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Pavlo

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Ivan Pavlov Contribution to Psychology | Law & Theory - Lesson | Study.com

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Learn about Ivan Pavlov’s contribution to psychology, including Pavlov’s law, Pavlov’s theory, and Pavlov’s dog experiment in classical…

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By Gary M. Landsberg, BSc, DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Director, Veterinary Affairs and Product Development, CanCog Technologies, and Veterinary Behaviourist, North Toronto Veterinary Behaviour Specialty Clinic;Sagi Denenberg, DVM, DACVB, Dip. ECAWBM (Behaviour), MACVSc (Behaviour), North Toronto Veterinary Behaviour Specialty Clinic

Many behavioral problems are associated with confinement. Under free-ranging circumstances, horses wander and spend >60% of their day foraging. The remainder of their time is spent resting (standing or lying down), grooming, or engaging in another activity. This same pattern is seen under barn conditions; even with free choice of grain, horses will eat many small meals a day. Horses are highly social animals that require contact with others for normal daily maintenance and well-being. Isolating horses can lead to development of problems. The main goal of managing behavior problems in horses is to identify the deviation from normal equine behavior and correct it.

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Behavioral Problems of Horses - Behavior - Veterinary Manual

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By Gary M. Landsberg, BSc, DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Director, Veterinary Affairs and Product Development, CanCog Technologies, and Veterinary Behaviourist, North Toronto Veterinary Behaviour Specialty Clinic ; Sagi Denenberg, DVM, DACVB, Dip. ECAWBM (Behaviour), MACVSc (Behaviour), North Toronto Veterinary Behaviour Specialty Clinic Many behavioral problems are associated with confinement.

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Animal behaviour and stereotypy behaviour 

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Animal behaviour and stereotypy behaviour 

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Born free on animal behaviour and stereotypy behaviour

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Ensuring reasonable animal welfare in captivity is extremely challenging. Animal species have evolved over millennia and their physical, physiological and behavioural traits have developed in order to optimise their chances of survival in their natural environment.

In captivity, animals may face a number of challenges for which evolution has not prepared them. The climate, diet and the size and characteristics of the enclosure may be completely alien to the species as it exists in the wild.

Captive animals may no longer be able to have control over their environment, nor carry out evolved behaviours aimed at enhancing their welfare or survival prospects. Instead they must rely on humans to provide for many of their physical, social, biological and other needs.

If the captive environment does not cater for the species-specific needs of the animal, there can be a deterioration in both physical and mental health such as the development of abnormal behaviour, disease and even early mortality.

Similarly, invasive interventions such as the restriction of movement, training using negative reinforcement techniques, being trained to preform unnatural behaviours or making modifications to the normal physiology of animals to reduce risks when handling, can cause severe and lasting distress.

Abnormal behaviour can include stereotypic behaviours - repetitive behaviours which appear to have no obvious goal or function - such as repetitive pacing, swaying, head-bobbing or circling and bar-biting 'demonstrably caused by the frustration of natural behaviour patterns, impaired brain function, or repeated attempts to deal with some problem' (Mason, 2005); over-grooming, excessive licking and vocalisation are recognised as displacement behaviours, 'arising out of conflict when an animal is driven to perform two behaviours at the same time' e.g. conflict between the fear of the keeper and the desire to get food (Bacon 2011); apathy and redirected aggression.
Further explanation on abnormal behaviour and examples:

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Ensuring reasonable animal welfare in captivity is extremely challenging. Animal species have evolved over millennia and their physical, physiological and behavioural traits have developed in order to optimise their chances of survival in their natural environment. In captivity, animals may face a number of challenges for which evolution has not prepared them.

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Very Well website

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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food. However, he also noted that the animals began to salivate whenever they saw the white lab coat of an experimental assistant. It was through this observation that Pavlov discovered that by associating the presentation of food with the lab assistant, a conditioned response occurred.

This discovery had a reverberating influence on psychology. Pavlov was also able to demonstrate that the animals could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone as well. Pavlov's discovery had a major influence on other thinkers including John B. Watson and contributed significantly to the development of the school of thought known as behaviorism.

Take a closer look at Ivan Pavlov's life and career in this brief biography.

"Science demands from a man all his life. If you had two lives that would not be enough for you. Be passionate in your work and in your searching." - Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov Is Best Known For:

His Early Life

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in a small village in Ryazan, Russia, where his father was the village priest. His earliest studies were focused on theology, but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of the Species had a powerful influence on his future interests.

He soon abandoned his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science. In 1870, he began studying the natural sciences at the University of Saint Petersberg.

Pavlov's Career and Discovery of Classical Conditioning

Pavlov's primary interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences.

He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and continued to oversee the program for the next 45 years.

While researching the digestive function of dogs, he noted his subjects would salivate before the delivery of food. In a series of well-known experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus other than food. He termed this response a conditional reflex. Pavlov also discovered that these reflexes originate in the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Pavlov received considerable acclaim for his work, including a 1901 appointment to the Russian Academy of Sciences and the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The Soviet government also offered substantial support for Pavlov's work, and the Soviet Union soon became a leading center of physiology research.

He died on February 27, 1936.

Significant Contributions to Psychology

While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of psychology altogether, his work had a major influence on the field, particularly on the development of behaviorism. His discovery and research on reflexes influenced the growing behaviorist movement, and his work was often cited in John B. Watson's writings.

Other researchers utilized Pavlov's work in the study of conditioning as a form of learning. His research also demonstrated techniques of studying reactions to the environment in an objective, scientific method.

Select Publications by Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Pavlov, I.P. Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes: Twenty-Five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity Behavior of Animals.

Pavlov, I. P. (1994) Psychopathology and Psychiatry.

A Word From Verywell

Ivan Pavlov may not have set out to change the face of psychology, but his work had a profound and lasting influence on the science of the mind and behavior.

His discovery of classical conditioning helped establish the school of thought known as behaviorism. Thanks to the work of behavioral thinkers such as Watson and Skinner, behaviorism rose to be a dominant force within psychology during the first half of the twentieth-century.

Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E (Eds.). (2012). A history of Modern Psychology. Australia Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Todes, DP. Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science. New York: Oxford; 2014.

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A Profile of Ivan Pavlov and His Discovery of Classical Conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food. However, he also noted that the animals began to salivate whenever they saw the white lab coat of an experimental assistant.

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Economic Benefits of Land Conservation : ConservationTools

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The conservation of natural lands and of working farms and forests can generate financial returns, both to governments and individuals, and create signi...