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Golden Lion Tamarin(Leontopithecus rosalia) Characteristics 

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Golden Lion Tamarin(Leontopithecus rosalia) Characteristics 

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Habitat specific

Found in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.

Live 10-30 ft above the ground

Native to the Atlantic coast of Brazil

Tropical humid forests

tree holes

External and Internal

7.5 to 8.75 inches

14-29 ounces

Orange in color

Long fingers

Black face

Thick rings of hair

Behavioral

Social family groups

males help raise their offspring, carry young on their backs

groups of 3-8 members

Very territorial

rarely fight

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates
Family:Callitrichidae
Genus:Leontopithecus
Species:rosalia

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Types
Spider Monkey, Howler Monkey, White Faced Saki, Bald Uakari, Night Monkey, Tamarin Monkey, Atlantic Titi, Marmoset Monkey, Capuchin Monkey.
Physical
Broad noses, side facing, widely separated nostrils, long tails, one child born at a time, and contain vomersonasal organ. A vomersonasal organ is an organ that is located close to the vomer and nasal bones. It contains sensory neurons that detect chemical stimuli.
Behavioral
They reproduce one baby born at a time, they are arboreal, and spend most of the day hunting and looking for food and sleep at night. Usually live in large groups that break into smaller troops. They are mostly herbavorous. Mostly eat leaves, fruit, nuts, gums, and small prey like insects.
Habitat requirements
The Platyrrhine are split up inot four different families Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Antelidae.All of these monkeys are normally found in their habitats located in Central and South America. They live in the trees of rainforests and eat insects, leaves, fruit, or any resources they can find.
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_5.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/New_World_monkey
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/New_World_monkey
http://pages.nycep.org/rosenberger/downloads/pdf/NWM_Rosenberger_Hartwig.pdf

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Black Headed Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps) Characteristics 

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Black Headed Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps) Characteristics 

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Habitat specific

Live in tropical rainforests of Central and South America

spcifically in South America; Panama and Columbia

External and Internal

long arms

prehensile tails

hook like hands

no thumbs

forward looking eyes

looks like a spider

black with white on its chin

born with pink face and ears

further apart eyes

live on average 24 years

length:40-55cm

weight:9kg

Behavioral

grab things with tails

search for food during the day

most of the day they climb and swing in trees

females change scent and behavior when ready to mate

spit for feeding

breed every year or 2

large community from 20-100

eat preferably fruit, but will eat seeds, bark, spiders.

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates
Family:Antelidae
Genus:Ateles
Species:fuscic
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/group/spider-monkeys/
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/spider-monkey/#spider-monkey-group-25880544.jpg

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There are three main species of monkeys in the areas of Costa Rica we visited and two of them don't appear to be particularly wary of humans. The one we saw most frequently was the white-headed capuchin ( cebus capucinus). These guys hang around the beaches in Manuel Antonio National Park and entertain tourists with their antics (which often involve trying to steal food and which, no doubt, explains the park's strict policy of allowing no food other than pre-made sandwiches and peeled fruit through the gates).
For the technically inclined...

Aperture: ƒ/5.6

Camera: NIKON D500

Focal length: 300mm

ISO: 1800

Shutter speed: 1/100s

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There are three main species of monkeys in the areas of Costa Rica we visited and two of them don't appear to be particularly wary of humans. The one we saw most frequently was the white-headed capuchin (cebus capucinus).

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White Headed Capuchin Monkey(Cebus capucinus) Characteristics 

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White Headed Capuchin Monkey(Cebus capucinus) Characteristics 

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Habitat specicifc

Native to the jungles of Central America and Northern regions of South America

Found in countries that are Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Argentina, and Ecuador

External and Internal

Medium sized

Black with white markings on its face and on its upper body

Long tail

on average live 50 years

Prehensile tail

Black cap on head

Tan colored facial skin

Weight: 6.4-8.6 pounds

it can be as long as 18 in and shortest is 13.8

Can reach speeds of 35 mph

Behavioral

Highly adaptable

One of the most intelligent monkeys in the world

Troops normally contain up to 20 monkeys per troop

Highly social and energetic

One alpha male is used to breed and protect

One of the most effective dispersers of plants and fruit throughout the jungle

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family:Cebidae
Genus:Cebus
Species:capucines
https://a-z-animals.com/animals/white-faced-capuchin/
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cebus_capucinus/

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Speciation Type
The New World Monkeys follow the gradualism process of evolution, proven with many pieces of evidence New World Monkeys follow gradualism because it takes a long gradual time for these evolutionary changes to occur. In addition, there are continuous changes in the species that make the evolution gradual without punctuated equilibrium. One way that that gradualism is shown, is in forests. Spider and Wolly monkeys evolved from the growing of the forest in between them. This is gradual because this forest grow gradually and doesn't grow in a quick time. In addition, nonrandom mating in Capuchin and Spider monkeys takes a long time to have effect and cause evolution. The genetic variation takes a long time to have an effect. Also, genetic drift, such as in the L-M opsin gene of the spider and capuchin monkey, occurs over a long period of time. Lastly, continuous environment changes like global warming, human interference, new predators and prey, and other changes will continue to happen on earth. This will impact the New World Monkeys because they will change and evolve from these things over time. All of the above represent gradualism.
https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Phyletic_gradualism
Coevevolution
Spider Monkeys have evolved to gain a characteristic that allows their sense of smell to determine what fruit is repined to perfection. When these fruits are ripened to their liking, the monkeys will eat them. At the same time the monkeys were evolving, these tropical fruit trees were also adapting to their needs. The plants have evolved to ripen only when their seeds are ready to be properly dispersed for maximum reproduction. This helps both the monkeys with their nutrition and the fruits with their dispersal.
https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/17600/20151018/coevolution-monkeys-distinguish-ripened-fruit-based-odor-researchers.htm
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Microevolution
Spider Monkeys dont have thumbs. They have four curved fingers that wrap around, which helps with life in the forest to Grab onto trees and other objects. This is microevolution because Spider Monkeys are the only New World Monkeys without thumbs. This evolution has only occurred in spider Monkeys because it benefits them in their environment.
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/monkeycomparisons.html
http://www.softschools.com/facts/animals/spider_monkey_facts/311/
Genetic drift
The Spider Monkey and the Capuchin monkey have a different allele frequency from the rest of the New world monkeys for the L-M opsin gene, Photopigment generations in their DNA. the L-M opsin gene codes for what the monkeys can see. Specifically in Capuchin and Spider Monkeys. This shows genetic drift because the allele frequencies greatly changed in these two new world monkeys. Furthermore, the spider monkey specifically had even more allele outliers in the L-M opsin gene region except for eons 1 and 6. Thus shows more genetic drift in Spider Monkeys in the L-M opsin gene region. This would not would not have a huge impact if this population not even bigger because the colors that the monkeys see, do not greatly affect how well they live. If in some instance it did, and this population got bigger, this could hurt the population because it will become less genetically fit to survive.
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/27/2/453/970602
Emigration
In white headed Capuchin Monkeys, after around 4 years males start to leave their troops that they were born into. On the other hand, females tend to stay with the same group. This results in male genes in capuchins leaping their troops and being dispersed. throughout the Capuchins around the region in which they live in. This could result in significant genetic diversity between troops of capuchin. The make capuchins will be dispersing their genetic make up between troops once they spread randomly to different troops. This will create troops of capuchins to be genetically different because the males are migrating to different troops. Females that stay will help retain the unique features between troops because their genes won't leave their troops.
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cebus_capucinus/

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The new world monkeys show similarity to humans by their number of chromosomes. Some examples of new world monkeys are silvery marmoset, pygmy marmoset, goeldis marmoset,and common squirrel monkey. The Silvery marmoset, pygmy marmoset, and the common squirrel monkey have 44 chromosomes and the Goeldis marmoset has 46. Humans have 46 chromosomes and one X chromosome and Y chromosome. These karyotypes show close similarities to Humans. The monkeys have either 44 or 46 chromosomes causing humans and monkeys to have a similarity in ancestry. One difference between the new world monkeys and humans would be that humans only have one X chromosome, while the monkeys have X1 and X2 chromosome.
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC1963484_1471-2148-7-S2-S11-3&req=4

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Biochemistry
In a study on the new world monkeys, it was found that the new world monkeys do not show the 23 bp deletion in MHC-G intron 2 molecules. This deletion was shown in all of the primates from around this time. The fact that they do not show the 223 bp deletion that is shown in the old world monkeys, shows that all of the new world monkeys descended from a common ancestor that at one point broke away from the old world monkeys.
DNA and RNA
When the DNA of new world monkeys was examined, scientists found that the new world monkeys had three or more genes that all coded for beta-microseminoprotein, which is better known as PSP94. This showed that they evolved and were different from old world monkeys because the old world monkeys only had one gene coding for PSP94. Because all the new world monkeys have three or more genes, it further supports that all monkeys had common ancestor and are all related to each other. The scientists conducting this test concluded that this mutation occurred at the time of separation between new and old world monkeys.
Chromosomal Analysis
All of the new world monkeys share similar traits within their chromosomes. For example, they show similarities in the fission of certain chromosomes. They all show the seven fissions in five chromosomes. They are in 1,3/21,8,10,and 14/15. They also show 4 fusions. These are all found in all new world monkeys. This shows that the new world monkeys all came from a common ancestor and that they all recently started to become distinct different species.
Fossil record
Numerous fossils of new world monkeys have been found all the way from South America to Central America. All of the fossils show relatively the same bone structures for all of the monkeys. Majority of the fossils found are in the tertiary or quaternary sediments in South or Central America. The first fossil of a new world monkey is form 11 million years ago found in the Amazons, even though it was concluded that monkeys first came over to South America some 37 to 40 million years ago.

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Learn more about how you can help endangered species.

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The phylogenetic tree below shows how the new world monkeys diverged from being old world monkeys, just as old world monkeys did when great apes lost their tails.

https://www.macalester.edu/~montgomery/SpiderMonkeyVertTree.JPG

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How taxonomy shows relatedness (All Monkeys

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How taxonomy shows relatedness (All Monkeys

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Taxonomy alone can give people information regarding the relatedness among different species, depending on how similar they are. For example, in the New World Monkeys, the Capuchin, Atlantic Titi, and Spider Monkey all have the same taxonomy up to their families. The kingdom is Animalia, the Phylum is Chordata, the class is Mammalia, and the Order is Primate. After that the classification can vary.

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Age of fossil: 9-14 million years ago
Time period: Middle Miocene
Fossil: Right upper first molar
https://www.morphosource.org/index.php/Detail/MediaDetail/Show/media_id/7431

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Age of fossil: less than 500,000 years ago
Time period: Pleistocene Time period
Fossil: Carium and Mandible
http://fossilmatter.blogspot.com/2015/05/varonas-fossil-monkey-paralouatta.html

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Directional Modification
The type of natural selection that is shown by the new world monkeys is directional modification. The best way that this is shown is throughout all of the unique traits that the individual species have obtained. For example, emperor tamarins have developed unique mustaches because the females are attracted to them. Or how the Black Spider monkeys have their long arms that allow them to swing from trees to escape from predators. Or The white headed capuchin and its small structure that allows them to escape and hide from predators but not too small that they can still protect defend themselves.
Decent with modification
The new world monkeys have descended form a common ancestor and have since then divided into over 100 species throughout the 5 main families. Each individual species has adapted to their environment for the optimal opportunity of survival. Descent with modification is shown with the diversity of the new world monkeys.

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Age of Fossil: 16.4 million years ago
Time period: Middle Miocene
Fossil: Skull
https://cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/new-skulls/

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Age of fossil: Less than 500,000 years ago
Time period:Pleistocene time period
Fossil: Complete Skeleton
http://pages.nycep.org/rosenberger/pdfs/Halenar%20and%20Rosenberger%20JHE%2013%20(Cartelles).pdf

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Age of fossil:26 million years old
Time period: Miocene Time period
Fossil:Jaw and teeth

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Age of fossil: 20 million years ago
Time period: early Miocene
Fossil:Skull
http://digimorph.org/specimens/Tremacebus_harringtoni/