exposed by the Lytton Report of 1932, leading Japan to diplomatic isolation and its March 1933 withdrawal from the League of Nations
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Sources:http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1499.html
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What is it? A series of agreements whereby Germany, France Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe. The treaties were initialed at Locarno, Switz., on October 16 and signed in London on December 1.

Countries involved? Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain and Italy

How did it shape the international order? The treaty of mutual guarantee provided that the German-Belgian and Franco-German frontiers as fixed by the Treaty of Versailles were inviolable; that Germany, Belgium, and France would never attack each other except in “legitimate defense” or in consequence of a League of Nations obligation; that they would settle their disputes by pacific means

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Sources:https://www.britannica.com/event/Pact-of-Locarno

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What is it? A period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic's failure to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I.
Countries involved? Belgium Germany and France
How did it shape the international order? Angered many Germans and allowed for the rise of Hitler to power.
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Sources:
"Ruhr Occupation," Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruhr-occupation
"The Versailles Treaty," Carlos Magana, UC Santa Barbara
http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/1920s/VersaillesTreatyCarlos.htm
DO NOT CITE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr
"Germans defend Ruhr Valley from French and Belgian invasion (Ruhrkampf)" Swarthmore College
https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/germans-defend-ruhr-valley-french-and-belgian-invasion-ruhrkampf-1923
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What is it?
In the years following the First World War, issues of debt repayment and reparations troubled relations between the Allies and the now defeated Germany. The U.S.-sponsored Dawes and Young Plans offered a possible solution to these challenges.  a plan to ensure payments of reparations by Germany after World War I, devised by an international committee headed by Charles Gates Dawes and put into effect in 1924
Countries involved? United States, Germany and Great Britain
How did it shape the international order? This occupation of the centre of the German coal and steel industries outraged the German people. They passively resisted the occupation, and the economy suffered, contributing further to the German hyperinflation.

Summary

Sources:
Georgetown University, "The International Financial System Under the Dawes Plan and Young Plan", graphic:
https://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/htallant/courses/shared/dawes.gif

United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, "The Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, German Reparations, and Inter-allied War Debts":

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/dawes
Lawrence Daily Journal-World, Volume LXIX, Number 118, May 18, 1925
https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hkxkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KXUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3061%2C5132850

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1. Formation of the League of Nations (1920)

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1. Formation of the League of Nations (1920)

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What is it? An international assembly of nations with the goal to prevent anything like WWI from happening again; its principal mission was to maintain world peace through negotiation and disarmament.

Countries involved? At its highest population from September 1934 to February 1935, it had 58 members.

How did it shape the international order? The League of Nations tried to stop international aggression and conflicts, but was overwhelmingly ineffective. Countries could ignore the League without facing consequences, and ultimately it was an old band-aid slapped upon the chaotic post-WWI society, eventually leading to a new balance of tensions that fueled WWII.

Sources:

United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, "The League of Nations, 1920":

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/league
"League of Nations Meeting at Geneva," 1928, Library and Archives Canada/C-9055
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/league-of-nations/