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Climate change and biosphere integrity should be recognized as core planetary boundaries through which the other boundaries operate.

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The climate system is a manifestation of the amount, distribution, and net balance of energy at Earth’s surface. The total amount of energy sets the overall conditions for life.

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The ecosystems and biota play a critical role in determining the state of the Earth system, regulating its material and energy flows and its responses to abrupt and gradual change

Diversity in the biosphere provides resilience to terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

The biosphere also increases the capacity of the Earth system to persist in a given state under changes in these other boundaries.

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The biogeochemical flow or cycle is the natural pathway by which essential elements are circulated. This term considerate the biological, geological and chemical aspect of cycle. One of these is the carbon cycle which is covered in the climate change boundary.

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-CO2
-Other greenhouse gases
-Aerosols
-Other factors that affect the energy balance

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-The more stringent of the two boundaries
-The relationship with CO2 can vary through time with changes in the individual radiative forcing factors

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Estimates of preindustrial values

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Maintenance of a Holocene-like state of the Earth system

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1.The role of genetically unique material as the “information bank”. Genetic diversity provides: capacity of the biosphere to adapt to abiotic change.

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1.The role of genetically unique material as the “information bank”. Genetic diversity provides: capacity of the biosphere to adapt to abiotic change.

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Assessments of the impacts of human activities on Earth-system functioning.

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Assessments of the impacts of human activities on Earth-system functioning.

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Intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability  of the Earth system

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2. The role of the biosphere in Earth-system functioning and measures loss of biodiversity components at both global and biome/large ecosystem levels. 

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2. The role of the biosphere in Earth-system functioning and measures loss of biodiversity components at both global and biome/large ecosystem levels. 

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Interim control variable: Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII)>

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Interim control variable: Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII)>

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change in population abundance as a result of human impacts, such as land or resource use.

Pre- industrial era abundance>reference point

Values can go above 100% (human modifications to ecosystems)

BII in South Africa

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PB framework, will need to be implemented alongside the achievement of targets aimed at more immediate human needs, such as a provision of clean, affordable, and accessible energy and the adequate supply of food.

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- The PB approach is embedded in this emerging social context, but it does not suggest how to maneuver within the safe operating space in the quest for global sustainability

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- The PB approach is embedded in this emerging social context, but it does not suggest how to maneuver within the safe operating space in the quest for global sustainability

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PB framework does not as yet account for the regional distribution of the impact or its historical patterns. Nor does the PB framework take into account the deeper issues of equity and causation.

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It is easy to foresee that uneven distribution of causation and benefits will continue, and these differentials must surely be addressed for Earth-system state to be successfully legitimated and maintained.

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first of all, we need to know what is ocean acidification? Ocean acidification is when the CO₂ is absorbed by the ocean then chemical reactions occur that reduce the seawater pH. these chemical reaction is called "Ocean acidification or OA". This reaction is causing many parts of the ocean to become undersaturated with calcium minerals which is affecting some organisms.

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We retain the original control variable [O3 concentration in DU (Dobson units)] and boundary (275 DU). This boundary is only transgressed over Antarctica in the austral spring, when O3 concentration drops to about 200 DU

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This boundary is related with the CO₂ from the climate change. The concentration of free ions of hydrogen in the surface ocean has increased 30% in the last 200 years due to the increase in atmospheric CO₂ . This influences the carbonate chemistry in the seawater and low the saturation state of argonite.

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The minimum O3 concentration has been steady for about 15 years and is expected to rise over the coming decades as the ozone hole is repaired after the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances. This is an example in which, after a boundary has been transgressed regionally, humanity has taken effective action to return the process back to within the boundary.

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The revised freshwater use boundary has retained consumptive use of blue water [from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and renewable groundwater stores] as the global-level control variable

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we report here a new assessment to complement the PB with a basin-scale boundary for the maximum rate of blue water with- drawal along rivers, based on the amount of water required in the river system to avoid regime shifts in the functioning of flow-dependent ecosystems.

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We base our control variable on the concept of environmental water flows (EWF), which defines the level of river flows for different hydrological characteristics of river basins adequate to maintain a fair-to-good ecosystem state.

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The boundaries were set at the lower end of the uncertainty ranges that encompass average monthly EWF. Our new estimates of the current status of the water use boundary—computed based on grid cell–are specific estimates of agricultural, industrial, and domestic water withdrawals.

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In each panel, green areas are within the boundary (safe), yellow areas are within the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), and red areas are beyond the zone of uncertainty (high risk).

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Guiding human development on a changing planet

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Guiding human development on a changing planet

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The humans have created the planetary boundaries because of its actions in recent years that have affect the earth system (ES), creating an urgency for a solution. This solution consist on define a safe operating space for humanity based on scientific understanding of the ES.

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The original boundary was proposed for the phosphorus and the nitrogen but now we use a more generic PB in order to include all the human influence on biogeochemical flows. In fact that we need to develop more PBs for other elements, although we only focus in the phosphorus and nitrogen for now.

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These boundaries are basically levels of human interaction with the ES without resulting on a substantial risk of destabilizing our environment, but this doesn´t mean it dictates how our society should act. Our decisions of how to proceed with this boundaries have to maintain the people´s unity and equality in general.

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The land system change is now focused in the biogeophysical processes in land systems that directly regulate climate-exchange of energy, water, and momentum between the land surface and the atmosphere

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The three major forest biomes-tropical, temperate and boreal-play a stronger role in land surface-climate coupling than other biomes.
The tropical forests have substantial feedbacks to climate through changes in evapotranspiration, and boreal forests affect the albedo of the land surface and hence energy exchange

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The biome-level boudary for the tropical and boreal have been set at 85%, and the boundary for template forest has been proposed to 50% of potential forest cover.

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Aereosols affect the regional ocean-atmosphere cicrculation. We adopt aerosol optical depth(AOD) as the control variable.

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Emisssions of black carbon, organic carbon from cooking, heating with biofuels and from disel transportation, emission of sulfates and nitrates from fossil fuel combustion, can increase seasonal mean of AOD to as high as 0.4 leading to decrease of 10 to 15% of incident solar radiation at the surface. The annual mean AOD is currently about 0.3, within the zone.