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The coalitions mainly consisted of Austria, Prussia, and Britain in extreme opposition to the revolutionary ideas of France for fear of spread of civil revolt (and of tyranny shown through Robespierre's dictatorship), and reassertion of traditional monarch power

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In Napoleon's reestablishment of power, he was defeated in The Battle of Waterloo in the allies' forces against him. This ended the regime and power struggle of France, as well as the wars pertaining to the French Revolution. The image below depicts the charge of The Royal Scots Grey, a British Calvary, at the battle.

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Napoleon's greatest victory in Egypt was the Battle of Pyramids which secures position of Cairo, in campaign of interfering British trade and commerce.

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Horrifying Massacres of Women by Anonymous (1796)

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Horrifying Massacres of Women by Anonymous (1796)

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This image depicts the September Massacres, where the peasants feared invasion of Prussian forces and freeing the nobility and aristocracy in the prisons

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Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen (1828-1876)

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Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen (1828-1876)

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*Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 with 600,000 soldiers, 30 days worth of food, and over 50,000 horses.
The following shows Napoleon and his troops marching home through the harsh conditions of Russia, which for centuries had burned its lands of any resource to provide for foreign armies. Tchaicovsky's famous "Overture of 1812" piece also reflects the heavy loss on the french's army, as they lost more than 500,000 men to starvation, disease, and imprisonment..

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The Plumb-pudding in Danger by James Gillray (1805)

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The Plumb-pudding in Danger by James Gillray (1805)

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In this caricature, William Pitt, the British prime minister is shown on the left with Napoleon on the right, where Pitt is taking half the world whereas Napoleon is taking a smaller portion of Europe. This is meant to reflect the Britain's continual control of the spice trade and its colonies whereas France only gains small lands in Europe, and eventually loses Haiti. This puts Napoleon's expansion and power into perspective of Britain's naval control

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At Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia resulting in the loss of nearly 570,000 troops of his 600,000 and his refusal to settle for a smaller France despite his condition, Austria and Prussia left France to form an alliance with Great Britain and Russia plotting to finally defeat the French Emperor. Their alliance ultimately proved the defeat of Napoleon who had been severely weakened upon his failed invasion of Russia, establishing Louis XVIII as new King of France and finally putting to end over 25 years worth of war between Europe and revolutionary France.

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Napoleon, newly declared emperor of France, plotted to attack Great Britain after restricting their trade with the rest of Europe. His Mediterranean fleet, however, was confronted by and decisively destroyed by Lord Nelson. This proved to Napoleon that the invasion of France was as of that moment impossible and set forth to further expand in Europe. Napoleon's expansion would bring forth wars for territorial expansion before he tried once more with the idea of a Continental System. Nelson, meanwhile, was shot and died as Britain proclaimed victor and was heralded as a war hero.

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The peasantry of France, in fear of invasion and out of a desire to maintain their gains from revolution, embark on a mass killing spree of counter-revolutionaries. This was done in response to rumors spreading about how they would aid the invaders. Prisons were rushed by crowds of people and jailed priests and aristocrats were killed. The September Massacre occurred after France's initial defeat against the First Coalition, which declared France in danger and Louis XVI's imprisonment for treason, implanting fear into the peasants.

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The eastern states of Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Britain joined to balance powers of Napoleon's expansion and threatening power through assumption to the Italian crown. However Napoleon triumphed as the Battle of Austerlitz and the coalition dispelled.

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In response to Vincent Oge's demands of political rights for all free citizens, the National Convention passed a legislature granting political rights to free people of color born to two free parents who possessed sufficient property. This was refused by the colonial governor of Saint-Domingue (later Haiti) sparking violent revolts from people of color against the white elite. These events would intervene with France's upcoming wars against the First Coalition, forcing the (at the time) National Assembly to allow people of color full citizenship rights.

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As the power of France grew, countries begin to feel alarmed by the constant presence dawning upon them. After France interfered with Swiss and Roman affairs, war breaks out from Malta to Egypt. The French end up losing all the Italian territory won by Napoleon, and although they recovered some of it, it was not enough to save the reputation that was once placed firmly.

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In 1796, Napoleon was put in command of an army of 37,000 who were under harsh conditions and very demoralized. Although his army was in a sense depressed, Napoleon was a young active person which was key to his success as a commander. Instead of going through the obvious route of the coast, where the Austrians were waiting, he decided to split his army and attack them by surprise in Montenotte.

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He was a freed slave who fought for anti slavery and was considered a revolutionary inspired by the details of revolution in France. Thus he and many other slaves had revolted, turning to the Spanish with interest of supporting them.

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Colonial Expansion: Heavy slave labor, sugar plantation, and ethnic conflicts
1787(-9) - French Revolution
1790-92 - uprisings and revolts for justice, Convention gave full rights to free people of color
1793 - British invade Haiti, Convention abolishes slavery
1796 - L'Ouverture turn tides for France to regain colony
1804- independence

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L'Ouverture failed to show loyalty switching from freed slaves, to Spain, to France leading to turmoil. He couldn't prevent the inevitable civil war in Saint Domingue. This made him a successful military leader, but an ineffective leader as the conflict between Free Colored elite and the freed slaves heightened. When Napoleon planned to reestablish slavery for profit, L'Ouverture was unable to defeat the French on Haitian soil, and was arrested and eventually died in France.

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By: Isaias Castro, Lindsay Jao, Nathan Laino, and Daniel Hall

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By: Isaias Castro, Lindsay Jao, Nathan Laino, and Daniel Hall

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Success:
L'Ouverture freed slave who served the people, Spain, and later France to win over colonial Haiti for independence. He had incited the first successful massive slave revolt leading to a nation, which contributed to France abolishing slavery. He expanded France's territory and funds against Britain and Spain, and eventually became ruler of Saint Domingue.

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The First Coalition was established in order to stop France and the Revolution is was going through. Although France was seemingly in a bad position, the size of its army and the bad communication between the allies allowed for an even battle field. The Coalition did not work since there were internal conflicts between countries and there was a switch in alliance made by the Dutch and Spain.

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The Jacobins were a group of radicals that spread ideas of ridding Monarchy and fighting tyranny all across Europe leading to France being attacked from enemies from the North, South, East, West, and having those within France fear internal conflict especially from their leader Robespierre.

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Failures:
Although considered to rival Napoleon, Nelson failed to defeat France in many of the wars of the first coalition, resulting in a loss of Austria's holdings. He also failed to push naval battle out of England's defensive for 22 years, and was unable to initially stop Napoleon from entering Egypt, harming Britain's global trade and commerce. Additionally, he had not lived through the revolution to see the end of the war; He died from wounds of Trafalgar.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/trafalgar_01.shtml#seven

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Success:
Nelson, held as the Savior of Britain, defended colonial holdings of the Spice trade from Napolean's plans to control Egypt and the trade. He won the Battle of Trafalgar, ensuring that France would never invade Britain in its naval power and strength as well as flawed Napolean's Continental Blockade.

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Although the French were successful in fighting battles through expertise and good weapons, they had one thing that allowed them to have an even larger advantage. That advantage came to be because of Lazare Carnot who inspired the French to become the first country to attempt national conscription. In other other words, every person (including children) were to contribute something for the war.

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The more radical side of the Jacobins took over the convention under Robespierre, and the following The Great Terror put the people of France into a state of fear, spiraling France into a state of violence and chaos along with Europe. Robespierre began ruling a dictatorship, denying free speech and killed anyone opposing his rule which accumulated to over 40,000 people. It was in the more radical side of the Jacobins that pushed for militarization won wars against the First Coalition, however a the cost of tyrannical rule.

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1791 Varennes - Monarchy attempts to seek help from Austria in the Netherlands, gets discovered
1791 - Declaration of Pillnitz- coalition between Austria and Prussia
1792 September Massacres, peasants fear invasion
1792-93 - France gains Belgium/Netherlands, Rhine lands of Germany, and Nice and Savoy of Italy
1793- First Coalition: Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Portugal, Spain, Sardinia
1795 Dutch support France, 1796 Spain support France
1797 - Campio Formio
1798-99 - Campaign of Egypt
1798 - Second Coalition: Britain, Austria and Russia, Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Naples
1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte ascends to power, France gains Naples
1803 - Third Coalition: Austria Russia, Sweden, Britain
1812 Napoleon invades Russia, failure

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Success:
The Jacobins, pamphleteers against monarchy during The Great Fear, rose to power in establishment of the Legislative Assembly and National Convention, ushering France into war with the rest of Europe to spread revolutionary ideals against the oppression of monarchy. Urban poor and lower classes of the Netherlands and Rhine similar to the sans culottes united with France for reform against oppressive rulers. The Jacobins spread radical individualism, minimizing Christianity and implementing revolutionary thought through cultural aspects of plates, calendars, and household goods.

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Napoleon reflected revolutionary ideals of equality through the Napoleonic code which issued equality of all citizens before law and the security of wealth and private property. He additionally abolished feudal dues and serfdom, as well as allowed peasants to retain lands gained from the revolution.

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Napoleon sought to weaken Britain's power, and issued the Continental Blockade in hopes of damaging trade. However that resulted in decrease of french economy and trade as well. Napoleon's Campaign of Egypt initially succeeded however ended in failure from British invasion and then Syrian wars. He levied heavy taxes which resulted in social upheavals, seeing him as an expansionist tyrant. The invasion of Russia ended in devastating failure as all invasions did, and Napoleon abdicated from his throne. His attempt to return to power in 1815 ended in failure from the Allies Coalition turned against him.

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The Declaration of Pillnitz joined Austria and Prussia in alliance against the radical, revolutionary ideas of the French Republic and called to reassert monarchical power (Louis XVI). Although this call was meant to allow people to peacefully allow royalty back into their positions, the "Frenchmen" viewed it as a threat and call to arms. The misunderstanding of the Declaration of Pillnitz caused the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

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Success:
Napoleon became the first emperor of France, and appeased people of all class through the Napoleonic Code,--qualifying citizens to work for the government--reaching agreements with the church, and allowing elite emigres to return to France. He also improved France's army into the strongest military force from national conscription and system of rise in ranks. Gaining territories in west Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, he had conquered and formed alliances with nearly all of Europe save for Russia from 1812 and Great Britain throughout the war. By placing family members to rule over lands, he made a strong dictatorship with authority among other nations.

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Not so purely anti-revolutionary, Nelson was concerned about losing territory to France, the sworn enemy of Britain. He had wanted to serve the crown of England of which most certainly was against these revolutionary ideals, thus making him an anti revolutionary. His dying words were to have said, "Thank god I have done my duty."