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At the beginning of the 1800s, Latin America was firmly under the control of Spain and Portugal. The revolutionary zeal that had recently created the United States and had taken off Louis XVI's head in France arrived in South America, and a racially diverse group of people who felt more South American than European took over. John covers the soft revolution of Brazil, in which Prince Pedro boldly seized power from his father, but promised to give it back if King João ever returned to Brazil. He also covers the decidedly more violent revolutions in Mexico, Venezuela, and Argentina. Watch the video to see Simón Bolívar's dream of a United South America crushed, even as he manages to liberate a bunch of countries and get two currencies and about a thousand schools and parks named after him.

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Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31

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18th century Italy was divided into states. Early 1848 rebellions broke out in Sicily. Von Raddatz planned on retaking Milan. Ferdinand II forced to introduce a constitution. Charles Albert received thousands of troops. They entered Milan on March 25th and continued on to Goitre. Defeated the Austrians on May 30th. Austrians regroup and take Venezuela in early June. Von Raddatz and Charles Albert battle at Cousteau's in late July and sign a truce. Milan was quickly occupied by Austrians. City was bombarded for months. November 1848 the minister of justice was assassinated and protests were held. Rome declared a republic in 1849. French troops captured Rome and stayed in the city until 1870. French unification.

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First Italian Unification War | 3 Minute History

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Germany divided into hundreds of states. Osteria was most powerful. Prussia kingdom expanded and became dominant power in Europe. Revolutions of 1848 pushed for united German constitution. Many German states adopted their own constitution.1861 king Wilhelm I became king of Prussia. Prussians became victorious and united the northern states into the northern German confederation.

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The year 1789 is the great dividing line in the history of modern France. The fall of the Bastille, a medieval fortress used as a state prison, on July 14, 1789, symbolizes for France, as well as for other nations, the end of the premodern era characterized by an organicist and religiously sanctioned traditionalism. With the French Revolution began the institutionalization of secularized individualism in both social life and politics; individualism and rationality found expression in parliamentary government and written constitutionalism. Obviously, the English and American revolutions of 1688 and 1776 prefigure these changes, but it was the more universalist French Revolution that placed individualism and rationality squarely at the centre of human concerns.

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France - France, 1715-89: The year 1789 is the great dividing line in the history of modern France. The fall of the Bastille, a medieval fortress used as a state prison, on July 14, 1789, symbolizes for France, as well as for other nations, the end of the premodern era characterized by an organicist and religiously sanctioned traditionalism.

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In 1494, the two kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) divided the New World between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas. In 1500, navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in what is now Brazil and claimed it in the name of King Manuel I of Portugal. The Portuguese identified brazilwood as a valuable red dye and an exploitable product and attempted to force indigenous groups in Brazil to cut the trees, but at first gave little attention to the area. Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract brazilwood, and the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land by setting up hereditary captaincies, which were largely a failure. Starting in the 16th century, sugarcane production became the base of Brazilian economy and society, with the use of slaves on large plantations to make sugar for export to Europe. Throughout most of the colonial period, the Portuguese settlers fought conflicts with the French and the Dutch for control over the territory. The discovery of gold in the early 18th century ushered in a gold rush, bringing in many new European settlers.

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Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract brazilwood, and the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land by setting up hereditary captaincies, which were largely a failure.

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One of the major outcomes of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of German Confederation, a loose association of 39 states designed to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. It acted as a buffer between the powerful states of Austria and Prussia to preserve the Concert of Europe. Most historians have judged the Confederation as weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to German nationalist aspirations. Further efforts to improve the Confederation began in 1834 with the establishment of a customs union, the Zollverein , to manage tariffs and economic policies. It collapsed due to the rivalry between Prussia and Austria, warfare, the 1848 revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise. It was replaced by the North German Confederation in 1866.

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The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole.