# data[].attributes.headline
Cancer : « une tumeur est un simili organe connecté au système nerveux »

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Cancer : « une tumeur est un simili organe connecté au système nerveux »

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Les « épines » sont apparues 28 fois indépendamment au cours de l’évolution

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Les « épines » sont apparues 28 fois indépendamment au cours de l’évolution

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Les « épines » sont apparues 28 fois indépendamment au cours de l’évolution

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Maladie de Charcot : la piste d’une mutation de l’ADN mitochondrial

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Maladie de Charcot : la piste d’une mutation de l’ADN mitochondrial

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De la lumière pour conserver les fraises

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De la lumière pour conserver les fraises

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De la lumière pour conserver les fraises

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Le thalamus, première étape dans la perception consciente

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Le thalamus, première étape dans la perception consciente

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Le thalamus, première étape dans la perception consciente

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L’évolution du sexe chez les plantes se dévoile

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L’évolution du sexe chez les plantes se dévoile

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L’évolution du sexe chez les plantes se dévoile

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Une première cartographie des mitochondries du cerveau

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Une première cartographie des mitochondries du cerveau

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Une première cartographie des mitochondries du cerveau _ Pour la Science

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Mega meteorite tore up seabed and boiled Earth's oceans

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Mega meteorite tore up seabed and boiled Earth's oceans

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Georgina RannardClimate and science reporter

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S2 meteorite: What happened when a rock as big as London hit Earth?

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It was 200 times bigger than the one that wiped out the dinosaurs nearly three billion years later.

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AI to help doctors spot broken bones on X-rays

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AI to help doctors spot broken bones on X-rays

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AI to help doctors detect broken bones on X-rays

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It is safe, could speed up diagnosis and relieve NHS pressure, the health assessment body says.

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Lost history of Antarctica revealed in octopus DNA

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Lost history of Antarctica revealed in octopus DNA

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Lost history of Antarctica revealed in octopus DNA

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Genes show signatures of an ice sheet collapse and warn of a precarious future

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Million year-old bubbles could solve ice age mystery

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Million year-old bubbles could solve ice age mystery

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Georgina RannardClimate and science reporter

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Million year-old bubbles could solve ice age mystery

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What is probably the world’s oldest ice, dating back 1.2m years ago, has been dug out from deep within Antarctica.

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Doctors trialling 'poo pills' to flush out dangerous superbugs

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Doctors trialling 'poo pills' to flush out dangerous superbugs

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Doctors use poo pills to flush out dangerous superbugs

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Can a dose of good bacteria clear superbugs from their hiding place in the bowels?

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AI cracks superbug problem in two days that took scientists years

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AI cracks superbug problem in two days that took scientists years

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AI cracks superbug problem in two days that took scientists years

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The lead researcher has told the BBC he was so astounded he assumed his computer had been hacked.

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Untangling science from political ideology - the legacy of genetics

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Untangling science from political ideology - the legacy of genetics

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Untangling science from political ideology - the legacy of genetics | The history of genetics is a long one, and many of its greatest names have held deeply troubling beliefs.

In the 2023 JBS Haldane Lecture, Adam... | By Royal Institution of Great Britain | Facebook

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The history of genetics is a long one, and many of its greatest names have held deeply troubling beliefs.

In the 2023 JBS Haldane Lecture, Adam...

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Les approches telles que la chimiothérapie ont tendance à n’être efficaces que contre les cellules cancéreuses qui prolifèrent le plus. À l’Institut Curie, Raphaël Rodriguez et son équipe ont opté pour une démarche unique. Ils ciblent les cellules à fort potentiel métastatique grâce à une molécule capable d’induire une mort cellulaire particulière, médiée par le fer : la ferroptose.

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Donneur de sperme porteur d'une prédisposition aux cancers : cinq questions à la biologiste qui a étudié cette affaire concernant plusieurs dizaines d'enfants en Europe

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Donneur de sperme porteur d'une prédisposition aux cancers : cinq questions à la biologiste qui a étudié cette affaire concernant plusieurs dizaines d'enfants en Europe

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INTERVIEW. Donneur de sperme porteur d’une prédisposition aux cancers : cinq questions à la biologiste qui a étudié cette affaire concernant plusieurs dizaines d’enfants en Europe

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Entre 2008 et 2015, une banque de sperme privée du Danemark a distribué, sans le savoir, le sperme d’un donneur porteur d’une mutation génétique prédisposant aux cancers.

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L'orthogneiss: la roche officiellement la plus vieille de France hexagonale.

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L'orthogneiss: la roche officiellement la plus vieille de France hexagonale.

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BRGM ▪️ Sciences de la Terre on Instagram: "C’est parti pour une nouvelle série de vidéos.

Pour le 1er épisode, on vous parle de l’orthogneiss. La roche officiellement la plus vieille de France hexagonale.

Un gneiss, à la base, c’est un granite qui a été soumis à une forte pression et de hautes températures en s’enfouissant dans le sous-sol. C’est une roche métamorphique.

Vous aviez déjà vu un galet comme celui-là ?

Et si vous en avez en stock, partagez-les en story en nous mentionnant, on les partagera sur notre compte !"

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328 likes, 4 comments - brgm_fr on May 18, 2025: "C’est parti pour une nouvelle série de vidéos.

Pour le 1er épisode, on vous parle de l’orthogneiss. La roche officiellement la plus vieille de France hexagonale.

Un gneiss, à la base, c’est un granite qui a été soumis à une forte pression et de hautes températures en s’enfouissant dans le sous-sol. C’est une roche métamorphique.

Vous aviez déjà vu un galet comme celui-là ?

Et si vous en avez en stock, partagez-les en story en nous mentionnant, on les partagera sur notre compte !". 

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93K views · 1.1K reactions | Fossilised time capsules - with Chris Jackson | Tiny organisms called Foraminifera have been in the oceans for millions of years, and studying their fossilised shells can help us understand how the... | By Royal Institution of Great Britain | Facebook

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Tiny organisms called Foraminifera have been in the oceans for millions of years, and studying their fossilised shells can help us understand how the...

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VIDÉO. Un record absolu, une avancée majeure pour la science : une glace vieille de plus d'un million d'années prélevée à 2800 mètres de profondeur

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VIDÉO. Un record absolu, une avancée majeure pour la science : une glace vieille de plus d'un million d'années prélevée à 2800 mètres de profondeur

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VIDÉO. Un record absolu, une avancée majeure pour la science : une glace vieille de plus d’un million d’années prélevée à 2800 mètres de profondeur

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Des glaciologues du projet européen Beyond Epica sont parvenus, début janvier, à prélever une glace vieille de plus d’un million d’années. Une avancée majeure pour les scientifiques du CNRS, à Grenoble, qui pourrait amener…

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Dangerous temperatures could kill 50% more Europeans by 2100, study finds

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Dangerous temperatures could kill 50% more Europeans by 2100, study finds

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Dangerous temperatures could kill 50% more Europeans by 2100, study finds

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Net increase of 80,000 deaths a year projected in hottest scenario, with milder winters failing to redress balance

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Brut. on Instagram: "Marie Msika-Razon est médecin généraliste et depuis quelques mois, elle expérimente un logiciel d'enregistrement pendant ses consultations. Un outil qui lui permet de ne pas prendre de notes et de gagner du temps, mais surtout de se concentrer sur la discussion avec ses patients. On l'a testé pour voir comment ça fonctionne.⁣
⁣
À l'occasion de la première édition du Sommet pour l'action sur l'intelligence artificielle à Paris, Brut. va explorer, toute la semaine, l'IA et son implication dans nos vies quotidiennes."

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23K likes, 420 comments - brutofficiel on February 12, 2025: "Marie Msika-Razon est médecin généraliste et depuis quelques mois, elle expérimente un logiciel d'enregistrement pendant ses consultations. Un outil qui lui permet de ne pas prendre de notes et de gagner du temps, mais surtout de se concentrer sur la discussion avec ses patients. On l'a testé pour voir comment ça fonctionne.⁣
⁣
À l'occasion de la première édition du Sommet pour l'action sur l'intelligence artificielle à Paris, Brut. va explorer, toute la semaine, l'IA et son implication dans nos vies quotidiennes.". 

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Angélie Portal, la géophysicienne qui lit le sol comme un livre

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Angélie Portal, la géophysicienne qui lit le sol comme un livre

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Angélie Portal, la géophysicienne qui lit le sol comme un livre - CIDJ

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Du plus loin qu’elle se souvienne, Angélie Portal a toujours collectionné les cailloux.

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Les confins de la conscience explorés grâce aux expériences de mort imminente

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Les confins de la conscience explorés grâce aux expériences de mort imminente

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Théories de la conscience : un consensus impossible ?

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Théories de la conscience : un consensus impossible ?

# data[].attributes.headline
Podcast: Prévoir le devenir des glaciers

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Podcast: Prévoir le devenir des glaciers

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[Podcast : À l’écoute de la science] Prévoir le devenir des glaciers : la glaciologie aux avant-postes du changement climatique

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Qu’ils disparaissent dans les Alpes ou résistent en Himalaya, les glaciers nous alertent : ils sont les témoins silencieux mais sensibles du réchauffement climatique. Dans cet épisode du podcast À l’écoute de la Science, la glaciologue Fanny Brun nous emmène sur le terrain pour comprendre ce que les glaciers nous disent d’un monde qui change, et pourquoi chaque degré compte.

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[À l’écoute de la science] Les mystères du sommeil

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À quoi sert le sommeil ? Que se passe-t-il dans notre cerveau quand nous dormons ? Comment favoriser un sommeil de qualité ? Dans cet épisode du podcast À l’écoute de la science, Armelle Rancillac, neurobiologiste au Collège de France, décrypte le fonctionnement du cerveau pendant le sommeil.

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Bactéries résistantes : la nouvelle alerte sur le lavage domestique des uniformes médicaux

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Bactéries résistantes : la nouvelle alerte sur le lavage domestique des uniformes médicaux

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Bactéries résistantes : la nouvelle alerte sur le lavage domestique des uniformes médicaux

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Découvrez les résultats inquiétants d’une étude sur le lavage domestique des uniformes médicaux dans la lutte contre les infections.

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Comment le concombre explosif optimise l’éjection de ses graines

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Comment le concombre explosif optimise l’éjection de ses graines

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Comment le concombre explosif optimise l’éjection de ses graines

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Les graines du concombre explosif sont projetées à 70 km/h. Ce mécanisme repose sur un transfert de fluides et une torsion du pédoncule, aboutissant à une dispersion optimale.

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Comment les phoques évitent la noyade en plongée

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Comment les phoques évitent la noyade en plongée

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Comment les phoques évitent la noyade en plongée

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Les phoques sont capables d’évaluer la concentration d’oxygène dans leur organisme. Une adaptation clé des mammifères marins pour bien estimer le temps de plongée en apnée.

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Chez les femmes, le second chromosome X limiterait le déclin cognitif

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Chez les femmes, le second chromosome X limiterait le déclin cognitif

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Chez les femmes, le second chromosome X limiterait le déclin cognitif

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Aérosols : le talon d’Achille des modèles climatiques

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Aérosols : le talon d’Achille des modèles climatiques

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Les microalgues des tourbières stockent efficacement le carbone

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Les microalgues des tourbières stockent efficacement le carbone

# data[].attributes.headline
Decades-long mystery of ginger cats revealed

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Decades-long mystery of ginger cats revealed

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Decades-long mystery of ginger cats revealed

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Researchers in Japan and US have unlocked the 60-year mystery of what gives cats their orange colour.

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The poison paradox: How Australia's deadliest animals save lives

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The poison paradox: How Australia's deadliest animals save lives

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The poison paradox: How Australia’s deadliest animals save lives

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The public antivenom programme saving lives in a place where, the joke goes, everything wants to kill you.

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New hope for patients with breast cancer gene

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New hope for patients with breast cancer gene

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Breast cancer gene families given hope by drug trial

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Treating patients with a drug before surgery greatly reduced the chances of the cancer coming back, a small trial found.

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Thérapies géniques : le scandale réglementaire des maladies rares

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Thérapies géniques : le scandale réglementaire des maladies rares

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Thérapies géniques : le scandale réglementaire des maladies rares

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L’ENQUÊTE DU DIMANCHE. Des traitements efficaces risquent de ne jamais être accessibles aux patients, en raison d’une réglementation inadaptée et trop contraignante.

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le phénotype, c’est phen-tastique | Bionum

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Des jumelles et leurs amis tombent dans le terrier de lapin de ce qu’est le phénotype et ce qu’il implique en se questionnant sur leurs différences…

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BD: on ne nait pas intelligent, on le devient

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BD: on ne nait pas intelligent, on le devient

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
🌿☀️ Mâtin, quel journal ! ☕️🎨 on Instagram: "🧠NEUROMYTHO – Dernier épisode de la série ! Et on termine sur une note optimiste : on ne naît pas forcément génie… mais on peut s'améliorer. 
Voici un rapide tour d’horizon des théories qui ont façonné notre représentation de l’intelligence :

🟤 Phrénologie (Gall, XIXe) : chaque bosse du crâne révélait un talent. Idée dépassée : une même zone du cerveau peut avoir plusieurs fonctions.

📉 Facteur g (Spearman, 1904) : un score unique d’intelligence, inné. Utile mais réducteur. L’environnement joue aussi un rôle.


🎭 Intelligences multiples (Gardner, 1983) : des profils cognitifs variés (musique, langage, corps…). Intéressant, mais trop cloisonné. Les compétences sont souvent liées entre différents domaines.

🧩 Facteurs larges (CHC, 2012) : tentative de synthèse avec des "grands facteurs" (mémoire, raisonnement…). Plus nuancé, mais les scores doivent être bien interprétés. Attention aux applis de “brain training” qui ne renforcent pas l’intelligence globale mais entraînent seulement une compétence.

🌐 Théories récentes : l’intelligence serait un réseau dynamique de compétences qui interagissent et évoluent avec l’expérience.

✨ En résumé : Un terrain, bien que fertile, doit être cultivé. L’intelligence n’est pas 100% figée. Le cerveau est plastique, façonné par ce qu’on vit et apprend.

🧠✨Un immense merci à Camille Blondet, notre experte en neurosciences, pour ses explications limpides et passionnantes 
Et à @moinionsaucebbq, dont les illustrations ont su rendre le fonctionnement de notre cerveau drôle, accessible et vivant, épisode après épisode.

📚 Pour creuser : Frames of Mind, Gardner (1983)

📍Contemporary Intellectual Assessment, Flanagan & Harrison (2022)

📍McGrew et al. (2023), «  »Beyond g » »

📍A Psychometric Network Analysis of CHC Intelligence Measures: Implications for Research, Theory, and Interpretation of Broad CHC Scores “Beyond g”
_
🎨Autrice : @moinionsaucebbq
👩‍🔬Experte en neurosciences : Camille Blondet
➡️série : #neuromythosurmâtin"

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2,998 likes, 20 comments - matin_queljournal on May 6, 2025: "🧠NEUROMYTHO – Dernier épisode de la série ! Et on termine sur une note optimiste : on ne naît pas forcément génie… mais on peut s'améliorer. 
Voici un rapide tour d’horizon des théories qui ont façonné notre représentation de l’intelligence :

🟤 Phrénologie (Gall, XIXe) : chaque bosse du crâne révélait un talent. Idée dépassée : une même zone du cerveau peut avoir plusieurs fonctions.

📉 Facteur g (Spearman, 1904) : un score unique d’intelligence, inné. Utile mais réducteur. L’environnement joue aussi un rôle.


🎭 Intelligences multiples (Gardner, 1983) : des profils cognitifs variés (musique, langage, corps…). Intéressant, mais trop cloisonné. Les compétences sont souvent liées entre différents domaines.

🧩 Facteurs larges (CHC, 2012) : tentative de synthèse avec des "grands facteurs" (mémoire, raisonnement…). Plus nuancé, mais les scores doivent être bien interprétés. Attention aux applis de “brain training” qui ne renforcent pas l’intelligence globale mais entraînent seulement une compétence.

🌐 Théories récentes : l’intelligence serait un réseau dynamique de compétences qui interagissent et évoluent avec l’expérience.

✨ En résumé : Un terrain, bien que fertile, doit être cultivé. L’intelligence n’est pas 100% figée. Le cerveau est plastique, façonné par ce qu’on vit et apprend.

🧠✨Un immense merci à Camille Blondet, notre experte en neurosciences, pour ses explications limpides et passionnantes 
Et à @moinionsaucebbq, dont les illustrations ont su rendre le fonctionnement de notre cerveau drôle, accessible et vivant, épisode après épisode.

📚 Pour creuser : Frames of Mind, Gardner (1983)

📍Contemporary Intellectual Assessment, Flanagan & Harrison (2022)

📍McGrew et al. (2023), «  »Beyond g » »

📍A Psychometric Network Analysis of CHC Intelligence Measures: Implications for Research, Theory, and Interpretation of Broad CHC Scores “Beyond g”
_
🎨Autrice : @moinionsaucebbq
👩‍🔬Experte en neurosciences : Camille Blondet
➡️série : #neuromythosurmâtin". 

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Spoan syndrome : the rare disease in a remote town where 'almost everyone is a cousin'

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Spoan syndrome : the rare disease in a remote town where 'almost everyone is a cousin'

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Giulia Granchi and Vitor TavaresBBC Brasil reporters sent to Serrinha dos Pintos

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Spoan disease: Rare condition in Brazil town popular for cousin marriage

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Many children in a Brazil town lost the ability to walk, so one scientist set about discovering why.

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Pioneering trial could 'switch off' arthritis

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Pioneering trial could 'switch off' arthritis

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The AuToDeCRA-2 study seeks to prove it is possible to train white blood cell commanders - dubbed the "generals" of the immune system - to order other "soldier" cells to stop attacking healthy tissues.

Prof John Isaacs, who has worked on the condition for 35 years and is leading the research, believes this could make it possible to "switch off" rheumatoid arthritis.

Trial participant Carol Robson, from Jarrow in South Tyneside, says the worst part of living with the disease is the pain, but if the research helps ease suffering "that would be wonderful".

The study, funded by the charity Versus Arthritis and the European Commission, is being run by Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals.

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Newcastle arthritis study hopes to 'switch off' pain

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By retraining blood cells, scientists believe they can "switch off" rheumatoid arthritis.

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Experts dispute claim dire wolf brought back from extinction

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Experts dispute claim dire wolf brought back from extinction

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Paleogeneticist Dr Nic Rawlence, also from Otago University, explained how ancient dire wolf DNA - extracted from fossilised remains - is too degraded and damaged to biologically copy or clone.

"Ancient DNA is like if you put fresh DNA in a 500 degree oven overnight," Dr Rawlence told BBC News. "It comes out fragmented - like shards and dust.

"You can reconstruct [it], but it's not good enough to do anything else with."

Instead, he added, the de-extinction team used new synthetic biology technology - using the ancient DNA to identify key segments of code that they could edit into the biological blueprint of a living animal, in this case a grey wolf.

"So what Colossal has produced is a grey wolf, but it has some dire wolf-like characteristics, like a larger skull and white fur," said Dr Rawlence. "It's a hybrid."

Dr Beth Shapiro, a biologist from Colossal Biosciences, said that this feat does represent de-extinction, which she described as recreating animals with the same characteristics.

"A grey wolf is the closest living relative of a dire wolf - they're genetically really similar - so we targeted DNA sequences that lead to dire wolf traits and then edited grey wolf cells... then we cloned those cells and created our dire wolves."

According to Dr Rawlence though, dire wolves diverged from grey wolves anywhere between 2.5 to six million years ago.

"It's in a completely different genus to grey wolves," he said. "Colossal compared the genomes of the dire wolf and the grey wolf, and from about 19,000 genes, they determined that 20 changes in 14 genes gave them a dire wolf."

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Experts dispute Colossal claim dire wolf back from extinction

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Independent experts say three white wolf puppies are not dire wolves, as claimed by US company Colossal

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Séquencer l'ADN des nourrissons : quand la chasse aux maladies rares fait vaciller la vie privée

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Séquencer l'ADN des nourrissons : quand la chasse aux maladies rares fait vaciller la vie privée

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'Unparalleled' snake antivenom made from man bitten 200 times

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'Unparalleled' snake antivenom made from man bitten 200 times

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‘Unparalleled’ snake antivenom made from man bitten 200 times

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Scientists hope to make a universal antivenom from the extraordinary blood of a man exposed to snake venom for decades.

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Bientôt des vaccins par spray nasal contre la grippe et le Covid-19 ?

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Bientôt des vaccins par spray nasal contre la grippe et le Covid-19 ?

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"Le système immunitaire va tuer la bactérie" : des chercheurs français ont trouvé comment lutter contre la résistance aux antibiotiques

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"Le système immunitaire va tuer la bactérie" : des chercheurs français ont trouvé comment lutter contre la résistance aux antibiotiques

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REPORTAGE. “Le système immunitaire va tuer la bactérie” : des chercheurs français ont trouvé comment lutter contre la résistance aux antibiotiques

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Des scientifiques français ont tdécouvert une molécule capable de “désarmer” les bactéries, c’est-à-dire d’empêcher ces bactéries de se défendre quand elles attaquent le corps humain.

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Preventing pandemics: the power of genomic sequencing

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Preventing pandemics: the power of genomic sequencing

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Preventing pandemics: the power of genomic sequencing

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During the Covid-19 pandemic, the benefits of sequencing infectious disease pathogens became more visible than ever before. The possibilities are ...

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Podcast: Stopping superbugs: antimicrobial resistance and the race for new antibiotics

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Podcast: Stopping superbugs: antimicrobial resistance and the race for new antibiotics

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Stopping superbugs: antimicrobial resistance and the race for new antibiotics

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Fingerprints of city-sized icebergs found off UK coast

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Fingerprints of city-sized icebergs found off UK coast

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Hundreds of ice shelves surround about three-quarters of today's Antarctic ice sheet, helping to hold back its vast glaciers.

But if ice shelves are lost, the glaciers behind can speed up, depositing more and more ice into the ocean and raising sea levels worldwide.

Exactly how this plays out, though, is "one of the largest sources of uncertainty in our models of sea level rise", Dr Kirkham told BBC News.

That's partly because scientists have only been able to use satellites for a few decades to observe about 10 cases of ice shelves collapsing - hence the desire to look for examples further back in time.

No ice shelf setting is the same, but the researchers say their findings from the former British-Irish ice sheet could help understand how Antarctica might respond to today's rapidly warming climate.

By looking at the changing scratch marks on the seafloor, the researchers discovered an abrupt shift in Britain's icebergs about 18,000 years ago, a time when the planet was gradually warming from a very cold period.

The occasional production of giant bergs ceased. Instead, smaller ones were produced much more frequently.

That indicates that the ice shelves suddenly disintegrated; without these massive floating platforms, such large icebergs could no longer be produced.

And it's potentially important because this coincides with the time when the glaciers behind began to retreat faster and faster.

The crucial, but unresolved, question is whether the disintegration of Britain's former ice shelves was merely a symptom of a quickly melting ice sheet - or whether the loss of these shelves directly triggered the runaway retreat of ice.

Resolving this chicken-and-egg dilemma, as Dr Kirkham put it, would shed light on how serious the impacts of losing today's Antarctic ice shelves might be.

"These ocean records are fascinating and have implications for Antarctica, as they illustrate the fundamental role of ice shelves in buttressing [holding back] the flow of continental ice into the ocean," said Prof Eric Rignot, glaciologist at the University of California, Irvine, who was not involved in the study.

"But the argument that the collapse of ice shelves triggered ice sheet collapse is only part of the story; the main forcing is warmer air temperature and warmer ocean temperature," he argued.

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Iceberg tracks found off UK coast could shed light on Antarctica

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Deep tracks gouged in the seafloor off the coast of Scotland could help us understand Antarctica today.

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In 1948, when Marie Tharp began working at the Lamont Geological Laboratory (now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University), very little was known about the structure of the seafloor; it was thought to be mostly flat and featureless.

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Déterminisme sexuel des plantes : la conquête d’un « Everest génomique »

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Déterminisme sexuel des plantes : la conquête d’un « Everest génomique »

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Déterminisme sexuel des plantes : la conquête d’un « Everest génomique »

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C’est une anomalie scientifique enfin réparée. Alors que le séquençage des chromosomes sexuels humains date de vingt ans, il aura fallu attendre 2025 pour percer les secrets des chromosomes X et Y du compagnon blanc (Silene latifolia), une modeste plante européenne aux attributs génétiques démesurés. Un consortium international vient de réussir ce tour de force, dévoilant bien plus qu’une simple curiosité botanique : leur publication(link is external) ouvre des perspectives prometteuses pour l’agriculture. Retour sur une avancée qui a permis d’identifier les gènes responsables du déterminisme sexuel et de retracer l’évolution de ces chromosomes dans le temps.

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Brut. on Instagram: "Est-ce que vous savez qu’un citron vert qui pousse en France sera jaune ou que l’orange est issue de croisements entre le pamplemousse et la mandarine ? Non ? Nous non plus. On a appris tout ça en suivant Jean-Noël, un agrumiculteur passionné qui cultive une cinquantaine de variétés d’agrumes sur la côte d’Azur."

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13K likes, 162 comments - brutofficiel on March 27, 2025: "Est-ce que vous savez qu’un citron vert qui pousse en France sera jaune ou que l’orange est issue de croisements entre le pamplemousse et la mandarine ? Non ? Nous non plus. On a appris tout ça en suivant Jean-Noël, un agrumiculteur passionné qui cultive une cinquantaine de variétés d’agrumes sur la côte d’Azur.". 

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Royal Institution of Great Britain

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249K views · 3.8K reactions | The adult brain isn't fixed — it changes, and adapts to what we do 🧠

In her Discourse, neuroscientist Eleanor Maguire illuminated the role of the... | By Royal Institution of Great Britain | Facebook

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The adult brain isn't fixed — it changes, and adapts to what we do 🧠

In her Discourse, neuroscientist Eleanor Maguire illuminated the role of the...

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Bactériophages : la médecine devient virale

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Bactériophages : la médecine devient virale

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Bactériophages : la médecine devient virale

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Peu d’armes existent contre les bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques, qui font des millions de morts. Mais des scientifiques ressuscitent une solution vieille d’un siècle, les bactériophages, des virus qui s’attaquent seulement aux bactéries.

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Podcast: AMOC, le climat à contre-courant

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Podcast: AMOC, le climat à contre-courant

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En 2023, Le GIEC jugeait très improbable un effondrement de l’AMOC d’ici la fin du siècle. Dans une récente lettre, certains experts estiment ce risque sous-estimé. Qu’est-ce que ce courant ? Comment influence-t-il le climat ? Son effondrement est-il imminent ? Quelles en seraient les conséquences ?

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Une endosymbiose artificielle réussie entre une bactérie et un champignon

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Une endosymbiose artificielle réussie entre une bactérie et un champignon

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Pour La Science

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Une endosymbiose artificielle réussie entre une bactérie et un champignon

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LES ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DU LAC LÉMAN ENFIN COMPRISES

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LES ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DU LAC LÉMAN ENFIN COMPRISES

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De l’origine de la plaisanterie chez les primates

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De l’origine de la plaisanterie chez les primates

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NHS to offer 'groundbreaking' sickle cell gene therapy

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NHS to offer 'groundbreaking' sickle cell gene therapy

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It is a multi-step process.

First, blood stem cells from a patient's bone marrow (where all blood cells originate) are removed from the body.

In the laboratory, a gene-editing tool called Crispr is used.

This allows a specific gene to be pinpointed and very precise editing to take place.

However, instead of directly editing a faulty gene, Casgevy instead takes advantage of a process that happens when babies are in the womb, where they make red blood cells with foetal haemoglobin (a key protein that carries oxygen). This switches to the adult form once they are born.

Crucially foetal haemoglobin is not affected by sickle cell disease, so Crispr acts by dampening down the "switch" that makes the body produce the adult form.

Patients have to undergo "conditioning" chemotherapy to make sure their bodies are ready to accept the edited stem cells.

Modified stem cells are then transfused back into the body, where they multiply and increase the production of stable, well-functioning red cells.

The full treatment must be considered carefully - it can involve lengthy stays in hospital and may have side effects, including headaches and bleeding problems.

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NHS to offer 'groundbreaking' sickle cell gene therapy

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The gene therapy Casgevy, which will now be offered to some patients in England, could help people live disease-free, experts say.

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le système immunitaire lutte aussi contre l'hypoglycémie

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le système immunitaire lutte aussi contre l'hypoglycémie

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Anthropocène, l’implacable enquête - Regarder le documentaire complet | ARTE

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L’humanité a-t-elle véritablement déclenché une nouvelle époque géologique par son impact sur la nature ? Un bilan argumenté et probant, dans les pas de chercheurs internationaux qui ont enquêté plus de dix ans à travers le monde.

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Histoire de la FIV

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Watch JOY - The Birth of IVF | Netflix Official Site

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Based on a true story, this drama follows three pioneering British scientists in the '60s and '70s and their struggle to develop IVF - against all odds. Watch trailers & learn more.

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Vous savez ce que c'est, une espèce ? Et ben ce n'est pas (du tout) évident.

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Vous savez ce que c'est, une espèce ? Et ben ce n'est pas (du tout) évident.

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Le Monde on Instagram: "Allez une colle : vous savez ce que c'est, une espèce ? Et ben ce n'est pas (du tout) évident. Vidéo : Pierre Lecornu ; graphisme : @OlivierEsch.er #biologie #sciences #darwin #especes"

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2,880 likes, 20 comments - lemondefr on December 15, 2024: "Allez une colle : vous savez ce que c'est, une espèce ? Et ben ce n'est pas (du tout) évident. Vidéo : Pierre Lecornu ; graphisme : @OlivierEsch.er #biologie #sciences #darwin #especes". 

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The French Gut: quand la recherche scientifique s'intéresse au microbiote des français !

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The French Gut: quand la recherche scientifique s'intéresse au microbiote des français !

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INRAE on Instagram: "Vous aviez les questions, voici les réponses 💡

Il y a quelques semaines, vous nous aviez posé toutes vos questions autour du microbiote intestinal. On les a partagées à Sébastien Fromentin, data analyst qui travaille sur le projet @lefrenchgut. 

Et voici ses réponses !

Vous avez d'autres questions sur le microbiote ? Posez les nous en commentaire 👇

#microbiote #science #santé #recherche #alimentation"

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337 likes, 15 comments - inrae on November 19, 2024: "Vous aviez les questions, voici les réponses 💡

Il y a quelques semaines, vous nous aviez posé toutes vos questions autour du microbiote intestinal. On les a partagées à Sébastien Fromentin, data analyst qui travaille sur le projet @lefrenchgut. 

Et voici ses réponses !

Vous avez d'autres questions sur le microbiote ? Posez les nous en commentaire 👇

#microbiote #science #santé #recherche #alimentation". 

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Steven Fruit on Instagram: "Le litchi est un fruit sec, la chair blanche est une mutation ! 😮🤯

#reels #litchi #mutation #explication #viral #fruits #aprentissage #connaissance #savoir #lesaviezvous #alimentation #cultureg #culturegenerale #alimentationsaine #bio"

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34K likes, 303 comments - prendsunfruit on December 10, 2024: "Le litchi est un fruit sec, la chair blanche est une mutation ! 😮🤯

#reels #litchi #mutation #explication #viral #fruits #aprentissage #connaissance #savoir #lesaviezvous #alimentation #cultureg #culturegenerale #alimentationsaine #bio". 

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The explosive secret of the squirting cucumber revealed

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The explosive secret of the squirting cucumber revealed

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The explosive secret of the squirting cucumber revealed

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A team of researchers has solved a mystery that has intrigued scientists for centuries: how does the squirting cucumber squirt? The findings were achieved through a combination of experiments, high-speed videography, image analysis, and advanced mathematical modelling. The research was led by Oxford in collaboration with the University of Manchester.

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Le Pistachier, un bon candidat face au réchauffement climatique 

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Le Pistachier, un bon candidat face au réchauffement climatique 

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https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBl_av6NjPM/

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France.tv nature on Instagram: "Originaire du Moyen-Orient, le pistachier est habitué à un environnement très aride et chaud. Il présente ainsi tous les mécanismes de défense pour résister au stress hydrique. Ces caractéristiques font de lui un très bon candidat face au réchauffement climatique.
 
👉 “Silence ça pousse” est à retrouver chaque samedi à 12h sur France 5 et sur notre plateforme france.tv !"

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3,726 likes, 26 comments - francetvnature on October 26, 2024: "Originaire du Moyen-Orient, le pistachier est habitué à un environnement très aride et chaud. Il présente ainsi tous les mécanismes de défense pour résister au stress hydrique. Ces caractéristiques font de lui un très bon candidat face au réchauffement climatique.
 
👉 “Silence ça pousse” est à retrouver chaque samedi à 12h sur France 5 et sur notre plateforme france.tv !". 

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Inondations meurtrières en Espagne : dans la région de Valence, l’urbanisation galopante a aggravé les dégâts

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Inondations meurtrières en Espagne : dans la région de Valence, l’urbanisation galopante a aggravé les dégâts

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AVANT/APRES. Inondations meurtrières en Espagne : dans la région de Valence, l’urbanisation galopante a aggravé les dégâts

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En empêchant l’eau de s’infiltrer dans les sols, la bétonnisation a rendu la métropole plus vulnérable aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, eux-mêmes intensifiés par le réchauffement climatique.

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Domestiquer des plantes exotiques en France hexagonale ?

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Domestiquer des plantes exotiques en France hexagonale ?

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Brut on Instagram: "Des bananes made in Perpignan, oui vous avez bien lu. ⁣
On a rencontré Didier, il cultive dans le sud de la France plusieurs fruits exotiques comme la banane, la mangue et l'avocat qu'il vend en direct sur son stand en bord de route. Et tout ça, dans une serre non-chauffée, en bio et en ayant remplacé les pesticides par des insectes et de la musique. On est allé le rencontrer."

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32K likes, 487 comments - brutofficiel on November 14, 2024: "Des bananes made in Perpignan, oui vous avez bien lu. ⁣
On a rencontré Didier, il cultive dans le sud de la France plusieurs fruits exotiques comme la banane, la mangue et l'avocat qu'il vend en direct sur son stand en bord de route. Et tout ça, dans une serre non-chauffée, en bio et en ayant remplacé les pesticides par des insectes et de la musique. On est allé le rencontrer.". 

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Réchauffement climatique et montée des eaux à Paris

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Réchauffement climatique et montée des eaux à Paris

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Mediapart on Instagram: "Scientifiques en rébellion : « Pour le climat, nous désobéissons »

Climatologues, spécialistes des écosystèmes et planétologues, ils et elles documentent chaque jour l’aggravation de la crise climatique. Mais ils et elles disent aussi qu’elle n’est pas inéluctable, à condition de tout changer, dès maintenant.

Depuis plusieurs années, des scientifiques spécialistes de l’écologie et du climat s’engagent dans les luttes climatiques. Dans un livre tout juste publié, Sortir des labos pour défendre le vivant (Le Seuil), ces « scientifiques en rébellion » insistent sur l’urgence d’agir et l’importance de la désobéissance civile pour obtenir un monde plus vivable et conjurer le réchauffement climatique et ces effets.

Plusieurs d’entre eux sont les invité·es d’« À l’air libre », une émission [Vidéo] à retrouver en intégralité sur Mediapart 👉‍ Lien en bio @mediapart

📷 

#Climat #Science #Inondation #CriseClimatique #Paris #Mediapart"

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21K likes, 268 comments - mediapart on November 20, 2024: "Scientifiques en rébellion : « Pour le climat, nous désobéissons »

Climatologues, spécialistes des écosystèmes et planétologues, ils et elles documentent chaque jour l’aggravation de la crise climatique. Mais ils et elles disent aussi qu’elle n’est pas inéluctable, à condition de tout changer, dès maintenant.

Depuis plusieurs années, des scientifiques spécialistes de l’écologie et du climat s’engagent dans les luttes climatiques. Dans un livre tout juste publié, Sortir des labos pour défendre le vivant (Le Seuil), ces « scientifiques en rébellion » insistent sur l’urgence d’agir et l’importance de la désobéissance civile pour obtenir un monde plus vivable et conjurer le réchauffement climatique et ces effets.

Plusieurs d’entre eux sont les invité·es d’« À l’air libre », une émission [Vidéo] à retrouver en intégralité sur Mediapart 👉‍ Lien en bio @mediapart

📷 

#Climat #Science #Inondation #CriseClimatique #Paris #Mediapart". 

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Telethon: Marley et Mylene, atteintes d’amyotrophie spinale

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Telethon: Marley et Mylene, atteintes d’amyotrophie spinale

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https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCjMDopqAlR/

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Brut. on Instagram: "Marley et Mylane sont jumelles, elles viennent de fêter leur 1 an et elles sont atteintes d'amyotrophie spinale, une maladie génétique rare qui provoque un affaiblissement musculaire progressif.⁣
Mais par chance, elles ont été dépistées de cette maladie dès la naissance, et ont reçu un traitement de thérapie génique, avant même l’apparition des symptômes, grâce aux recherches du Téléthon et son combat pour le dépistage néo-natal."

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38K likes, 231 comments - brutofficiel on November 19, 2024: "Marley et Mylane sont jumelles, elles viennent de fêter leur 1 an et elles sont atteintes d'amyotrophie spinale, une maladie génétique rare qui provoque un affaiblissement musculaire progressif.⁣
Mais par chance, elles ont été dépistées de cette maladie dès la naissance, et ont reçu un traitement de thérapie génique, avant même l’apparition des symptômes, grâce aux recherches du Téléthon et son combat pour le dépistage néo-natal.". 

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Comment les mitochondries, vitales pour nos cellules, sont capables de s'auto-réparer

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Comment les mitochondries, vitales pour nos cellules, sont capables de s'auto-réparer

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L’espèce humaine, accélérateur de la 

sélection naturelle ?

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L’espèce humaine, accélérateur de la 

sélection naturelle ?

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Evaluer l’efficacité des rappels vaccinaux grâce à des organes lymphoïdes artificiels sur puce ?

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Evaluer l’efficacité des rappels vaccinaux grâce à des organes lymphoïdes artificiels sur puce ?

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Evaluer l’efficacité des rappels vaccinaux grâce à des organes lymphoïdes artificiels sur puce ?

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Des chercheurs de l’Institut Pasteur, institut labelisé Carnot, ont développé une technologie innovante : des organes lymphoïdes sur puce capables de simuler la réponse du système immunitaire humain face aux rappels vaccinaux. Une avancée qui pourrait offrir un système pré-clinique agile pour évaluer les candidats vaccins en cas de pandémie type SARS-CoV-2 à évolution rapide.

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Large-scale mantle heterogeneity as a legacy of plate tectonic supercycles

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Large-scale mantle heterogeneity as a legacy of plate tectonic supercycles

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Large-scale mantle heterogeneity as a legacy of plate tectonic supercycles - Nature Geoscience

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Samples from both the shallow and deeper mantle suggest a consistent geochemical dichotomy between the African and Pacific mantle domains that is developed through tectonic supercycles, according to a supervised machine learning study.

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Black History Month: Remembering Alan Powell Goffe

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Above: Dr Alan Powell Goffe at his desk at Wellcome. 3rd October 2024A pioneering Black virologist whose life was cut tragically short When microbiologist Alan Goffe drowned in the summer of 1966, aged 46, the world lost a brilliant biologist who had been crucial in the development of the first polio and measles vaccines. He was also one of the only Black research scientists to hold a senior role in Britain at the time.
Goffe was born in 1920 to a Jamaican father and British mother, both of whom were doctors. After growing up in Surrey, and attending Epsom College, Goffe went on to study medicine at University College London. He specialised in pathology and began his career at the Central Public Health Laboratories in Colindale, in London, now the site of the UK Health Security Agency. He then gained a diploma in bacteriology in 1947 from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. During his national service, he was stationed in Egypt as a pathologist with the Royal Army Medical Corps.  
He then became a senior bacteriologist in the Virus Reference Laboratory at Colindale. He travelled to the USA to learn the latest techniques for cultivating viruses in tissue culture, much of which had been developed by the Nobel Laureate John Franklin Enders. According to the British Medical Journal (BMJ)¹, “nobody realised [the potential of these techniques] better than Goffe,” who immediately began to explore tissue culture as a route to vaccine production in the UK.
The need for vaccines
At this point in the 20th century, outbreaks of polio were killing or paralysing over half a million people every year, and there was an urgent need for a vaccine. Measles was arguably an even bigger problem; the voraciously contagious disease was killing over two million children each year in the 1950s.
In 1955 Goffe joined the virology department at the Wellcome Research Laboratories, expressing his wish to be involved in the eradication of these deadly diseases. “This keen desire to use his special abilities and skills for the alleviation of human suffering was typical of him,” a colleague wrote in the BMJ.
Goffe’s work helped make large scale vaccination programmes for diseases like polio and measles safer 
By the mid-1950s American scientist Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine was being distributed across North America. In the early 1960s Albert Sabin then developed an oral polio vaccine that became important for mass vaccination programmes, especially in the former Soviet Union, and for the blockage of transmission.  
Goffe helped develop and refine these vaccines, making them safer for use in Britain and for millions of people around the world. He also led the development of an attenuated measles strain known as the ‘Beckenham’ strain (also known as the ‘Goffe’ strain), which formed the basis of many measles vaccines used all around the world. He was among the first scientists to recognise that a monkey virus, SV40, may be contaminating certain vaccines that were being distributed around the world in the 1950s, too. The virus, which can cause tumours in animals, was indeed found to be present in various vaccines estimated to have been distributed to some 30 million people in the United States alone².
During some clinical trials, he publicly tested vaccines on himself and his family to demonstrate his confidence in their safety. He also reviewed vaccines that had already been licenced, for example conducting a study of the efficacy and reactions to US vaccines in UK general practice. He published papers on testing for viruses in sewage, quarantine measures, and the latest laboratory techniques. Goffe’s interest in SV40 led to an interest in the human wart virus, now known as human papillomavirus (HPV). He was among the first to conduct full-scale studies of HPV, building the foundations of research that would go on to discover it to be a cause of cervical cancer.
Two years before the accident that would take his life, he had been honoured by the creation of a new department at Wellcome, set up around his particular talent for developing original, experimental and long-term research in the field of cytology. He was known for being kind to his students and employees, with a friendly and informal manner. He often welcomed foreign scientists to stay at his home and appeared to “know everybody” at international conferences.
Then one day in the summer of 1966, he slipped while sailing off the Isle of Wight and fell into the sea. He was swept away and his body never found, leaving his wife Elizabeth and their four children.
“It can be only speculated how much cytology and science generally have lost by the untimely death of an outstanding scientist at the height of his powers,” wrote a colleague in the BMJ, while The Times eulogised that “his untimely death is therefore the more tragic, for one will never know what his outstanding talents would have contributed to science.” 
A lasting legacy
Aged just 46, Goffe had already become Chief Medical Virologist at Wellcome and one of the UK’s most respected virologists. All achieved at a time when racial prejudice was rife and open in Britain, long before specific anti-discrimination legislation came into force. Access to housing, healthcare, educational opportunities, jobs and fair wages were made difficult by racist attitudes and discriminatory policies and practices. “He was almost certainly the only black man to play a prominent role in the world of research science in Britain at the time,” said Gaia Goffe³, who wrote a book abut her late cousin Alan⁴.
At the time of his death, Alan Powell Goffe was also one of the only Black research scientists to hold a senior role in Britain
Goffe was a humanitarian as well as a scientist. Not only did he dedicate his career to improving health on a global scale, he was also an early member of organizations such as the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Freedom From Hunger. He set up a charitable foundation to assist children in Sevenoaks, Kent, after the loss of one of his sons from bone cancer.
Like many Black scientists, his contributions were not widely celebrated and his name is not widely known beyond the virology community. However, recent celebrations of Black History, led by celebrities such as Maggie Aderin-Pocock, have helped raise awareness of Goffe, and how his meticulous scientific work helped save millions of people from the horrors of polio and childhood measles.
Work to completely eradicate these deadly viruses through vaccination is still ongoing, 60 years later. But this epic task is undoubtedly closer to completion thanks to the tireless and trailblazing work of Dr Alan Powell Goffe.
References and further reading  1) A.P Goffe, MP BS DIPL BACT. Obituary Notices, British Medical Journal, 1966 (2), 531.
2) Vilchez R.A. & Butel J.S. Emergent human pathogen simian virus 40 and its role in cancer. Clinical Microbiology Review 17(3), 495-508 (2004).
3) ‘Between two worlds.’ Gaia Goffe, BBCCaribbean.com, 28 July 2008. 
4) Gaia Goffe & Judith Goffe. Between Two Worlds: The story of black British scientist Alan Goffe. Hansib Publishing (2008).
 
Tom Ireland MRSB is editor of The Biologist
 
 

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Quel est le rapport entre du sang et un ver marin ? Un pissenlit et un pneu ? Ou encore un tricot et un séisme ? La websérie scientifique Reconnexion mène l'enquête sur ces liens pas toujours évidents entre notre quotidien et la science. Toute une palette d'expert.e.s se prête à l'exercice d'une interview pas tout à fait traditionnelle, sous la houlette de François Rollin.

Quel est le rapport entre du sang et un ver marin ? Un pissenlit et un pneu ? Ou encore un tricot et un séisme ? La websérie scientifique Reconnexion mène l'enquête sur ces liens pas toujours évidents entre notre quotidien et la science. Toute une palette d'expert.e.s se prête à l'exercice d'une interview pas tout à fait traditionnelle, sous la houlette de François Rollin.

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First Evidence of Thalassochory in the Ficus Genus: Seed Dispersal Using the Kuroshio Oceanic Current

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First Evidence of Thalassochory in the Ficus Genus: Seed Dispersal Using the Kuroshio Oceanic Current

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by 1,†, 1, 1,†,

Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez

3,4,* 2 and

1. Introduction

The publication of theories of island biogeography [ 1] had permitted us to understand the ecosystems on islands and how they were different from the mainland, but more questions were raised about how the plants could reach these far-away islands. To reach oceanic islands, plants have different methods, such as using animals to bring seeds to new areas (zoochory) or abiotic ways such as wind (anemochory) or seawater (thalassochory). Unintuitively, examples from different archipelagos show that seeds with adaptations for long-distance travel are not necessary to travel long distances [ 2, 3] and differ in their specializations: In the Azores, Portugal, the species with seeds that are adapted for thalassochory were overrepresented [ 2], whereas in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, the same adaptation represented about 19% of the native plants, and 36% of the seeds have no specific adaptations [ 3].

Thalassochory is unknown in the Ficus genus, but potamochory (freshwater hydrochory) has been described many times for riparian Ficus species [ 4, 5, 6]. The fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae) are known to be an important source of food for many animals and, thus, a zoochorous genus in its vast majority [ 7, 8, 9]. Nevertheless, riparian members of the genus would have floating infructescences that can disperse via water, and adaptations such as spongy tissue in figs have been observed [ 5, 10, 11]. Moreover, these riparian species are often still zoochorous but dispersed by less known vertebrates: fishes [ 12, 13]. In any case, the colonization of new territories, such as islands, is difficult for Ficus as they rely on their mutualistic wasp for pollination [ 14]. Indeed, each Ficus species appears to have at least one specific pollinating fig wasp species, with which they form a symbiotic and obligate pollination nursery mutualism [ 15, 16, 17, 18]. As pollen-carrying female fig wasps have a life span of only one to two days [ 18, 19], the vast majority of fig wasps will seek nearby fig syconia for egg-laying/pollination within their life cycle [ 20]. Female fig wasps can migrate long distances through air currents in search of suitable fig syconia [ 21, 22]. For a Ficus species to successfully colonize an area, grown fig trees need to be visited by female pollinating wasps that can successfully establish their progenies in the new habitat.

The Mearns fig (Ficus pedunculosa Miq. var. mearnsii (Merr.) Corner) can be found on uplifted coral reef shores in the south and east of the Taiwan Islands and the outlying islands (Orchid Island and Green Island), as well as the Batanes Islands, the Babuyan Archipelago, and the northernmost coast of Luzon Island in the Philippines [ 23, 24], Figure 1. Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii individuals live in a very harsh environment with direct and frequent exposure to seawater and dry, sparse soil [ 25]. Due to the increase in the frequency and power of extreme meteorological events, the Mearns fig numbers are low-less than 2000 individuals in a few hotspots [ 26]-and thus have been put on the list of vulnerable species [ 27]. As the data about the Mearns figs in Taiwan started to increase in quality, a few questions emerged after noticing that their distribution is extremely unintuitive, as the species has not colonized the entire Taiwan coastline, even some areas of uplifted coral reef shores, but it is present on both the Orchid and Green Islands. The first question was as follows: (1) Can the figs of F. pedunculosa var. mearnsii float? And if they can, (2) how long can they float? Then, if they can float in seawater, another question raised about the effect of seawater on seeds is: (3) Can they germinate? And (4) germinate like seeds that have not been in contact with seawater? At last, we wanted to know if (5) there is any gene flow between these small fig tree populations with tens of kilometers of sea between them and where a strong oceanic current passes through, i.e., the Kuroshio current. To answer these questions, we used seawater to simulate fig flotation and seed germination experiments and carried out double digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to analyze the genetic structure of seven Mearns fig populations in Taiwan and its outlying islands.

2. Material and Methods

Mearns fig (Ficus pedunculosa Miq. var. mearnsii (Merr.) Corner) is a dioecious plant from the family Moraceae [ 10, 28] and appears as a prostrate shrub to a multi-branched erected shrub ( Figure 1c). Mearns fig is located on uplifted coral reef shores in southern and southeastern Taiwan ( Figure 1b), the outlying islands (Orchid Island, Green Island) of Taiwan, and in the Philippines on the Batanes Islands, the Babuyan Archipelago, and the northernmost coastal area of Luzon [ 23, 24]. Mearns figs have been found only on this kind of rock, from a few meters to 30 m away from the sea ( Figure 1b,c). The pollinating wasp associated with the plant is Blastophaga pedunculosae [ 29], while the only known non-pollinating wasp belongs to the genus Apocrypta [ 30].

2.1. Female Syconium flotation and Seed Germination Experiments

For this study, 49 mature female Mearns fig syconia were collected from Kenting and Jialeshui ( Figure 1 a) in July 2023. Five mature syconia were randomly selected as the control group. The remaining mature syconia were placed in a 14 cm × 23.5 cm × 23.5 cm glass tank filled with seawater (collected from the Kenting shore) at room temperature (28 °C-30 °C). Then, an "hang-on-back" aquarium filter was installed to simulate the constant state of disturbance of the sea surface. The figs stayed in the water until they sank.

Nevertheless, during the flotation experiment, five syconia were randomly removed on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. Figs with fully developed drupelets (seeds) were dissected, and the drupelets were taken out of the syconium. All the drupelets of each fig were placed in the Petri dishes with a moistened paper towel and then placed in a room with sunlight for germination in the control groups. Seeds were determined to have germinated when a radicle began to show outside the drupelet. The number of days taken for the first seed to germinate in the various syconium experiments as well as the total number of germinated drupelets in each group were noted. The mean germination time, germination rate index, and final germination percentage [ 31, 32] were then calculated; syconia that had not developed fully and those empty of seeds were excluded. The germination rate index (%/day) was calculated according to the following formula: GRI = ∑ t=1 n ( G t /t) where G t is the percentage of germination occurring during time interval t, and n is the duration of incubation (days). Higher GRI values indicate higher and faster germination [ 31].

The germination rates of the syconia at various flotation time points were arcsine-square-root transformed (y* = arcsin y ) prior to analysis, and the R software [ 33] was used to carry out analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's protected least significant difference test (LSD test) to compare the correlation coefficients of seed germination between different flotation time points.

2.2. Sampling and DNA Extraction

In this study, Mearns fig populations from seven areas, namely Jialeshui, Kenting, Eluanbi (Southern Taiwan), Shiauyeliou, Sansiantai (Eastern Taiwan), Orchid Island, and Green Island, were collected ( Figure 1, Table 1 and Table 2). Fifteen individuals of each sex were collected from each population, totaling seven populations and 210 individuals. The genomic DNA of the samples was extracted from mature leaves using the GeneMark Plant Genomic DNA Purification kit (GeneMark Technology Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan). The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were determined by a Nanodrop UV spectrophotometer (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) and stored in the −20 °C freezer.

2.3. ddRAD Library Preparation and Sequencing

The adapters and primers were designed based on Shirasawa et al. [ 34, 35]. Genomic DNA samples of Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii were digested with restriction enzymes PstI and MspI (FastDigest Restriction Enzymes, Thermo Scientific™). Moreover, 0.8 μg of DNA, 2.5 μL of PstI, 2.5 μL of MspI, and 5 μL of 10× FastDigest Buffer were mixed, then deionized water was added to reach a final volume of 50 μL. The reaction mix was incubated at 37 °C overnight to allow for enzyme digestion. Electrophoresis was used to confirm whether the DNA had been digested into small fragments. Finally, AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) were used for clean-up by removing the restriction enzyme.

The adaptor ligation was conducted using 25 μL of the restriction enzyme digestion product, 2 μL of PstI adapter (10 μM), 2 μL of MspI adapter (10 μM), 5 μL of 10× T4 ligation buffer, and 2 μL of NxGen ® T4 DNA ligase (Lucigen Corporation, Middleton, WI, USA) and incubated at 23 °C for 1 h and 15 °C for 2 h using a high precision temperature gradient reactor (TProfessional 96 Thermocycler, Biometra, Gottingen, Germany). Fragments size of 300-800 bp of the ligated products were selected using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) and followed by PCR amplification using primers and the JMR hot start PCR mix kit (JMR Holdings, West Midlands, UK) with the following conditions: 94 °C for 9 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 62 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and then 72 °C for 10 min. The library quantities and qualities were evaluated using the Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit and qualitative analysis using the BiOptic Qsep400 and High Sensitivity (N1) Cartridge Kit (Fort Wayne, IN, USA). Libraries were sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 (San Diego, CA, USA) to perform 150 bp paired-end sequencing. The sequencing service was provided by Genomics BioSci and Tech Co., Ltd., Taiwan, China.

2.4. ddRAD Data Processing

FastQC v0.11.9 [ 36] was used to evaluate the quality of the sequencing results. STACKS ( https://catchenlab.life.illinois.edu/stacks/ accessed on 9 May 2024) software was used for de novo assembly of all fragments into the reference sequence, and preliminary screening of the raw sequence data was performed using 'process_radtags-c-q'. Using ustacks, the minimum number of reads to form a stack was set to be 3, and the minimum mismatch for locus formation was set to 2 for fragment assembly and clustering. Cstacks was then used to determine and catalog loci, with the minimum mismatch between loci set to 1. Individual SNP genotypes were determined using sstacks; tsv2bam was used to convert the individual SNP genotype into an SNP locus sequence; and gstacks was used for integration to generate the catalog.fasta [ 37].

The catalog assembled loci sequence from STACKS was used as a reference sequence for ipyRAD ( https://ipyrad.readthedocs.io/en/master/ accessed on 9 May 2024) [ 38] mapping and SNP loci identification for all samples. Only sequence reads that had no more than 5 bases of quality less than Q20 were processed. SNP loci were identified with the following parameters: a minimum permitted deviation of 33, a minimum depth of 6 bases in every locus, and a maximum cluster depth of 10,000 for each sample. A maximum of 25% heterozygous loci were permitted per locus; a maximum of 20 SNPs and 5 indels (insertion/deletion) were permitted per locus.

TASSEL 5 ( https://tassel.bitbucket.io/) was used to conduct principal components analysis (PCA) and Tajima's D calculation using each SNP locus meeting the following requirements: 60+ samples, minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.1, heterozygosity ≤ 0.05, and removing minor SNP status as a threshold for screening [ 39, 40]. The PCA results were plotted using R/ggplot2 (ver. 3.3.6). R/poppr was used to perform minimum spanning network (MSN) analysis on all samples [ 41]. Twisst, the open script setting in Python 3.8 ( https://github.com/simonhmartin/twisst accessed on 9 May 2024), was used to set the window size to 500 bp and each window set to require at least 25 SNPs for the calculation of nucleotide diversity (π), genetic distance (D XY), and F ST [ 42, 43, 44, 45]. R/genepop was used to calculate intra-population genetic difference (F IS), and private alleles were used to calculate gene flow (Nm) [ 45, 46, 47]. SNPs that were selected after TASSEL 5 screening were used to conduct sparse non-negative matrix factorization (sNMF) using the sNMF command of R/LEA to analyze the genetic structural composition with the following parameters: K = 2 to 10, correction parameter (alpha) of 100, 1,000,000 iterations, and 20 repeats for each group [ 48, 49, 50].

The program LDNe [ 51] was used to calculate the effective population size (N e) and linkage disequilibrium evaluation. The prerequisites for LDNe estimation of effective population size are a neutral locus, close relationships between populations, non-overlapping generations, and that they are not easily affected by high migration rates [ 52]. These hypotheses are similar to the situation in Mearns fig.

3. Results

3.1. Female Syconium Flotation and Seed Germination Experiments

The syconia could float in seawater for 7 to 21 days, with a mean flotation duration of 9.9 ± 7.0 days. On day 9, more than 50% of the syconia were still floating ( Figure 2 a). On day 15, only one syconium continued to float, and it sank on day 21. The external integument of the syconia started to decompose around days 3-5. At this time, the syconium became more buoyant and would only start to sink once the walls had completely decomposed.

For the germination experiments, the number of recorded seeds per fig ranged from 22 to 119, and the mean number of seeds was 62.5 ± 24.2. The seeds from the control group, which was not immersed in seawater, started to germinate after 5 days, with a mean germination duration of 7.0 ± 1.2 days, a seed germination rate of 14.5 ± 2.63%/day, and a final germination rate of 96.2 ± 2.99%. In the flotation treatment groups, the mean germination duration was 12-17.9 days, the seed germination rate was 5.5-9.4%/day, and the final germination rate per fig was 70.23-96.04% ( Figure 2b-d, Table 3).

ANOVA results showed that the mean duration of germination and seed germination rates showed significant differences among Mearns fig seeds that had undergone differing durations of flotation treatment, but there were not significant differences between the groups in terms of final germination rate ( Table 3). LSD test results showed that there were differences in mean germination duration and seed germination rate between the different treatment groups and the control group, while the differences in the final germination rate were not significant between groups ( Table 4).

3.2. Mearns Fig Genetic Structure

The total DNA sequencing data size in this study was 161.8 Gbp, with a total of 1,071,811,586 reads. After STACKS was used to cluster the reads from 210 samples, a total of 1,229,510 loci were assembled and integrated into catalog.fa. The mean coverage of each locus was 15.6x (4.2x-98.5x). Using catalog.fa as a reference sequence, a total of 191,181,944 reads were retained for mapping after ipyRAD screening. The mapping results retained 84,930 loci, with a mean length of 225 bp, a coverage depth of 6.33x, a simplified genome size of 19,153,885 bp, and a total of 227,645 SNPs identified ( Table 5).

After TASSEL 5 filtering, 232 SNPs were retained for PCA of 210 Mearns figs. PC1-PC5 explained 56.7% of genetic variation, while PC1, PC2, and PC3 explained 29%, 12.8%, and 8.1% of genetic variation, respectively. Pairwise scatter plots of PC1, PC2, and PC3 were produced ( Figure 3). The 95% confidence ellipse of the seven populations contained overlapping samples common to all populations, but there were significant differences in the distribution sizes and slopes of these ellipses. In these different scatter plots ( Figure 3), the southernmost locations of Orchid Island and Eluanbi have the smallest surfaces, while Sansiantai, Shiauyeliou, and Green Island, which are located in the north, and Kenting, located in the west, have the largest surfaces.

sNMF analysis found that the cross-entropy at K = 5 was the lowest, showing that K = 5 is the optimal number of genotype source clusters ( Figure 4). The results in Figure 5 show that most of the individuals (represented as columns in Figure 5) consist of one genotype source. All genotype sources can be found in Sansiantai individuals, and the populations from Shiauyeliou and Sansiantai, which are the two East Taiwan populations, are the only ones having the green genotype ( Figure 5). The proportion of the four other genotype sources is extremely similar between the two outlying islands, the Orchid and Green Islands ( Figure 5 and Figure 6). On the other hand, the Jialeshuei and Eluanbi populations have a higher proportion of the yellow genotype source than the outlying island populations. They are also quite similar in genotype proportion ( Figure 6). Lastly, the Kenting population is different from all other populations, with an important proportion of the light blue genotype source reaching about two-thirds of the total ( Figure 5 and Figure 6).

The F IS of Mearns fig populations ranged from 0.181 to 0.432 ( Table 5); the lowest and highest F IS values were both in East Taiwan (Sansiantai and Shiauyeliou, respectively). The values of π ranged from 0.027 to 0.096, with the lowest being Shiauyeliou and the highest being Kenting. Tajima's D range was −4.476-−1.303, with all values being negative, i.e., the lowest was from Green Island and the highest was from Sansiantai. The π values (0.0274-0.0290) of the three populations located in the northernmost three groups of Sansiantai, Shiauyeliou, and Green Island were significantly lower than those of other populations ( Table 5). The Pearson coefficient (r) of π and F IS in various populations was only −0.0913 (p-value = 0.8298), indicating that the two sets of data were weakly correlated.

The D XY range was 0.0223-0.166, with the genetic distance between the Sansiantai and Shiauyeliou populations being the closest. On the other hand, the Green Island and Jialeshui populations had the highest values ( Table 6). F ST values had a greater range than D XY values, ranging from 0 to 0.836. The 0.836 F ST value is attributed to the distance between Green Island and Sansiantai, whereas three pairs of populations have a F ST value of zero ( Table 6). The F ST values between Green Island and other populations have high genetic differentiation (average: 0.582). Contrarily, the highest F ST value between the three southern populations (Kenting, Jialeshui, and Eluanbi) was only 0.0323 ( Table 6), while the F ST value between the two eastern Taiwan populations (Sansiantai and Shiauyeliou) was zero. The F ST of Orchid Island populations and eastern and southern Taiwanese populations showed little to no genetic difference (0-0.0689). Nm ranged from 0.167-0.471, with all values less than 1. The lowest Nm was between Kenting and Jialeshui, and the highest was between Green Island and Eluanbi ( Table 6).

The results of LDNe estimation of the effective Mearns fig population size (N e) ( Table 7) showed that when all samples were viewed as a single population, the N e was 1.5 (95% CI: 1.4-1.5). All but one of the N e values are at 5 or below, but the Eluanbi N e value is outstanding at 104.6 ( Table 7).

4. Discussion

Our study results show that the female figs of the Mearns figs can float for up to 21 days, with an average of about 10 days. Moreover, the genetic structure of the studied fig tree follows their geographical locations and grouping: The southern three populations are genetically close, as are the two eastern populations, with the two island populations being slightly apart from each other and the Taiwan Island populations. The different analysis methods show that the eastern populations are strongly grouped together in the Bayesian clustering figure ( Figure 5), and the population pair F ST values are notably higher for the Green Island population.

4.1. Buoyancy and Seed Dispersal

The seed dispersal of Ficus species is known to be a good example of zoochory, as more than 1200 species of vertebrates have been documented feeding on figs [ 8]. Moreover, the Ficus genus species have a very wide range of habitats and also live in riparian forests [ 4, 5, 10]. Few species of freshwater fish have been observed eating figs in Costa Rica [ 6, 13, 54], but the actual number may be much higher [ 55]. On the other hand, the relationship between seawater and fig dispersal is totally unknown, with, for example, only a few Ficus species being very coastal in Malesia over more than 350 species: Ficus pedunculosa, F. deltoidea, F. edanoi, F. opposita, or F. concinna [ 10]. As far as our knowledge goes, we did not find any publication describing the seed dispersal of fig seeds using sea currents, even for coastal Ficus species.

Seed dispersal by oceanic currents (also called thalassochory) is rare in angiosperms and is considered one of the main mechanisms to colonize oceanic islands [ 2], also called long-distance dispersal. In order to use oceanic currents for seed dispersal, plants need to fulfill two main requirements, i.e., (1) they need to live in proximity to the seashore for their seed-bearing fruits to reach seawater; and (2) their seeds and/or fruits have to be buoyant in order to reach other landmasses. Thalassochory is an overlooked way for the plants to disperse their spores over long distances and may be more common than currently known for over extreme dispersal distances [ 56] and more locally [ 57]. The studied species, F. pedunculosa var. mearnsii, fulfills the two above requirements for thalassochory. Indeed, we show that the seeds are buoyant, and the distribution of these trees is in thin areas extremely close to the Taiwan seashore. Moreover, the genetic population structure is also hinting towards a seed dispersal method using the sea current.

Nevertheless, another matter is important to discuss, i.e., the seed dispersal by animals (zoochory). Indeed, Ficus trees are known to be mainly dispersed by animals [ 8], with a large part of them being birds. Unfortunately, Ficus pedunculosa is not mentioned in Shanahan et al.'s work [ 8], but the closest relative, F. deltoidea, is dispersed by a monkey. Moreover, none of the authors have observed animals eating the figs of the Mearns fig, even if rare-bitten figs have been observed. Figs of this size eaten by birds tend to be swallowed in one bite [ 58]. Therefore, the Mearns fig zoochory appears unlikely. Secondly, zoochory would have smoothed the genetic structure within the populations. For example, the south or east populations would have been more homogeneous, with a gene flow mostly carried out under bird zoochory. Each of these populations is geographically close to the others, and birds feeding specifically on these figs would have flown easily between these locations for food. For these reasons, the zoochory hypothesis is not the main hypothesis for the Mearns fig gene flow.

4.2. Population Genetic Structure and the Kuroshio Current

The trajectory of the Kuroshio current has been described with extreme details [ 59]. It passes through the overall distribution range of the Mearns fig ( Figure 5).

Therefore, the influence of the Kuroshio current can be seen through the results of our genetic analyses and the distribution of the Mearns fig populations. There are many hints that lead us to link the genetic structure of the Mearns figs to the Kuroshio current influence.

First, the Green Island population is different from the other populations regarding the F ST, D XY, and Nm values, which are higher on average than other population pairs. Interestingly, the Green Island population is not the most isolated of the studied populations (Sansiantai is an average of 108 km away from other populations), but it has genetic indicators that set it apart from the other populations. This situation can be explained by the position of the island in the Kuroshio oceanic current. Indeed, the speed of the current around the island is the fastest around Taiwan Island, and it is moving northeast, parallel to the Taiwan East Coast [ 59]. Considering that fact and the geographical location of the island, it is easy to comprehend that the Mearns fig population there can only receive newcomers (still, the Nm values are low), but the seeds traveling from the island will only go northwards and away from the other populations. Moreover, the average current speed in the south of Taiwan is 50 cm·s −1 [ 59], which is about 1.8 km·h −1. At this average speed, a seed will travel more than 400 km in 10 days.

Second, geographically, the Green Island population is linked with the two eastern populations, Shiauyeliou and Sansiantai, making the three northernmost populations, and as the Kuroshio current is oriented in the north-south direction, this is an important characteristic. These three populations share the lowest nucleotide diversity π values, which are weakly correlated with the F IS values, leading us to think that the low nucleotide diversity may be due to a low founder effect. Moreover, the two eastern populations form a unique cluster group in the powerful structure clustering analysis that is totally absent from other populations, showing the uniqueness of their genetic diversity among the studied populations. Similarly, with the population of Green Island, the geographic isolation of these two Eastern populations may have led to genetic differences over time.

Third, the Orchid Island and eastern Taiwan populations are closer genetically than they are geographically (F ST and D XY values). This may be due entirely to the pattern of the Kuroshio current: Indeed, in the maps of the Kuroshio current, there is a clear deviation from the strong northward current that is pointing directly at the location of the Shiauyeliou population (see Figure 6; Figures 1 and 11 in [ 59]). Similarly, the southern populations could be sending seeds via the Kuroshio current to Orchid Island, as the eastern populations could also do. Moreover, the distribution of the Mearns fig populations is not continuous along the Taiwan East Coast from Jialeshui to Sansiantai, but only a few populations (we have sampled all the known populations). It is a hot-spot cluster distribution [ 28]. The position and existence of the Sansiantai and Shiauyeliou may be due only to the deviation from the Kuroshio current that meets the coastline at the area where the Shiauyeliou population is.

Lastly, the Kenting population is different from the other populations because of its location. It receives the southeast branch of the Kuroshio current that flows from the western coast of Taiwan. Therefore, it is not part of the main current that flows west of the Batanes Archipelago. It may receive no seed from the Batanes but perhaps more from the Babuyan Islands, as the Kuroshio branch that flows southwest of Taiwan Island passes through the Babuyan Islands. According to the structure clustering, the Kenting population is different from the other populations in terms of the proportion of the different genotypes but not genetically differentiated from them (according to the other genetic indices). The Kenting population also has the highest nucleotide diversity in this study.

4.3. Overall Genetic Structure

The gene flow of Ficus species is known to have two main characteristics: zoochory [ 8], long-distance pollination events that create genetic distance between populations that is extremely low, and high intra-population genetic diversity [ 21, 22, 60, 61]. This phenomenon reflects the broad natural geographical spatial distribution and low plant density characteristics of monoecious figs [ 53, 62, 63, 64, 65]. On the other hand, genetic studies of dioecious figs have also shown low genetic differentiation among different populations and high intra-population genetic diversity, with no differences in genetic structure between populations of different sexes [ 66, 67, 68]. It has been shown that the reproductive system and the size of the trees greatly affect the dispersing distances of the pollinating fig wasps [ 69, 70, 71]. In other words, dioecious Ficus species pollen dispersal is shorter than monoecious pollen dispersal. The examples are similar in Taiwan: Three dioecious fig species (F. erecta var. beecheyana (subg. Ficus), F. benguetensis, and F. septica (subg. Sycomorus)) that are widely distributed in Taiwan have very low genetic differentiation [ 72]. Of these, the southern F. septica population showed differences in genetic structure compared with other populations due to the presence of a different species of pollinating wasp in southern Taiwan. The primary geospatial characteristics of these fig plants are low intra-population densities and broad distribution ranges, thereby further demonstrating the effects of wasp dispersal distances on the genetic structure of dioecious plants [ 20, 72, 73].

However, the results of this study differ from the aforementioned studies. Our results show high inter-population genetic diversity in Mearns fig populations in Taiwan and its outlying islands and low intra-population genetic diversity. F IS results showed that the various Mearns fig populations have a tendency for inbreeding, and the inter-population Nm value was lower than 1, with the highest being only 0.471. This phenomenon suggests that there is isolation in gene flow between all populations or that populations are insufficiently resistant to inter-population genetic differentiation caused by intra-population mutations [ 74]. This phenomenon is consistent with Tajima's D of all measured Mearns fig populations being lower than 0, showing that all populations are affected by the founder effect or bottleneck effect [ 40]. Although the composition of the genetic structure was similar in all Mearns fig populations, the genotypic sources and composition were not the same, and the composition shows a significant uneven distribution in all populations. The tendency toward homogenous genetic structural composition, the low number of individuals per population, and difficulty in expansion all show that genetic drift significantly affects inter-population differentiation in Mearns fig [ 75]. For founder populations that colonize islands, inbreeding also accelerates genetic drift [ 76, 77, 78, 79, 80]. This is especially true if the number of founders is low or when the population size shrinks, as high inbreeding will increase the number of additive genetic variables, resulting in differentiation to overcome genetic limitations [ 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86].

The spatial genetic structure of Mearns fig is affected by its hot spot cluster distribution [ 28]. where the individuals are clustered in some areas with great distances between clusters. As F. pedunculosa var. mearnsii is a small dioecious species, its pollinating wasps may travel shorter distances than larger-sized fig trees [ 69, 70, 71]. Nevertheless, the recovery from the damages caused by typhoons (the names of tropical cyclones in this area) showed that the pollinating wasps are capable of recolonizing an area coming from undamaged areas [ 26]. The genetic structural characteristics of the Mearns fig show that there has been extremely low gene flow between populations since the founders of the various populations became established on uplifted coral reefs. Mearns fig shows a discontinuous hot spot distribution in Taiwan with no significant differences in gene flow between the various populations in Taiwan and the two outlying islands of Orchid Island and Green Island. Moreover, besides the two Eastern populations, both pollinating wasps and Mearns figs are affected by their geographical locations in an area that is prone to typhoons, which are probably reducing the available genetic diversity by reducing the number of individuals [ 26], which is particularly striking when the comparison between the actual number of living individuals and the estimated effective population size, N e ( Table 7). Although this study lacks data from Luzon, the Babuyan Archipelago, and Batanes, we were unable to confirm the possible original origin of the five genotypes that have migrated to Taiwan. Previous studies have also shown that the genetic structure of sea-floating plant populations is affected by ocean current direction for Northern Kuroshio and Southern Kuroshio [ 87, 88, 89, 90].

5. Conclusions

With these additional Filipino populations, it would have probably made a more complete view of the genetic population of the Mearns Fig. However, the syconium sea flotation simulation, the seed germination experiments, and the population genetic structure results showed that mature Mearns fig syconia are mainly dispersed by the Kuroshio Current in a south-to-north direction, and populations are established in this manner. In the future, Mearns fig populations in Batanes, the Babuyan Archipelago, and northern Luzon of the Philippines could be included in analysis to understand the genetic, geographic, and spatial structural mechanisms by which Mearns fig populations disperse to and colonize Taiwan and its outlying islands and to provide a reference for conserving the genetic diversity of the Mearns fig.

Author Contributions

S.-H.P. performed laboratory work, analyses, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. A.B., L.J.R., Y.-H.S. and H.-Y.T. acquired funding. All authors contributed to conceptualizing the project and editing the manuscript before approving the final submitted manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C., under Grant No. NSTC109-2313-B-110-004-MY2 funded this research.

Data Availability Statement

The data from this study has been uploaded online ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA1079886 accessed on 9 May 2024) and can be cited under as SRA data PRJNA1079886 (Temporary Submission ID: SUB14263187).

Acknowledgments

We thank the National Center for High-Performance Computing (NCHC) for providing computational and storage resources.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Geographic distribution, morphology, and habitats of Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii. ( a) Sampling locations in Taiwan. ( b) Uplifted coral reef at Kenting. ( c) Typical F. pedunculosa var. mearnsii individual. ( d) Figs of F. pedunculosa var. mearnsii.

Figure 2. Germination and floating experiments. ( a) Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii sinking figs (bars) and proportion of remaining floating figs (line). ( b- d) Germination indexes with results of ANOVA analysis for single trait variation of figs.

Figure 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot with 95% confidence ellipses. PCA results, which include graphs of ( a) PC3 vs. PC1, ( b) PC2 vs. PC1, and ( c) PC3 vs. PC2. ( d) Minimum spanning network (MSN) analysis showing the genetic distance among individuals within each of the seven populations.

Figure 4. Data from the structure analysis from the R package LEA. ( a) Cross-entropy of possible K value estimation (K = 2-10) and ( b, c) p-values of SNPs when the ancestor number is assumed to be 5.

Figure 6. Map of the different genotypes (shown in Figure 5) and Kuroshio current. The arrows represent the current vectors (modified from Liang et al. 2008 [ 53]).

Table 1. GPS coordinates of the seven sampling populations.

Distribution

N

GPS Coordinates

Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii

210

East Taiwan:

South Taiwan:

Outlying Islands:

Sansiantai

Shiauyeliou

Kenting

Eluanbi

Jialeshui

Green Island

Table 3. The ANOVA results of different seed germination traits.

Mean Square

Source

df

MGT

GRI

FGP

Table 4. Comparisons among the number of days of fig floating on the sea surface for different seed germination traits. Data are given as mean ± standard error (n = 5). Means within each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at the 5% level by Fisher's protected LSD test.

Treatment (Days)

Percentage of Figs Still Floating at the End of the Treatments (%)

MGT * (Days)

GRI *

FGP * (%)

Table 5. Numbers of SNP, inbreeding coefficient value (F IS), Tajima's D value, and nucleotide diversity (π) of each Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii population.

Population

SNPs

FIS

Tajima's D

π

Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii

227,495

0.443

−7.472

0.077

Sansiantai

Shiauyeliou

Kenting

Eluanbi

Jialeshui

Green Island

FST

0

Nm

0.284

FST

0.223

0.111

0

Nm

0.253

0.254

0.235

FST

0.836

0.724

0.578

0.369

0.623

Nm

0.376

0.376

0.357

0.471

0.298

Table 7. Effective population size (N e) estimates by LDNe of each Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii population.

Estimated Number of Individuals in the Wild *

Independent Comparisons

Overall r²

Expected r²

Ne

95% CIs

Parametric

Jackknife Loci

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