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At that time, the United States and the Soviet Union were both "superpowers" in the world. In order to compete for world hegemony, the two countries and their allies began decades of struggle. During this period, although differences and conflicts were serious, both sides tried their best to avoid the outbreak of large-scale wars (World War III) worldwide. Their confrontation usually passed through local proxy wars, science and technology and arms races, space races, diplomatic competition, etc. The "cold" way, that is, "mutual restraint, no force", is called "cold war."

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On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy and his wife arrived in Dallas, Texas. When they rode along the streets of downtown Dallas, large groups of people greeted Kennedy. Then the rifle shot rang. Kennedy was shot. The president died in a nearby hospital an hour later. Chief Justice Earl Warren led a committee to investigate the assassination. The Warren Commission determined that Oswald acted alone. However, many still believe that Oswald is part of the conspiracy. The assassination taught the Americans that their government system could survive the uneasiness.

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Kennedy’s first foreign policy test came from Cuba. Kennedy approved plans to weaken the rights of Cuban rulers. The plan calls for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and Cuba to overthrow Castro. The US government will provide air support to the exiles. But the attack failed. Many exiles were captured. The invasion failed. A year later, another conflict broke out between the United States and Cuba. Pictures from US spies show that the Soviet Union built a nuclear missile base in Cuba. Some bases are already equipped with missiles ready to launch. These weapons may be suitable for the United States. President Kennedy asked the Soviet Union to cancel the missile. In October
In 1962, the US Navy surrounded Cuban ships. The war seems to break out at any time. However, the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev finally agreed.
Demolition of the missile.
Despite their battle, Kennedy and Khrushchev did try to reach an agreement. They have established a hotline between the two countries. This special phone connects Kennedy and Khrushchev. When the crisis broke out, it allowed them to talk directly. The two leaders also agreed to the "strict test-ban treaty." The treaty prohibits nuclear testing in the atmosphere.

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Kennedy won the election with a slight advantage. Two major factors prompted him to win. In the TV debate, Kennedy left a deep impression on the audience with his powerful and powerful personality. Nixon was nervous and upset. The second factor was Kennedy's response to the arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King in October 1960. Kennedy said that the wife of the king expressed sympathy and persuaded the judge to release the king from prison. His actions have won the support of African-American voters.

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Television became the most important means of communication in the 1950s. It both shows and influences the popular culture of the time. The number of families with television has soared. It rose from 9% in all households in 1950 to 90% in 1960. Initially, the number of TV stations was limited by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC is a government agency that manages the communications industry. However, soon, TV stations were spread all over the country. Many programs are popular
Nationally. The 1950s was the "golden age" of television. The comedy show starring Milton Berle and Lucille Ball is very popular. Edward R. Murrow introduced live coverage and interviews. There are also western movies, sports events and original dramas. In short, the TV shows the idealized white America. It ignores issues such as poverty, diversity and racism.
As the drama and comedy turned to television, the radio changed. It began to focus on news, weather, music and local issues. The radio industry is doing very well. The number of advertisements has increased and the number of stations has increased. The film industry is affected by television competition. The number of movie viewers has dropped by 50%. But Hollywood counterattacks. It creates spectacular movies by using color, stereo and wide screens.

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The Cold War refers to the political, economic, and military struggle between the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization-based capitalist camp between 1947 and 1991, and the socialist camp dominated by the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact.
On March 5, 1946, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill published an "iron curtain speech" in Fulton, USA, officially kicking off the Cold War. On March 12, 1947, the American Trumanism was introduced, marking the beginning of the Cold War. The establishment of the Warsaw Pact in 1955 marked the formation of a bipolar pattern. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union illustrated the failure of the Soviet model, marking the end of the Cold War and marking the end of the bipolar pattern for a total of 44 years. The United States has become the only superpower in the world.

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When the US Army approached Japan in March 1945, President Roosevelt passed away.
Vice President Harry S. Truman was appointed president. President Truman spoke about Manhattan's plans. This is the secret development of the atomic bomb led by J. Robert Oppenheimer. On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was tested. It is stronger than expected. Many scientists believe that it is unethical to drop a bomb in Japan. Others say they will shorten the war and save lives. It will also give the United States an advantage over the Soviet Union after the war. Truman decided to use the bomb. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima, Japan dropped an atomic bomb. Almost all buildings collapsed into dust. But Japan did not surrender. The second bomb landed in Nagasaki, killing 200,000 people. Emperor Hirohito was terrified. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. The war is over.

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The country's factories soon turned to war production. Car factories manufacture aircraft and tanks. The pencil manufacturer found the bomb parts. The shipyard and defense plant have been expanded. They built warships at an extremely fast speed. About 18 million workers have retained these war industries. The 6 million new factory workers are women. At first, the industry did not want to hire women. Men worry that women can't engage in hard labor. If a woman can do the job, the factory hires them. However, they only pay 60% of men to women.

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The New Deal reform continues to play a role. They are in recession in this country. The economy makes it more stable. However, no one is as bad as the Great Depression. People's savings are insurance. One of the new most important and lasting advantages is the social security system. It provides pension insurance and unemployment benefits. We also support dependent children and people with disabilities and their families. First, the federal government is responsible for the welfare of the people. Second, the Agricultural Adjustment Act provides financing for farmers. The loan is based on the price based on the flat value of the remaining crops of farmers - from 1910 to 1914. Projects that spread electricity to rural areas have also helped farmers. Contributing to the New Deal Roosevelt is very interested in protecting the country's natural resources. The New Deal policy promotes soil protection to prevent repeated dust balls. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) supports flood protection and power supply, and the New Deal plans to join the national park system and establish an area to protect wildlife.

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By the end of 1932, Americans were ready to make changes. The Democratic Franklin Delano Roosevelt candidate (the presidential election led to the 1932 earthquake, often referred to as the FDR) defeated Hoover. The Democratic Party also has a majority in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Roosevelt and his advisers are planning to complete depression. These plans are called the New Deal.It has three goals: poverty reduction, economic recovery, and fiscal reform.

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The economy flourished in the 1920s. However, there are economic problems. Industries such as clothing, steel making and mining have had little success. Many industries succeeded in the early 1920s. But by the end of the 1920s, they were losing money. These industries include automotive, construction and consumer goods.
The biggest problem is agriculture. After the war, the demand for food decreased and the farmers suffered. Farmers’ income has fallen. Many people are unable to pay home loans on their farms. As a result, many farmers lost their land. Congress is trying to help farmers through price support. With price support, the government will not allow food prices to fall below a certain level. However, Calvin Coolidge rejected the bill. Farmers’ income continues to decline. Farmers are not just concerned about the economy. Americans don't buy that much. Many people's prices are rising faster
The conditions are not just salary. Many people buy goods through credit - consumers agree to pay interest on a monthly basis. However, too many Americans are accumulating debts that they cannot afford. In the late 1920s, most people in the United States seemed to be prosperous, but income distribution was unequal. Many rich people are very rich. However, many people are behind their performance.

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The First World War brought a deep disaster to mankind, but objectively promoted the development of science and technology, which is an important stage in the history of weapons development.The great result of the First World War was that it severely weakened the power of imperialism. In the latter part of the war, the Russian proletariat in the eastern border of Europe opened a weak link in the chain of imperialism and achieved Russia in October. The victory of the socialist revolution, in the early post-war period, the proletarian revolutionary movement of the capitalist countries and the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa and Latin America showed a new upswing

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The First World War was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Asia, Africa, Latin American colonies and semi-colonies were basically divided up by the powers. The old and new colonials were intensified, the imperialist economies were unbalanced, and the order was not equal. In the background, a world-class imperialist war broke out to redistribute the world and compete for global hegemony. The war process is mainly a battle between the Allies and the Allies. The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria belong to the Allied camp. The British Empire, the Third Republic of France, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, and the United States of America belong to the Allies. This war is one of the most destructive wars in European history. About 65 million people participated in the war, more than 10 million people lost their lives, and 20 million were injured. The war has caused serious economic losses, which have caused enormous material and mental damage to human beings.

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By 1899, many countries brought economic benefits to China. The United States wants to trade with China. Secretary of State John issued this policy statement to other countries. His policy statement is called an open-ended bill. They urged China to open its ports and let China become independent. There are no countries with special trade rights. Other countries agree. In 1900, China’s secret society caused rebellion. They protested the influence of Western China. Armed forces in many countries, including the United States, are fighting the rebels. After the boxer rebellion was defeated, the United States issued more open-door bills to confirm that other countries did not produce colonies from China.

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Progressives also reformed politics. City governments were sometimes corrupt. For instance, they might be run by party bosses who gave jobs to their friends and bribed people to vote for them. One answer to this problem was a new system of city government called the commission system. In the commission system a group of experts runs the city. Each expert takes charge of a different city department. By 1917, about 500 cities had commission forms of city government. Another reform idea was the council manager form of government.

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Reformers promoted a series of changes in the early 20th century. They worked together to build a progressive movement. Progressive movement has four goals: (1) protection of social welfare, (2) promotion of moral improvement, (3) creation of economic reform, and (4) improvement of efficiency. Reformists are trying to promote social welfare by alleviating the problem of city life.

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By the 1880s, many American leaders thought the United States should establish colonies overseas. This idea was called imperialism—the policy in which stronger nations extend economic, political or military control over weaker territories. European countries had competed for territory all over the world. Most Americans gradually accepted the idea of overseas expansion. Three factors fueled American imperialism: desire for military strength,
thirst for new markets, and a belief in the superiority of American culture.

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 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century 2 

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 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century 2 

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The use of machines allowed workers at the turn of the century to do their jobs faster. This led to a shorter workweek. As a result, Americans had more leisure time. Americans found new ways to use that time. Many city dwellers enjoyed trips to amusement parks. There, rides such as the roller coaster and the Ferris wheel thrilled people. Another recreational activity that became popular at the turn of the century was bicycling. This activity entertained both men and women. Many Americans also grew fond of playing tennis. Several kinds of snack foods also became popular. Americans turned to brand-name
snacks such as a Hershey chocolate bar and drinks such as a Coca-Cola. Those Americans who did not wish to exercise watched professional sports. Boxing became popular in the late 1800s. Baseball also became a well-loved spectator sport. The National League was formed in 1876 and the American League in 1901. African-American baseball players were not allowed to play in either league. As a result, they formed their own clubs—the Negro National League and the Negro American League.

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During the late 1800s, reformers tried to improve public education. At that time, most children in the United States received little education. Many children did not even attend school. Those who did left after only four years. Eventually, the situation began to improve. Between 1865 and 1895, 31 states passed laws requiring children from 8 to 14 years-old to attend school for at least three months out of every year. By 1900, almost three-quarters of American children between those ages attended school. Schools taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. By the turn of the century, the number of schools had increased greatly. The number of kindergartens grew from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900. The number of high schools increased even more. In 1878
there were 800 high schools in the United States. By 1898, that number had grown to 5,500. The high-school curriculum also expanded. It included courses in science, civics, home economics, history, and literature. Many people realized that the new industrial age needed people who had technical and managerial skills. As a result, high schools also included courses such as drafting and bookkeeping. This prepared students for industrial and office jobs. The growth of public education mainly affected the nation’s white communities. During the late 1880s, only 34 percent of African-American children attended elementary school. Fewer than one percent attended high school. Unlike African Americans, immigrants attended schools in large numbers. Some immigrant parents hoped that school would “Americanize” their children. Many adult immigrants also went to school. They attended night classes to
Terms learn American culture and English. Some employers offered daytime programs to Americanize their workers.

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Many new immigrants settled in the city in the early 20th century. They came here to find jobs in the growing factories and companies in the city. Immigrants are mainly concentrated in the northeast and mid-western cities. As a result, rapid urbanization and urban growth have occurred in the region. By 1910, immigrants accounted for more than half of the population of 18 major cities in the United States. Many immigrants live in the same community and in the same village.

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Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the United States. Many of them are from Eastern and Southern Europe. Some immigrants began to escape religious persecution. Many people are poor and trying to improve the economy. However, some people have experienced greater freedom in the United States. Most European immigrants arrive on the east coast. A small number of immigrants come from Asia. They arrived on the west coast. From 1851 to 1883, about 200,000 Chinese immigrants visited. Many Chinese immigrants helped build the country's first transcontinental railway.

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Railroad will be easy for people traveling long distances. They also support the development of many industries. Growth of iron, steel, coal, wood and glass industry is part of the railway need for those products. The train also has increased trade between cities, towns and villages. This has grown and made many communities to prosper. The railroad led to the establishment of a new town. In 1880, George M. Pullman built a factory on Chicago's outside grassland. There, the workers made a sleeping car As he demanded sleeper cars increased, Pullman Pullman created quality homes for his workers. He built a large town to accommodate the necessary workers. I invented the train. But he tried to control many aspects of his life. Finally, his workers resisted. The railroad industry provides opportunities for people to become rich. In this industry, we collect a lot of broken people. One of the most famous examples of corruption is the Crédit Mobilier scandal.

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Since the late 19th century, inventors have produced items that have changed the way people live and work. In 1876, Thomas Alva Edison established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He used the laboratory to develop new inventions. Edison perfected an early bulb there. Then he worked on building a power plant to generate electricity. Another inventor, George Westinghouse, has developed a way to make electricity safer and cheaper.
The use of electricity has changed the United States. By 1890, electricity operated machines such as fans and printers. Electricity can be used at home quickly. This led to the invention of many electrical appliances. The city built an electric tram. They make travel cheaper and easier. In 1867, Christopher Shoals invented the typewriter. This has led to dramatic changes in the workplace. Almost a decade later, in 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invented the phone. The wave of inventions of the late 19th century helped change the daily lives of Americans.

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The 1876 elections also brought an end to Republican influence in Southern state governments. After the elections, Democrats, called Redeemers, controlled every Southern state government. Using the power of home rule—or the ability to run state governments without the interference of the federal government— the Democrats made sweeping changes. They restricted the rights of freed slaves. They wiped out social programs and got rid of public schools. In the end, Reconstruction had failed to gain equal rights for African Americans.

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The American reconstruction period was in the history of the United States from 1865 to 1877. When the Confederacy was destroyed along with slavery, people wanted to solve the problems left over by the Civil War. People have proposed ways to resolve the problems of how to separate the states from the South, the citizenship of the leaders of the Confederacy, and the legal status of the black free people. How to deal with these problems has caused intense discussion.
By the late 1870s, reconstruction failed to integrate black equality into the legal, political, economic, and social systems. The “reconstruction period” is also a general term for the entire history of the United States from 1865 to 1877.

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Only five days after General Lee surrendered at Appomattox, President Lincoln was shot by a Southern sympathizer. Lincoln was at a play in Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., when John Wilkes Booth shot him. The president died the next day. Lincoln’s body was carried by train from Washington to his hometown of Springfield, Illinois. Seven million people, or almost one-third of the Union population, turned out to pay their respects

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By March 1865, it was clear that the end of the Confederacy was near. President Davis fled Richmond. On April 9, 1965, Generals Lee and Grant met in a Virginia village called Appomatox Court House and arranged the Confederate surrender

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In 1863 General Robert E. Lee decided again to invade the North. Lee’s forces clashed with the Union army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Union army defeated Lee’s troops after three days of fierce fighting. Each side lost more than 50,000 soldiers. The Battle of Gettysburg was considered a turning point in the war. Northerners became rejuvenated due to the fact that they had finally broken through and defeated Lee’s army. Lee would continue to lead his men brilliantly in the next two years of the war. But the Confederacy would never recover from the loss and never again hope to invade the North.

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Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863

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Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863

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As the war dragged on, a growing number of people in the North felt that slavery should be abolished. At first, Lincoln hesitated to act on this issue. He did not feel he had the constitutional right to end slavery where it already existed. But pressure to free the slaves steadily increased. As a result, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The Proclamation freed all slaves behind Confederate lines.

After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy knew that if it lost, its slaveholding society would perish. The Union knew that it now could win only by completely defeating the Confederacy. From January 1863 on, it was a war to the death

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Civil war begun

The Confederate states took over federal property in the South, especially forts. In April of 1861, the Confederacy demanded that the Union surrender Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor. President Lincoln refused to abandon the fort. However, he sent only food for the people there. In March of 1861, the Confederacy attacked the fort and seized it. In response, Lincoln decided to go to war.

The Civil War had begun. The remaining slave states quickly took sides. Virginia and three other states joined the Confederacy. Only four slave states remained in the Union. They were Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and Missouri.

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Several events led to the final split between the North and the South. 

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Several events led to the final split between the North and the South. 

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1. The first was an 1857 Supreme Court decision involving a slave, Dred Scott. Scott claimed that residing in the free states made him a free man. In Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that being in a free state did not make a slave free. The Court also ruled that slaves were considered property according to the Constitution. As a result, territories could not exclude slavery—for it would be denying a person their property. Southerners cheered the decision. They felt that it allowed slavery to be extended into all the western territories.

2. In 1859, another act of violence over slavery grabbed the nation’s attention. John Brown, a Northern white abolitionist, tried to start a slave rebellion. Brown and a few followers attacked a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. They hoped to steal guns and arm slaves.

3. The Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, won the presidential election of 1860. He received no electoral votes in the South. Lincoln’s victory convinced Southerners that they had lost their political power in the United States. They feared an end to their whole way of life. As a result, Southern states began to leave the Union. South Carolina seceded on December 20, 1860. By February 1861, six other states followed. They formed the Confederacy, or Confederate States of America. They elected Jefferson Davis president. What many people had feared— a divided country—had finally happened

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Many Americans believed that God wanted the United States to expand across the continent. They felt that Americans were meant to control the West. This belief was called manifest destiny. As a result of this belief, many people began moving west The westward movement caused conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers. In 1851, the United States government signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie with many Native American groups. The treaty gave Native Americans control of much of the Great Plains. In return, the Native Americans agreed not to attack settlers as they moved west.  The United States promised that settlers would stay out of the Native American lands. But the U.S. government did not honor this treaty.

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Before, farmers raised a variety crops for their own families. Now they turned to specialization, raising one or two crops that they could sell. These changes brought about a market revolution, in which people bought and sold goods rather than making them for

themselves. This new process depended on capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system in which private businesses and individuals control production in order to make a profit. Under capitalism, entrepreneurs, or business owners, invested their money in new industries.

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There were dozens of strikes for shorter hours or higher pay in the 1830s and 1840s. Employers won most of them. One reason was that owners could hire strikebreakers, or replacement workers. To increase their power, workers joined trade unions, or unions specific to each trade. These unions eventually joined together to form the National Trades’ Union in 1834. This union represented a variety of trades. Factory owners opposed the union movement. They had help early on from the courts—which declared strikes illegal. In 1842, however, the Massachusetts Supreme Court supported the right of workers to strike in Commonwealth v. Hunt. By 1860, barely 5,000 workers were members of what would now be called labor unions. By this time, however, more than 20,000 workers participated in strikes for improved working conditions and wages.

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The United States ’s annexation of Texas increased tensions with Mexico. U.S. President James K. Polk wanted a war with Mexico. The United States army was led by Colonel Stephen Kearny. He marched his troops into Santa Fe, New Mexico. U.S. forces took the area without firing a shot. New Mexico immediately asked to join the United States. In 1848, Mexico and the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the war. Under the treaty, a defeated Mexico handed much of its northern land to the United States. This land included present-day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. As a result of its war with Mexico, the United States grew by one-third.

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The President also took on the second national bank—the Bank of the United States (BUS) in Philadelphia. Jackson viewed the bank as an agent of the wealthy and elite. Jackson tried to shut the bank down by taking money out of it and putting it in other banks. In an attempt to save the bank, the bank’s president called for all loans to be repaid. This caused many businesses to go bankrupt. In 1836 the national bank went out of business. By 1837, many of the banks Jackson had put money in during the bank fight had failed. This helped cause the panic of 1837. During this time, many banks closed and people lost their savings. As a result, the country sank into a depression.

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Free African Americans had urged the end of slavery for years. Gradually, more and more whites began to support abolition, the movement to end slavery. Some were encouraged by Charles Finney and other preachers who called slavery a sin. In 1831, a Virginia slave named Nat Turner led a violent slave rebellion. He and his followers attacked five plantations. They killed several people. Turner and his followers eventually were captured and executed.

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Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The law ordered all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River. In 1830, Jackson pressured the Chocktaw to sign a treaty that required them to move from Mississippi. In 1831, he ordered U.S. troops to forcibly remove the Sauk and Fox from their lands in Illinois and Missouri. In 1832, he forced the Chickasaw to leave their lands in Alabama and Mississippi.

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While the United States worked for peaceful relations with foreign nations, it also warned them against interfering with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. Spain and Portugal, for example, wanted to regain control of their former Latin American colonies. In addition, Russia tried to claim more land on the west coast of North America. In 1823, President James Monroe warned European nations not to interfere with any nation in the Americas. In return, the United States would stay out of European affairs. This statement is called the Monroe Doctrine.

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happened after Eli Whitney introduced the large mass production, it used machines and large labor to massively produce,  it changed the society and the economy, markets developed.

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Britain didn’t respect American’s neutrality, and supported their rival tribes,

U.S. forces attacked the British in Canada. The war did not go well for the Americans at first. Then a U.S. Navy fleet defeated the British on Lake Erie. The British took the upper hand again in 1814, however, when they launched a successful attack on Washington, D.C. President Madison had to flee the city. The advantage swung back to the Americans in 1815, when U.S. General Andrew Jackson scored a victory in the Battle of New Orleans. This victory, however, came after British and American diplomats already had agreed on a peace treaty.

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In 1803, Jefferson purchased a large amount of western land from France. It was called the Louisiana Purchase. It stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. With the Louisiana Purchase, the United States doubled in size.

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The differences between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the nation’s first political parties. Hamilton and supporters of a strong central government were called Federalists. Jefferson and those who believed that state governments should be stronger than the federal government were called Republicans. They later referred to themselves as Democratic Republicans. (This party was the ancestor of today’s Democratic party.) These groups served as the basis for the nation’s two-party system. Under this system, two main political parties compete for power.

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One of the first steps Washington and Congress took was to create a judicial system. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a national court system. This law allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised. Washington and Congress also created three executive departments: the Department of State to deal with foreign affairs; the Department of War to handle military matters; and the Department of Treasury to manage finances.

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The first ten Amendments are called the Bill of Rights. Amendment 1 protects basic civil liberties. It prevents the government from interfering with citizens’ freedom of religion, speech, and press. Amendment 2 says the federal government cannot prevent states from having an armed militia. Amendment 3 says that citizens cannot be forced to let soldiers stay in their homes during peacetime. Amendment 4 extends the people’s right to privacy. Amendments 5 through 8 deal with the rights of citizens accused of crimes. Amendment 5 prevents double jeopardy, or being tried more than once for the same crime. Amendment 6 guarantees the right to a “speedy and public trial.” Amendment 9 guarantees that rights are not denied simply because they have not been mentioned in the Constitution. Amendment 10 says that government powers not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the states or the people or the House of Representatives.

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Article 3 sets up the judicial branch of the federal government. It establishes one Supreme Court but leaves the rest of the “inferior,” The Constitution gives the courts judicial power—the authority to decide cases involving disputes over the law or behavior of people. It does not specifically grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review—the authority to decide

whether a law is constitutional.

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The president is the chief executive, or administrator of the nation. Presidential appointments are another example of the separation of powers. The president can appoint ambassadors, justices of the Supreme Court, and other officials only “with the advice and consent of the Senate.” In other words, the Senate must approve these appointments. The president can also make treaties, but these must also be approved by the Senate. Since the president has the power to give orders to American military forces, some presidents have taken military action against the wishes of Congress and without a declaration of war.

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A law may be introduced in either the House or the Senate. But it must be approved by a majority vote in both houses. To become a law, a bill needs the approval of the president. That is part of the system of checks and balances

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They are often called the federal government’s enumerated powers. They include the power to tax, to borrow money, and to set up courts. The House of Representatives “the lower house.”  Its members are most responsible to the people who elect them because they serve for only two years.The Senate is sometimes called the “upper house.It gives Congress the power to do what is “necessary and proper” to carry out its other powers. This is the basis of the implied powers of the federal

government. It is called the elastic clause because it can be used to stretch, or expand, the government’s power.

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The Powers granted to the national government

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The Powers granted to the national government

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by the Constitution included control of foreign affairs, providing national defense, and regulating trade between the states

They gave the legislative branch The executive branch The judicial branch It ensured that no one branch became too powerful. Instead of choosing a president directly, each state would choose a group of electors

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Congress didn’t enough power in unify the states .Shay’s rebellion happened, a farmer protested the high tax. Five states held a meeting and decided Each state would have two members in the Senate. In the House, the number of representatives from each state would be based on the size of the state’s population.

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They instead favored a republic—a government in which the people elect capable leaders to govern. They limited the power of the government and guaranteed specific rights for its citizens. The Congress decided that each state would have one vote, regardless of the number of people in the state. Itr proposed the Articles of Confederation State, governments were supreme in some matters, while the national government was supreme in other matters. The delegates called this new form of government a confederation . Some support, some against it, Federalists eventually admitted that the Constitution needed a Bill of Rights to protect the nation’s citizens. The Constitution became the basis for the new government in 1789.