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Summary : This article covers the many different ways humans can learn and how we can learn about others.   There are different ways to approach learning and teaching and different ways to look at how others learn through methods.

Evaluation:  Interesting article.  I know myself that we all learn through different teaching methods.  What works for me may not work for someone else.

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What Is Learning?

Learning is a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. It is the acquisition of information, knowledge, and skills. When you think of learning, it's easy to focus on formal education that takes place during childhood and early adulthood. But learning is an ongoing process that takes place throughout life and isn't confined to the classroom.

Learning became a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism rose to become a major school of thought. Today learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology.

Learning Is an Active Process

Even if you learn something relatively quickly, it is still a multi-step process. To learn, you must encounter new information, pay attention to it, coordinate it with what you already know, store it in your memory, and apply it.

For example, say you want to fix a running toilet. You might search for a how-to video, watch it to see if it addresses your need, and then use the instructions to make the repair. Or, consider a time when you came across an unfamiliar word while reading. If you stopped to look up the meaning, then you learned a new word.

Learning Leads to Lasting Change

Learning means retaining the knowledge that you gained. If you see that new vocabulary word in another context, you will understand its meaning. If the toilet starts running again in the future, you may need to watch the video again to refresh your memory on how to fix it, but you have some knowledge of what to do.

Learning Occurs As a Result of Experience

The learning process begins when you have a new experience, whether that is reading a new word, listening to someone explain a concept, or trying a new method for solving a problem. Once you've tried a technique for boiling eggs or a different route to work, you can determine whether it works for you and then use it in the future.

Learning Can Affect Attitudes, Knowledge, or Behavior

There's far more to learning than "book learning." Yes, you can learn new words, concepts, and facts. But you can also learn how to do things and how to feel about things.

It's important to remember that learning can involve both beneficial and negative behaviors. Learning is a natural and ongoing part of life that takes place continually, both for better and for worse.

Sometimes learning means becoming more knowledgeable and leading a better life. In other instances, it means learning behaviors that are detrimental to health and well-being.

How Learning Works

The process of learning is not always the same. Learning can happen in a wide variety of ways. To explain how and when learning occurs, psychologists have proposed a number of different theories.

Learning Through Classical Conditioning

Learning through association is one of the most fundamental ways that people learn new things. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered one method of learning during his experiments on the digestive systems of dogs. He noted that the dogs would naturally salivate at the sight of food, but that eventually the dogs also began to salivate whenever they spotted the experimenter's white lab coat.

Later experiments involved pairing the sight of food with the sound of a bell tone. After multiple pairings, the dogs eventually began to salivate to the sound of the bell alone.

An unconditioned stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is paired with an neutral stimulus. Eventually, an association forms and the previously neutral stimulus becomes known as a conditioned stimulus that then triggers a conditioned response.

Learning Through Operant Conditioning

The consequences of your actions can also play a role in determining how and what you learn. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner noted that while classical conditioning could be used to explain some types of learning, it could not account for everything. Instead, he suggested that reinforcements and punishments were responsible for some types of learning.

When something immediately follows a behavior, it can either increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. This process is referred to as operant conditioning.

For example, imagine that you just got a new puppy, and you would like to begin training it to behave in specific ways. Whenever the puppy does what you want it to do, you reward it with a small treat or a gentle pat. When the puppy misbehaves, you scold him and do not offer affection. Eventually, the reinforcement leads to an increase in the desired behaviors and a decrease in the unwanted behaviors.

Learning Through Observation

While classical conditioning and operant conditioning can help explain many instances of learning, you can probably immediately think of situations where you have learned something without being conditioned, reinforced, or punished.

Psychologist Albert Bandura noted that many types of learning do not involve any conditioning and, in fact, evidence that learning has occurred might not even be immediately apparent.

In a series of famous experiments, Bandura was able to demonstrate the power of this observational learning. Children watched video clips of adults interacting with a large, inflatable Bobo doll. In some instances, the adults simply ignored the doll, while in other clips the adults would hit, kick and yell at the doll.

When kids were later given the chance to play within a room with a Bobo doll present, those who had observed the adults abusing the doll were more likely to engage in similar actions.

Challenges

Learning doesn't always come easily. Sometimes, you must overcome obstacles in order to gain new knowledge. These obstacles may take several different forms.

Environmental Challenges

Access to learning opportunities and aspects of the learning environment play a role in how people learn. These can be big or small challenges. If you can't find instructions or locate someone to ask about your running toilet, you don't have the opportunity to learn how to fix it. In the classroom and the workplace, you may face physical, cultural, or economic barriers that inhibit your ability to learn.

Cognitive Challenges

Cognitive factors affect the learning process, For example, the ability to memorize or attend to information can either facilitate or hinder learning. Specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, affect the way knowledge is processed and retained.

Motivational Challenges

Motivation, including both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. can affect how much people learn. People with a strong intrinsic motivation to learn feel compelled to learn for learning's sake. They do not need rewards, such as grades or prizes, to feel motivated to learn.

Of course, this may only apply to certain skills or subjects. Someone may need extrinsic motivators to complete math homework, for example, but be intrinsically motivated to research their family history. Challenges with motivation can stem from ADHD, depression, and other mental health conditions.

How to Improve Learning

Whether you are involved in formal education or not, you are always learning throughout your life. And there are strategies you can use to improve how you learn and how well you retain and apply what you have learned.

First, keep learning. Learning is a skill that can be practiced. One study of older adults found that learning a new skill improved working memory, episodic memory, and reasoning. And the harder the new skill (participants learned quilting, digital photography, or both), the more it strengthened their brains.

Learn in multiple ways. If you want to learn a new language, you might use an app that offers lessons in various aspects: Reading, listening, and speaking. But you might also listen to a podcast in the new language while you are taking a walk, or practice writing new vocabulary words by hand. Similarly, it helps to review information frequently and to use memorization techniques.

Another smart way to promote learning: Teach. When you show how a friend how to play tennis, for example, you're reinforcing what you know by sharing it. You must revisit the basics that were once new to you and present them to your student.

A Word From Verywell

Learning is not a one-dimensional process. It takes place in many different ways and there are a wide variety of factors that can influence how and what people learn. While people often focus on the observable and measurable ways that learning takes place, it is also important to remember that we cannot always immediately detect what has been learned. People are capable of learning concepts and skills that are not immediately observable.

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Learning is an active process that leads to lasting change as a result of experience. Find out more about how learning is defined and how it works.

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Summary: Psychology is important for the country.  It is  everywhere, not just in one city or state but every where you go.  The article talks about the strong need for mental health in the US and gives some of the reasons and statistics involved with mental health issues.

Evaluation: The statistic that really had an impact on me was the fact that 50 percent of Americans will develop some sort of mental health issue in their lifetime. Some more serious than others yet still a possibility.

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First, earn a bachelor's degree: Psychologists often start by earning a bachelor's degree in psychology. Prerequisite courses include general psychology, experimental and developmental psychology, and statistics.

It's helpful to gain experience while you're in school: If you're interested in experimental psychology, help a professor with her research project. Work with handicapped children, if you're interested in developmental psychology. Volunteer in a mental health clinic, if you're interested in clinical or counseling psychology. If you get hands-on experience during your psychology degree, you may find it easier to find a job after school.

Research graduate programs: Learn about the various programs to find the psychology master's degree that's best for you. The school you choose will depend on your interests and the specialties of the faculty at the schools you're considering.

Choose a degree and specialty: Which field is right for you, clinical psychology or counseling psychology? Research psychology or industrial-organizational psychology? Will you need a master's degree, PsyD, PhD, EdD or EdS?

Complete a doctorate in psychology: Most fields of psychology require a doctorate. Psychology graduate schools look for a competitive score on the GRE (1200 or more), a GPA of 3.3 or higher, and volunteer or paid experience in the field.

Do a psychology internship: States normally require you to do a two-year supervised internship. This is a good idea for many reasons: you get on-the-job training, you learn whether a certain specialty is right for you, and you get the satisfaction of helping others. Internships in clinical and counseling psychology may need to be approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) because jobs in mental health sometimes require an APA-approved internship.

Get licensed to practice psychology: All states require you to fulfill certain requirements before they'll grant you a license. You must also pass a national exam and, in some cases, present a case study to a board of psychologists. Check your state's requirements early.

Psychology Schools

There are accredited psychology schools at the bachelor's, masters and doctoral level in every state, and the one you choose depends on a lot of factors.

You may also choose a bachelor's, master's or doctoral program because of its faculty (psychology professors you want to study with and who can help you when you decide to do your master's work or doctoral dissertation), or because of other considerations such as tuition and location.

There are also online psychology schools that can help you get the education you need. The school you choose is up to you, and it'll depend on your needs, career goals, and many other factors.

Differences Between PhD, PsyD, EdS and EdD Degrees

A PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is the traditional psychology degree which places an equal emphasis on research and clinical training. PhDs in psychology are offered by traditional universities and are highly competitive.

A PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) is a practical degree offered by professional schools of psychology, and it will emphasize clinical practice with only a minimum of emphasis on research. Entrance into PsyD programs is less competitive than for PhD programs, and if you want to help people with counseling or psychotherapy, this is the degree for you.

Many students pursue an EdD in psychology to increase their skills (and their pay) if they work in schools, while others use it to change careers and work as professors, in hospitals or in private practice.

The EdS is a unique degree, and is normally offered by university departments of education. It's the only non-doctoral degree you can get that will let you practice psychology, and it leads to jobs in school psychology.

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

Psychologists and psychiatrists are doctoral-level clinicians, but psychiatrists are medical doctors and only they can prescribe medications. These medications help their clients deal with depression and PTSD, overcome substance abuse, and more.

Commonly, patients will see psychiatrists to discuss how their medications are affecting them (and adjust dosage or change medications, if needed), while also attending therapy sessions with a counselor, therapist or psychologist.
Psychiatrists do most of their training in medical school and spend the last three years learning about mental health during a psychiatry residency.

If you choose to become a psychologist, you'll spend your entire graduate education learning about mental health (typically 5-to-7 years), followed by a supervised internship.
Psychologists and psychiatrists both help people deal with emotional issues, but licensed clinical and counseling psychologists must have a doctorate in psychology, which requires 5-to-7 years of postgraduate work.

By point of comparison, most licensed therapists and counselors have a master's degree, which requires 2-to-3 years of postgraduate work.

The Benefits of a Psychology Degree

There are many good reasons to get a psychology degree. First of all, it's required to practice psychology. It's also one of the most popular undergraduate degrees in the country.

Not everyone who studies psychology ends up working as a psychologist, but a psychology degree can open up many doors and pave the way for any number of careers in companies and organizations across the U.S.

However, the main benefit of a psychology degree is that it will allow you to either do the kind of research you're interested in or directly help people lead happier, more satisfying lives.

In your practice, you'll learn new things every day, challenge your beliefs, and get to exercise your problem-solving skills to help others. What could be more rewarding than that?

How to Start Your Career in Psychology

To start a psychology career, you'll need to get at least a master's degree (for school psychology) or a doctorate to practice in other specialties.

To get licensed to practice psychology, you'll need to earn the required degree, pass a state and/or national exam, and fulfill other licensing requirements.

But your practice of psychology really starts during your supervised internship. Internship requirements vary, but it generally takes two years to complete your supervised practice (about 3,500 hours), at least one year of which is done after receiving your doctorate. Working under a mentor takes some of the pressure off, and he or she can advise you when you have questions or work with hard-to-treat clients.

Once you've successfully finished your internship, you can apply for a license, and begin practicing on your own.

Different Types of Therapists and Counselors

Clinical Psychologists are trained in psychological theories and treatment methods.

Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors with a specialty in psychiatry. Their emphasis is on the biological causes of mental disorders, and they treat patients by prescribing medication.

School Psychologists are trained in psychology with an emphasis on education and child development.

Psychoanalysts delve into the unconscious mind and may have any number of theoretical orientations: cognitive, behaviorist, existential, and more. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

Licensed Social Workers help people gain access to the support they need, and they have supervised internship requirements similar to psychologists.

Marriage, Family, and Child Counselors study psychology, therapy, counseling or social work, and they help couples, families, and parents and children improve their relationships, find strategies to overcome problems, and work together for the good of the family.

Where Do Psychologists Work?

Once you've finished your psychology degree and done your internship, you'll need to think about where you want to work. Psychologists work in many different environments, including the following:

Government agencies

Hospitals and clinics (including VA hospitals)

Management consulting firms

Marketing research firms and other businesses

Nursing homes

Rehabilitation centers

Schools and universities

Social service organizations

Approximately two-thirds of all psychologists are self-employed and maintain a private practice.

Psychologist Salaries

Psychologists make a good salary for the work they do.

But just how much can you make as a psychologist? This really depends on where you work (including in which city and industry) and the kind of psychology work you do. Below are median salaries for three top psychology specialties.

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How to Become a Psychologist | Do You Have What it Takes?

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First, earn a bachelor's degree: Psychologists often start by earning a bachelor's degree in psychology. Prerequisite courses include general psychology, experimental and developmental psychology, and statistics. It's helpful to gain experience while you're in school: If you're interested in experimental psychology, help a professor with her research project.

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How Psychology can help in your daily life.

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How Psychology can help in your daily life.

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Summary:  I personally think that having a degree in psychology would help everyone in some way shape or from. The way I would use it would be thinking about how people would act on a food or sign or anything that could help me in the business world, or culinary.  By becoming a Psychologist you can tell how people would react to things and what a person is thinking. You can never tell what they are thinking but you can have a really good guess what a person is thinking by their body language.

Evaluation:  I liked this article because it helped me see a side of psychology that I could relate to myself as a person.

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By. Saul McLeod,(2011)
"Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past 150 years or so.  However, its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 – 500 years BC. " McLeod gives a very good background to the origins of psychology.  He strives to enlighten the reader just how it is possible to get into the thoughts and minds of individuals.  The article is written very simply for anyone to understand whether beginner students or experts in the field.

Summary:  Psychology is the study of mind. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as: human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

Evaluation: I feel this article is necessary to future psychologists because one needs to know the background of any occupation to be successful at it.

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Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

Psychology is a new science, with most advances happening over the past 150 years. However, its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 - 500 BC.

The emphasis was a philosophical one, with great thinkers such as Socrates (470 BC - 399 BC) influencing Plato (428/427 BC - 348/347 BC), who in turn influenced Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC).

Philosophers used to discuss many topics now studied by modern psychology, such as memory, free will vs. determinism, nature vs. nurture, attraction, etc.

Psychology is a vast and multifaceted field. Over time, as our understanding of the human mind and behavior has expanded, various specialized areas or branches of psychology have emerged, such as clinical psychology, social psychology, and developmental psychology.

The Beginnings of Psychology as a Discipline

In the early days of psychology, there were two dominant theoretical perspectives regarding how the brain worked, structuralism and functionalism.

Structuralism was the name given to the approach pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), which focused on breaking down mental processes intro the most basic components.

The term originated from Edward Titchener, an American psychologist who had been trained by Wundt. Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control.

Structuralism relied on trained introspection, a research method whereby subjects related what was going on in their minds while performing a certain task.

However, introspection proved to be an unreliable method because there was too much individual variation in the experiences and reports of research subjects.

Despite the failure of introspection Wundt is an important figure in the history of psychology as he opened the first laboratory dedicated to psychology in 1879, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern experimental psychology.

An American psychologist named William James (1842-1910) developed an approach which came to be known as functionalism, that disagreed with the focus of Structuralism.

James argued that the mind is constantly changing and it is pointless to look for the structure of conscious experience. Rather, he proposed the focus should be on how and why an organism does something, i.e. the functions or purpose of the brain.

James suggested that psychologists should look for the underlying cause of behavior and the mental processes involved. This emphasis on the causes and consequences of behavior has influenced contemporary psychology.

The Perspectives of Psychology

Structuralism and functionalism have since been replaced by several dominant and influential approaches to psychology, each underpinned by a shared set of assumptions of what people are like, what is important to study, and how to study it.

1. Behavioral Perspective: Emerging around the 1910s and 1920s with John Watson's work, it gained prominence with B.F. Skinner in the 1930s and 1940s. This perspective emphasizes observable behaviors and the environment's role.

2. Psychodynamic Perspective: Developed in the early 1900s with the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), emphasizing the unconscious mind and early experiences. Freud's psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas, e.g., Jung (1964), Adler (1927), and Erikson (1950).

3. Humanistic Perspective: Emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are primary figures.

4. Cognitive Perspective: Became prominent around the 1950s and 1960s as a response to behaviorism. Key figures include Jean Piaget and Aaron Beck.

5. Biological Perspective: While physiological psychology dates back to early experimental psychology, the more integrative biological/neuroscientific perspective emphasizing genetics and brain structures became dominant in the latter part of the 20th century.

6. Evolutionary Perspective: While Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory dates to the 19th century, its application to psychology as an "evolutionary psychology" perspective gained traction in the 1980s and 1990s.

7. Sociocultural Perspective: Gained prominence in the latter half of the 20th century, emphasizing the influence of social interactions, cultural practices, and environmental contexts on individual behavior and cognitive processes.

8. Ecological Systems Perspective: Introduced by Urie Bronfenbrenner in the 1970s, this perspective examines the multi-layered influences on an individual's development.

The Goals of Psychology

The four main goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and change the behavior and mental processes of others

To Describe

Describing a behavior or cognition is the first goal of psychology. This can enable researchers to develop general laws of human behavior.

For example, by describing the response of dogs to various stimuli, Ivan Pavlov helped develop laws of learning known as classical conditioning theory.

To Explain

Once researchers have described general laws behavior, the next step is to explain how or why this trend occurs. Psychologists will propose theories which can explain a behavior.

To Predict

Psychology aims to be able to predict future behavior from the findings of empirical research. If a prediction is not confirmed, then the explanation it is based on might need to be revised.

For example, classical conditioning predicts that if a person associates a negative outcome with a stimuli they may develop a phobia or aversion of the stimuli.

To Change

Once psychology has described, explained and made predictions about behavior, changing or controlling a behavior can be attempted.

For example, interventions based on classical conditioning, such as systematic desensitization, have been used to treat people with anxiety disorders including phobias.

Critical Evaluation

Kuhn (1962) argues that a field of study can only legitimately be regarded as a science if most of its followers subscribe to a common perspective or paradigm.

Kuhn believes that psychology is still pre-paradigmatic, while others believe it's already experienced scientific revolutions (Wundt's structuralism being replaced by Watson's behaviorism, in turn, replaced by the information-processing approach).

The crucial point here is: can psychology be considered a science if psychologists disagree about what to study and how to study it?

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some of the major subfields within psychology?

Major branches of psychology include clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, neuroscience, and educational psychology. They study mental health, development, social interaction, cognition, brain function, and learning.

What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

Psychologists and psychiatrists both work in the mental health field, but their training and approach differ.

Psychologists typically hold a doctoral degree in psychology and provide therapy, conduct research, and administer psychological tests.

Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in mental health and can prescribe medication to manage mental health conditions. They often work with more complex cases and those requiring medication management.

How do researchers in psychology gather and analyze data?

Researchers in psychology gather and analyze data using a variety of methods such as surveys, observations, experiments, and case studies.

They use statistical analysis to identify patterns and relationships in the data and draw conclusions. Some researchers also use brain imaging techniques to study the neural basis of behavior.

Ethical considerations are taken into account when conducting research with human or animal participants. The results of research are often published in academic journals to advance knowledge in the field.

How is psychology used in everyday life?

Psychology can help you in your everyday life by improving your communication skills, relationships, and ability to manage stress. It can also be used to make better decisions in school, healthcare, and work, and improve your mental health and well-being.

By learning about psychology, you can understand people and the world around you better and use that knowledge to improve your own life and the lives of others.

What is reverse psychology?

Reverse psychology is a persuasion technique where an individual encourages another person to adopt a certain behavior or attitude by suggesting the opposite, often because they anticipate a resistant or contrary response.

It's essentially a method of getting someone to do what you want by suggesting they do the opposite.

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

Saul Mcleod, PhD
Educator, Researcher

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

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Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

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Summary:    The article talks about many fields, including criminal justice, education, business, and mental health, to name a few. Not only is psychology one of the most popular majors on college campuses, but it also has a positive outlook, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics

Evaluation:  This article gives psychology a positive thumbs up which is helpful when making a decision about one's future.  No one wants to go into a field with a negative outlook.

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Psychology careers span many fields, including criminal justice, education, business, and mental health, to name a few. Not only is psychology one of the most popular majors on college campuses, but it also has a positive outlook, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicting job growth of 14% for psychologists through 2026, with similarly positive outlooks for many related careers. ¹

Table of Contents

Why Pursue a Career in Psychology?

Jobs You Can Get with a Psychology Degree

Associate's Degree Level

Bachelor's Degree Level

Master's Degree Level

Doctorate Degree Level

Specialization Fields with a PhD or PsyD

Psychology Schools by State

Frequently Asked Questions

Additional Resources

Why Pursue a Career in Psychology?

There are many good reasons to pursue this career, as the degree requires a fundamental but flexible skill set that can be applied in various fields and industries. A graduate with a degree in psychology may successfully find employment in the field of psychology or in a wide range of careers that are related to psychology. In fact, as of 2017, only 3.5% of college graduates with a bachelor's degree in psychology were working as psychologists. ² Major occupational groups where a large share of psychology groups find work include human services, administrative services, marketing and sales, and education. ²

What is it about the field of study that provides such a broad range of options? Students who study psychology:

Take coursework on how people and animals think and behave in various situations, in both ordinary and extreme cases.

Are exposed to the scientific method of data collection and analysis (essentially applied quantitative statistics) that has very practical application in many occupations (for example, business analytics).

Gain critical thinking skills by studying and applying various psychological paradigms to problem-solving, as well as a background in data analysis using the scientific method.

Build written and oral communications through essays, group projects, and class participation.

Mastery of these skills creates the well-rounded candidates that employers seek. A background in psychology can be applied to jobs in almost every industry and in roles that involve understanding or guiding human behavior such as business, counseling, teaching, and social services. Increasing interest in undergraduate degrees in psychology has also led to growth in online bachelor's programs in psychology, which can prepare students for entry-level jobs or graduate study to train for specialized psychology careers. Continue reading to learn more about psychology-related careers by degree level.

Jobs You Can Get with a Psychology Degree

A degree in psychology can prepare you for a psychology career and for jobs in many other fields. To learn more about what you can do with a psychology degree, review the following job descriptions that provide salary information, helpful skills, and common tasks associated with each job. With the numerous options available, you can pursue a job that is a good fit for your interests, strengths, and salary requirements.

Psychology Careers with an Associate's Degree

Correctional Officer*

Correctional officers are responsible for safeguarding prison inmate populations. This responsibility includes supervising inmates' activities, participating in rehabilitation, and providing counseling to inmates, which makes corrections work particularly suitable for psychology degree holders. Demand for correctional officers with psychology backgrounds is related to the growing total population of the incarcerated and as interest in appropriate offender management and rehabilitation has increased. ¹⁰ In addition to working directly with offenders, correctional officers with a background in psychology may have opportunities to make recommendations related to the environmental psychology of the facility where they are work. ¹¹ This includes the physical environment as well as factors such as inmate and officer interactions, activities, and inmate choices. Correctional officers earn a median annual salary of $44,400 per year, though a decrease in employment is expected in this field overall through 2026. ³

Police Officer*

A police officer's primary duty is to enforce the laws that protect people and property in the jurisdiction in which he or she is working. ⁴ Depending on the size of the department of employment and the officer's rank, the specific responsibilities of a police officer may vary. Officers may spend significant time patrolling assigned areas, making arrests, and performing investigations as necessary. ⁴ Recently, hiring criteria for police officers have become more rigorous, with many police agencies looking for applicants who have completed at least some college, preferably in a concentration such as psychology or criminal justice. ⁵ Qualified police officers may receive increased responsibilities as well as a salary commensurate with experience, in addition to opportunities for advancement. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates, police officers and detectives will see job growth of 7% between 2016 and 2026 and earned an average of $63,380 per year in 2017. ⁶

Psychiatric Technician*

As part of a team of mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, and medical doctors, psychiatric technicians assist clinical professionals and patients with a variety of tasks. Psychiatric technicians usually work with populations such as the elderly, patients who have been psychiatrically hospitalized, and individuals with developmental disabilities. ⁷ Daily responsibilities for psychiatric technicians include observing patients and helping them with daily activities, providing updates to physicians and other providers, and documenting patients' conditions in the medical record. Psychiatric technicians may also be responsible for administering therapeutic aid and medications. ⁷ The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that psychiatric technicians and aides earned a median of $30,860 per year in 2017, with the areas of highest demand in residential living and correctional facilities. ⁸

Social Work Assistant*

Social work assistants generally have acquired a degree in the behavioral sciences, such as a psychology degree. Many social work assistants work in residential settings, especially in elder care; in such circumstances, these professionals assist clients with performing day-to-day activities while forming relationships with clients that remain professional while combining the functions of a friend and counselor. ⁹ Social work assistants are frequently certified by national agencies and/or licensed by the state(s) in which they work. ⁹ The care that a social work assistant provides is supervised by a qualified or licensed social worker in accordance with an established plan of care for the client. ¹⁰ The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that social and human service assistants, with whom social work assistants are grouped, made a median salary of $33,750 per year in 2017, and can anticipate a job growth rate of 16% between 2016 and 2026. ¹¹
*Education requirements vary by employer for this position, from a high school diploma to a certificate to a two- or four-year college degree. Proximity to a major metro area tends to correspond to higher education requirements and subsequently higher pay.
Psychology Careers with a Bachelor's Degree

Administrative Service Manager

The primary responsibilities of administrative service managers center on coordinating and directing an organization's support services to employees. These professionals can be found working in the public sector as well as the private sector, meaning that the types of services that an administrative service manager may provide vary. Common tasks include planning and distributing supplies, supervising administrative workers, and records coordination and management. Administrative service professionals working in management may have responsibility for budgeting, managing contracts, and departmental goals planning. Facilities planning and management may also fall under the purview of the administrative service manager. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that administrative service managers earned an annual median salary of $96,180 in 2017, and can expect jobs growth of 10% between 2016 and 2026. ¹²

Community Service Manager

Community service managers organize, coordinate, and manage community-based service programs and organizations, typically while managing a staff providing social services to the public. As such, the work that community service managers do has strong ties to social work and psychology. Communities of all sizes in both rural and urban settings can benefit from the work of community service managers. Typically, these managers will work for not-for-profit organizations or government entities, although private social services companies will also hire community service managers. Community service managers are grouped with social service managers by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The growth rate for these occupations is expected to reach a rate of 18% between 2016 and 2026, which is faster than the average projected growth for all occupations. ¹³ Social and community service managers made an annual median salary of $65,320 in 2017. ¹³

Computer Programmer

It might be surprising to learn that psychology graduates have opportunities in computer programming, but with technology shifting to focus on user experience (UX) and user interface (UI), this career track makes sense to a growing number of students with a psychology background. Computer programmers develop and execute programs for an end user or group of end users, and also work to improve and broaden programs that have already been built. Programming professionals frequently help write step-by-step user guides for new programs and features. The critical thinking skills and understanding of user psychology that psychology majors can bring to this field are especially helpful. ⁷ Computer programmers earned a median of $84,280 per year in 2017 but should expect a negative job growth rate through 2026 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. ¹⁴

Health Educator

Health educators typically work in community-based programs creating, deploying, and analyzing education programs designed to assist individuals from different populations in understanding personal health and well-being. These professionals focus on community outreach and may take on roles as instructors or facilitators to help individuals access available health and wellness programs. Health educators must be familiar with topics such as nutrition and physical fitness as well as stress management and mental health. ¹⁵ In addition to knowledge of psychology, the ability to speak a second language may be helpful in this career. ¹⁶ According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, health educators earned a median annual salary of $54,220 per year in 2017 and can expect jobs growth of 14% through 2026. ¹⁷

Human Factors Specialist

A human factors specialist uses design to influence the behavior of people in certain situations. Human factors, also known as ergonomics or human engineering, is a scientific discipline that uses principles of psychology to design products and equipment for maximum safety, effectiveness, and satisfaction. Human factors specialists may work on the design of an airplane cabin to increase passenger satisfaction or develop a workplace ergonomics program to reduce employee injuries. An ergonomist can hold an undergraduate degree in psychology although some practitioners also have a master's or doctorate in human factors engineering or a similar degree. To learn more, see our Human Factors Psychology Degree Guide.

Human Resources Specialist

Human resources specialists are typically responsible for assisting in the recruiting process for an organization. This includes screening initial applications and applicants, interviewing, and new hire placement. Many human resources specialists also work in supplemental areas of a human resources department, such as employee relations and training. These professionals may consult with an organization on hiring needs and make recommendations to further organizational goals. Knowledge of psychology can be helpful to those working in human resources, as this qualification allows professionals to understand and communicate with employees meaningfully while improving the quality of the work environment in which they work. ¹⁸ The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects job growth of 7% for human resources specialists between 2016 and 2026. ¹⁹ Human resources specialists make a median salary of $60,880 per year. ¹⁹

Management Analyst

Management analysts, also known as management consultants, are professionals who make recommendations to organizations on organizational efficiency and behavior. In most cases, an organization calls upon management analysts to identify and correct organizational issues related to management structure and operations. The recommendations that a management analyst makes may include suggestions for departmental reorganization, process changes, or systems changes. Because management analysts rely on quantitative skills in statistics and analysis to perform their work efficiently, a degree in areas of psychology such as experimental, psychometric, or cognitive psychology can be especially useful for those on this career track. ⁷ The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that management analysts will see faster than average job growth of 14% between 2016 and 2026, with the median salary for management analysts coming in at $83,610 per year. ²⁰

Market Research Analyst

Market research analysts frequently work in consumer psychology, seeking to understand why consumers make the choices they do and what organizations can do to influence those choices. Market research analysts might analyze how different types of packaging or different marketing slogans or messages impact consumer behavior. ⁷ They may also use data to determine what types of messaging are most effective in achieving the goals of the organization for which they are working. ⁷ In many cases, market research analysts are responsible for designing effective research studies to find the answers to an employer's market questions. ⁷ These employers may be corporations, businesses, non-profit organizations, political parties, or a variety of other entities that might benefit from a better understanding of the market. Market research analysts earned a median annual salary of $63,120 in 2017, and can expect a much faster than average job growth rate of 23% between 2016 and 2026. ²¹

Public Relations Specialist

When a person or organization wants to understand how people interact with a brand, what they would like to see, and what can be done to encourage more interaction, that person or organization turns to a public relations specialist. The primary focus of a public relations specialist is creating and maintaining a positive public image for the client. This includes work such as writing and publishing press releases, arranging media appearances and responding to media inquiries, and coaching clients on public communication tactics. Due to the focus of this work, public relations specialists frequently have backgrounds in social psychology, which has been defined as "the study of how people interact with each other and the social environment." ⁷ Job growth for public relations specialists is projected at 9% between 2016 and 2026, with the median annual salary for these professionals in 2017 reported at $60,000 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. ²²

Sales Manager

A team of sales representatives typically reports to a sales manager, who is responsible for hiring, training, and guiding the sales team in a manner that helps the team meet established sales goals. In most cases, a sales manager does little direct selling; his or her primary objectives are related to ensuring that the sales team is reaching its full potential. Sales managers with a background in psychology may be better equipped to understand workplace behavior and apply psychological knowledge to management principles and activities. ²³ A background in psychology can be a further benefit because an understanding of psychological research and analysis can help sales managers choose the right data on which to base their decisions. ⁷ According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, job growth for sales managers will reach 7% between 2016 and 2026. ²⁴ As of 2017, sales managers earned a median annual salary of $124,220. ²⁴

Sales Representative

Sales representatives are tasked with selling goods and services to a specific marketplace and can be found in all types and sizes of organizations working in both wholesale and retail operations. Sales representatives rely heavily on consumer psychology in order to understand consumer needs, prepare effective sales pitches and presentations, and successfully reach their sales goals. Knowledge of organizational behavior can also be helpful to sales representatives looking to make major sales at the enterprise level. Whether working in business-to-business or business-to-consumer sales, sales representatives use psychology skills on a daily basis. ⁷ Sales representatives earned a median annual salary of $61,660 in 2017 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and should experience job growth of 5% between 2016 and 2026 according to current estimates. ²⁵

Guidance Counselor/Career Advisor

When students and young adults need advice on making a transition, they often turn to a guidance counselor or career advisor. Guidance counselors and career advisors typically work within a school's guidance or counseling departments. These professionals stay up-to-date on education and workforce developments so they can provide informed guidance to individuals making school and career choices. Guidance and career counselors also participate in career development programs, school visits, technical skills development, and other enrichment activities to help students or clients make informed choices. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that job growth for school and career counselors will reach 13% between 2016 and 2026, with the median salary for these professionals reported at $56,310 per year as of 2017. ²⁶

Human Services Professional

Human services professionals help clients respond to a variety of life pressures, including psychological, health, social, and financial challenges. These professionals work with individuals from all walks of life and backgrounds, including those who are victims of abuse, and help these clients access available aid programs and services. More specific career paths within the human services profession include social and human service assistants, who earn an average of $33,750 per year and have projected job growth of 16% through 2026; community and social service specialists, who earn an average of $44,960 per year and are expected to see similar jobs growth; and community health workers, who earn an average of $39,540 per year and have faster-than-average projected job growth, estimated at 18% through 2026. 11,17

Teacher

Teachers with degrees in psychology work at all levels of the US education system, from kindergarten to high school as well as in colleges and universities. These schools may be public or private, but the responsibilities of teachers in all environments are largely the same. A teacher with a psychology degree may teach psychology in a high school setting, but this degree can be helpful at all grade levels. Such a background can allow a teacher to better understand human development and communication, improving the effectiveness of their teaching in preparing students for life and lifelong learning. ²⁷ The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that kindergarten and elementary school teachers earned a median salary of $57,980 per year in 2017, with job growth expectations of 7% between 2016 and 2026. ²⁸ High school teachers earned a median annual salary of $60,320 in 2017, and are projected to experience job growth of 8% through 2026. ²⁹

Victim Advocate

Victim advocates support and promote the rights of people who have been victims or witnesses of a crime and are involved in a trial proceeding. An advocate explains to an affected person what his or her rights are while providing emotional support and acting as an intermediary between the victim or witness and the court. ³⁰ Advocates frequently work in district attorney's offices, but can also be found working for other court bodies as well as private practice law firms. Knowledge of psychology can be helpful in this career because advocates work directly with victims and witnesses who may have been subjected to traumatic experiences and need emotional support in addition to guidance in navigating court processes. Victim advocates have strong prospects for career advancement with a variety of career options in law, government, and politics. ³⁰

Psychology Careers with a Master's Degree

While most students in master's degree programs for psychology go on to pursue a PhD or PsyD (terminal degrees for psychology), some do enter the field with a master's degree. A master's degree, though it may not be required for a career in psychology, could improve opportunities for and increase the competitiveness of candidates applying for jobs in the field. A master's in psychology might increase one's chances of being hired and enhance one's effectiveness in the following areas:

Psychology Careers with a Doctorate Degree

The vast majority of students obtaining a PhD in Psychology or a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) will go on to practice as a clinical psychologist or will teach the subject at a university. Conducting independent research projects in psychology, procuring a license as a counselor, or treating patients in a clinical capacity as a psychologist requires a doctorate in the form of either a PhD or PsyD.

Duties

Psychologists have a wide range of duties, with the ultimate goal of helping their clients better understand themselves and their environments. The American Psychological Association notes that they are also scientists who follow basic scientific principles in their work. Specifically, psychologists might observe, interview, survey and/or test their clients. Some of their specific duties include:

Studying a client's behavior through scientific studies and finding patterns

Helping clients change their behavior

Diagnosing disorders (emotional, behavioral or mental)

Developing treatment plans

Prescribing medicine for psychological disorders

Developing programs for schools, companies and workplaces

Collaborating with other professionals, such as social workers or physicians

Testing theories of behavior

Gathering information through controlled laboratory experiments

In order to be successful, psychologists should also possess a number of specific qualities that will help them better perform their duties. Those include analytical and observational skills, reliability, trustworthiness, excellent communication skills, and patience. It can be difficult to remain calm when faced with clients who have behavioral or mental disorders, so a calm and patient demeanor is essential.

Work Schedules

Many psychologists can create their own work schedules, especially if they work in private practice. Some choose to offer after-hours sessions - on weekends or evenings - to accommodate the needs of their clients. Psychologists who work in nursing homes or hospitals may be required to work on evenings or weekends. Those who are employed by schools, clinics, or government agencies tend to work regular business hours.

Licensure Requirements for Psychologists

Every state, as well as the District of Columbia, requires that independently practicing psychologists be licensed. However, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, those licensing laws differ from state-to-state and by the type of job. Most psychologists who work in a clinical or counseling setting must have a doctorate in psychology as well as have completed an internship, one to two years of experience, and received a passing grade on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology.

Specific licensure or certification is required for school psychologists. The exact requirements vary from state to state, but many accept certification from the National Association of School Psychologists as a route to licensure or certification. A supervised 1,200-hour internship and a passing grade on the School Psychologist Praxis Examination are two of the main requirements.

Specialty certification is also available through the American Board of Professional Psychology. The body recognizes 13 different types of psychology and is useful in demonstrating expertise in a specialty. Some employers require this certification.

To find out more about licensure requirements for psychologists in your state, click on your state on our How to Become a Psychologist page.

Psychologist Salary and Career Outlook

Psychologists earned a median salary of $79,010 in 2017 with the top 10% earning more than $129,250 per year. ³¹ Employment for all psychologists is expected to grow by 14% in the decade from 2016-2026, which is faster than average. ³¹ The growth will vary for specialty disciplines, from 14% for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists to 8% for industrial-organizational psychologists. ³¹ Continue reading below to find out more about psychology specializations for those with a PhD or PsyD.

Specialization Fields with a PhD or PsyD

Among those who hold a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) or a PhD in Psychology, there are plenty of fields of specialization to choose from. As mentioned, school psychologists, clinical psychologists, and industrial-organizational psychologists are just a few of the specialties within the field. For most of the following jobs, you will need to get licensed in your state once you have obtained your doctorate in order to practice. As there are many areas of specialization in the field, those specific jobs are described below.

Child Psychologist

Child psychologists must possess exceptional communication skills since connecting with young clients can be particularly challenging. They should be empathetic and compassionate toward patients and enjoy helping the youngest members of our society. Some psychologists in this field focus more on research, necessitating the ability to remain objective and detached in their work. The BLS does not offer specific child psychologist salary information; however, the BLS reports that psychologists earned a median annual wage of $79,010 as of 2017. ³¹ Many professionals who choose to specialize in child psychology go on to work as school psychologists. The Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology offers a number of resources to help its members advance their training and professional experience, as well as a psychology career center that links to job opportunities across the country. See our Child Psychology Degree Guide for more information.

Clinical Psychologist

Clinical psychologists focus on assessing, diagnosing, and treating mental, behavioral, and emotional issues. Their goal is to improve their clients' behavior and effectiveness while helping them adapt to their immediate environment, according to the Council of Specialities in Professional Psychology. While they may only be called upon to assist with short-term problems, they may also work long-term with clients who have severe or chronic disorders. Clinical psychologists can be employed in universities, clinics, hospitals, correctional institutions, the military, private practice, or the insurance industry. According to the American Academy of Clinical Psychology, the surge in managed care across the US has increased the demand for clinical psychologists to review and provide specialty mental health services. Some clinical psychologists may choose to specialize in certain areas of psychology, including health psychology or neuropsychology. ³² Clinical psychologists earned a median wage of $76,990 as of 2017. ³¹ Jobs growth for this specialty is expected to be faster than average, at 14% through 2026. ³¹

Counseling Psychologist

Counseling psychologists work very closely with their patients, helping them understand the cause of their issues and take steps to solve them. This specialty of psychology is unique in that it focuses both on average developmental problems and more complex concerns, such as emotional, physical, or mental illnesses. However, counseling psychologists tend to focus more on psychologically stable patients, as opposed to those with more severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Counseling psychologists can work in a wide variety of settings, including government agencies, universities, health clinics, schools, or private organizations. They are typically very well trained in psychological principles and practices but often focus their work on one or a few different areas of interest, such as drug abuse or depression. Those who specialize in this profession are grouped with clinical and school psychologists by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. ³¹ See our Counseling Psychology Degree Guide for more information.

Educational Psychologist

Educational psychologists tend to focus on the bigger educational picture. According to the American Psychology Association, they apply theory and methodology to broader issues concerning learning, teaching, and training. In many cases, they study student performance as well as cultural and socio-economic factors that have an impact on the classroom. The APA reports that educational psychologists are responsible for a great deal of the research done on learning in general. As part of their regular duties, educational psychologists might work on program development and evaluation, consult with teachers, parents, and school administrators, and implement intervention programs for students. The BLS does not list specific salary information for educational psychologists but reports that school psychologists made a median wage of $79,010 per year as of 2017. ³¹

Forensic Psychologist

The field of forensic psychology involves the use of psychological principles and methods to assist legal professionals such as attorneys and judges. Forensic psychologists help those in the legal system understand the psychological aspects of a case and the people involved in the proceedings. In many cases, forensic psychologists are called upon to testify in court as an expert witness, but they can also be called upon to assess the testimony of eyewitnesses or jury behavior. Forensic psychologists can specialize in criminal, civil or family cases. They are not only familiar with psychological principles and practices, but also with the details of the justice system. While the average salaries for forensic psychologists can vary widely, they generally fall in line with those of traditional psychologists. See our related Forensic Psychology Degree Guide for more information.

Gerontologist

Gerontologists focus on assisting elderly patients in a wide range of settings, including senior centers, public health centers, nursing homes, and hospitals. In many cases, they work with other professionals - such as attorneys, physical or occupational therapists, dietitians or counselors - to help the needs of their clients. Applied gerontologists tend to work one-on-one with their elderly clients, as well as their families. Research gerontologists use their experience and expertise to investigate the aging process and learn how to better meet the needs of the elderly population. Gerontologists come from a wide range of backgrounds, including nursing or sociology. As the baby boomer generation ages, gerontologists are expected to be in high demand. However, the earning potential for gerontologists is not as high as for other professionals in psychology.

Health Psychologist

A health psychologist focuses on helping individuals overcome and avoid health problems, often in a medical setting such as a hospital or clinic. Health psychologists can also be employed by universities, government agencies, and corporations to research and provide solutions for health problems. They can administer behavioral tests, provide education about healthy behavior, lead group therapy sessions, or run research studies. Health psychologists may focus in a specific area of the health field such as clinical psychology, public health, community health, and occupational health. Most employment opportunities in health psychology require a doctorate-level degree in psychology. See our related Health Psychology Degree Guide.

Industrial Organizational or Business Psychologist

An industrial-organizational psychologist, I/O psychologist, or business psychologist, is a fast-growing specialty of psychology that focuses on providing solutions for workplace problems and increasing worker productivity and performance. Specific tasks can include developing employee training programs, conducting research studies of the workplace environment, studying consumer reaction to new products, and assessing individual employees to provide managers with information for placement or promotion. Almost all I/O psychologists earn a master's or doctorate degree before working in this field. ³¹ Job growth for psychologists who work in industrial or business environments is predicted to grow at 8% through 2026. ³¹ However, the BLS reports that I/O psychology is still a relatively small segment of the psychology job market, so this percentage equates to a relatively small number of jobs. See our related Business Psychology Degree Guide.

Neuropsychologist

Because they focus on the relationship between behavior and the brain, neuropsychologists often work with clients who have suffered from a stroke, dementia, or a brain injury. However, they may also work with patients who have psychiatric, medical, or developmental issues, according to the American Board of Professional Psychology. In addition to neurological methods, neuropsychologists use psychological and physiological methods to assess their clients' emotional state and cognitive abilities. That information is often paired with assessments from other healthcare providers to diagnose a patient's disorder and implement a treatment plan. Neuropsychologists tend to earn higher salaries than psychologists in other specialties. The BLS reports that while psychologists earn about $79,000 a year, "other" psychologists, which would include neuropsychologists, earn a median of $100,770 annually. ³¹

Professor

Psychology professors conduct research studies, publish academic papers, and teach courses at colleges and universities. They may also consult for businesses, non-profits, or government agencies. The projected job growth for postsecondary teachers from 2014-2024 of 13% is higher than the average occupation as student enrollment at colleges and universities continue to grow. The popularity of psychology as a college major means there will be demand for professors of psychology to fill teaching positions; however, many colleges are looking to replace full-time faculty with more adjunct and part-time faculty, which is expected to decrease demand for full-time professors who have their terminal degree. Overall, jobs growth for postsecondary teachers is expected at 15% through 2026. ³³ The median annual salary for psychology postsecondary teachers is about $78,470. ³³

Psychometrician

Psychometricians design exams, then score and analyze the information. The tests they design are engineered to measure a client's psychological attributes. The job requires skill in mathematics and statistics, as well as good communication skills. Psychometricians can work for testing companies, government, mental health clinics, universities, hospitals, or large corporations. While the BLS does not compile data on average salaries for psychometricians, professionals working as statisticians, which is closely related work, earned a median of $84,060 in 2017. ³⁴ Salaries are high in this field because of the specialized training psychometricians must pursue to enter the profession.

School Psychologist

School psychologists help their clients change their behavior in an effort to improve their ability to learn. They can also apply their education and experience toward improving education issues that affect a wide range of students. They may help schools address bullying, drug abuse, and improve programs for students with special needs or disabilities. Psychologists in school settings might also work with teachers and other administrative staff to shape learning strategies for specific students or groups. They can also be called upon to counsel family members and evaluate student performance. School psychologists can find employment in a wide range of settings, including universities, public and private schools, day-treatment facilities, residential clinics, school-based health centers, juvenile justice facilities, and private practice. School psychologists earned a median annual salary of $75,090 in 2017, with jobs growth predictions calling for a 10% to 14% increase in positions through 2026. ³⁵ Demand for school psychologists will increase as school populations grow, as more school psychologists will be needed to help assess students - especially those with behavioral issues or learning disabilities. They may also be called upon to study how learning is affected by factors within the school and outside the school environment. See our related School Psychology Degree Guide for more information.

Sport Psychologist

Sport psychologists work with athletes of all ages to help them meet their goals, stay motivated, and deal with sports-related fears or anxieties. The job may require travel, as some sport psychologists travel with an athlete or team. Those who enter this specialized field can also find employment in the military, which has become the largest employer of sport psychologists. The military uses sport psychologists to help soldiers face adversity and increase their resiliency. According to the American Psychological Association, sport psychologists can earn anywhere from $60,000 to $80,000 a year, with those at the top tier earning even more. ³⁶ See our related Sport Psychology Degree Guide.

Psychology Schools by State

If you are interested in learning more about becoming a psychologist in your state, click on one of the links below. There you will find information including facts about psychology schools, profiles of graduate programs, and a comprehensive directory of psychology degree programs in your state.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some careers for psychology majors?

Since psychology majors learn a broad range of skills including understanding how the human mind works, how people think, and why they act the way they do, psychology degree holders have many opportunities for employment. If they do not want to be clinical psychologists, they may choose to work in fields such as business psychology, school psychology, or sport psychology, to name a few. Read more about careers for psychology majors with an associate's degree, bachelor's degree, master's degree, or doctoral degree.

What kind of degree do I need for a career in psychology?

Psychology jobs require all different types of degree levels, from an associate's degree or bachelor's degree to a master's degree or doctoral degree. Before you decide on a degree level, you should examine your career goals and decide on the type of psychology career you want to have. Then, you should pursue the degree level needed to land that job. If you plan to practice clinical psychology, you will need a Doctor of Psychology or PhD in Psychology degree. Find out more about psychology degrees on our Degrees page.

How much does a psychologist make?

The salary for a psychologist depends on many factors, including the type of psychology practiced. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that US psychologists in the "all other" category made a median of $97,740 per year, while industrial-organizational psychologists earned $87,100 and clinical, counseling-psychology, and school psychologists made $75,090 per year. ²² The pay for psychologists also includes a broad range, according to the BLS, with the top 10% of psychologists earning $124,520 or more and the bottom 10% earning less than $42,330 per year. ²² Other factors that may impact psychologist salary include geographical location, years of experience, and type of practice.

Additional Resources
References:
1. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Psychologists: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm
2. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, 2017 National Survey of College Graduates: https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/sestat/sestat.html
3. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Correctional Officers and Bailiffs: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Protective-Service/Correctional-officers.htm
4. Watson, Stephanie. A Career as a Police Officer. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2011. Print.
5. Hutton, Donald B. and Anna Myrdlarz. Guide to Law Enforcement Careers. New York: Barron's Educational Services, Inc., 2001. Print.
6. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Police and Detectives: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Protective-Service/Police-and-detectives.htm
7. Kuther, Tara L. and Robert D. Morgan. Careers in Psychology: Opportunities in a Changing World. 4th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. Print.
8. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Psychiatric Technicians and Aides: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/psychiatric-technicians-and-aides.htm
9. Vourlekis, Betsy S. and Robert R. Greene, Eds. Social Work Case Management. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992. Print.
10. Rozovsky, Fay A. Corporate Compliance in Home Health: Establishing a Plan, Managing the Risks. New York: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1998. Print.
11. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Social and Human Service Assistants: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Community-and-Social-Service/Social-and-human-service-assistants.htm
12. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Administrative Services Managers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/administrative-services-managers.htm
13. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Social and Community Service Managers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/social-and-community-service-managers.htm
14. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Computer Programmers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm
15. Nathanson, Martha Dale. Home Health Care Answer Book: Legal Issues for Providers. New York: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1995. Print.
16. Eliason, Grafton and John Patrick, eds. Career Development in the Schools. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, Inc., 2008.
17. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Health Educators and Community Health Workers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/health-educators.htm
18. Bernstein, Alan B. Guide to Your Career. 5th ed. New York: Princeton Review Publishing, LLC, 2003. Print.
19. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Human Resources Specialists: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/human-resources-specialists.htm
20. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Management Analysts: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Business-and-Financial/Management-analysts.htm
21. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Market Research Analysts: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Business-and-Financial/Market-research-analysts.htm
22. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Public Relations Specialists: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/media-and-communication/public-relations-specialists.htm
23. McKenna, Eugene F. Business Psychology and Organisational Behaviour: A Student's Handbook. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 2000. Print.
24. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Sales Manager: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Management/Sales-managers.htm
25. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Sales Representatives: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/sales/wholesale-and-manufacturing-sales-representatives.htm
26. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, School and Career Counselors: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Community-and-Social-Service/School-and-career-counselors.htm
27. Echaore-McDavid, Susan. Career Opportunities in Education and Related Services. 2nd ed. New York: Ferguson, 2006. Print.
28. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/kindergarten-and-elementary-school-teachers.htm
29. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, High School Teachers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/high-school-teachers.htm
30. Axelrod-Contrada, Joan. Career Opportunities in Politics, Government, and Activism. 2nd ed. New York: Ferguson, 2008. Print.
31. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Psychologists: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm
32. American Academy of Clinical Psychology: https://www.aacpsy.org/
33. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Postsecondary Teachers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm
34. O*NET OnLine, Statisticians: https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-2041.00
35. O*NET OnLine, School Psychologists: https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3031.01
36. American Psychological Association, A Career in Sport and Performance Psychology: https://www.apa.org/action/science/performance/education-training

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Psychology Career Information and Outlook

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Psychology careers span many fields, including criminal justice, education, business, and mental health, to name a few. Not only is psychology one of the most popular majors on college campuses, but it also has a positive outlook, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicting job growth of 14% for psychologists through 2026, with similarly positive outlooks for many related careers.

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How you, your self can use psychology in retail.

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How you, your self can use psychology in retail.

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How long does it take to become a psychologist?
https://www.capella.edu/online-psychology-degrees/FAQ/how-long-does-it-take-to-become-a-psychologist/
(acquisition date 10/5/2018)
"While there are several excellent psychology career options that do not require as many years of education as it takes to become a licensed clinical psychologist, the benefits of doing so — including the satisfaction of helping others and a higher salary — can compensate for the additional years of education it will require."  This website offers an explanation to future psychologists as to the amount of dedicated effort needed to be successful in the career.  A Bachelors Degree (4-5 years), a Masters Degree (2-3 years) , a Doctoral Degree (4-7 years) are the time lengths for this field.  The article puts it in plain English that psychology is not for the faint of heart.

Summary: You can use psychology in your field ,such as retail. You can use it in thinking how people would react to products or anything your business has to offer.

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How long does it take to become a psychologist?

The time it takes to become a psychologist depends largely on your specialty area and career interest. But here is a general timeline.

The Path to Becoming a Psychologist

First, you will need a bachelor's degree (4 to 5 years), which teaches the fundamentals of psychology. After that, you will need a master's degree (2 to 3 years), which can qualify you to practice in the field as a case manager, employment specialist, or social worker. Then, most state licensing boards require a doctorate (4 to 7 years). The type of doctoral degree you choose--either a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) or Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology (PhD)--will depend on your career goals. Many states also require post-doctoral training equivalent to about 1 year of work.

While there are several excellent psychology career options that do not require as many years of education as it takes to become a licensed clinical psychologist, the benefits of doing so - including the satisfaction of helping others and a higher salary - can compensate for the additional years of education it will require.

Bachelor's Degree (4 to 5 Years)

Whether you're pursuing a new career or looking to continue your studies at the graduate level, a bachelor's degree can help you develop an understanding of human learning, emotions, and behaviors. Potential employment settings with a bachelor's in psychology could include nonprofit organizations, market research firms, social services agencies, government, marketing departments, or advertising agencies.

Master's Degree (2 to 3 Years)

A master's degree will give you a broad introduction to the field of psychology. You can then use your electives to focus your study in a particular field. Successful graduates of this program often pursue positions in education, government, human services, health care mental health care, and marketing/advertising. You may also use this program to prepare for doctoral studies in your particular area of interest

Doctoral Degree (4 to 7 Years)

The required degree for licensure is typically a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) or Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology (PhD). Your choice of degree will depend on your career goals and whether you want a career in practice (PsyD) or in research (PhD), or some combination thereof.

The PsyD is a professional degree and focuses more on practice and clinical work. The PhD places more emphasis on experimental methods and research. A PsyD prepares you for a career as a practicing psychologist. A PhD produces psychologists who can understand and apply research as well as conduct it.

Potential employment settings with a PsyD or PhD can include schools and colleges, health care systems, government, nonprofit organizations, social service agencies, and market research firms.

Capella's Psychology Degree Programs

Capella University's online psychology degree programs are closely aligned to professional standards to ensure you gain the same skills and knowledge as the top performers in your field. We continually review and adapt our programs to deliver skills you can immediately use. Our degree programs include:

Our psychology-degree programs prepare you to meet state licensing prerequisites. However, we cannot guarantee licensure, certification, or endorsement. If you are seeking information on professional licensure, view our licensure information.

Request more information and we'll match you with an enrollment counselor who can answer your questions.

Related Questions
What can you tell me about how to become a psychologist? What do I need to know about how to become a clinical psychologist?

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How long does it take to become a psychologist? - Psychology Frequently Asked Questions - Capella University

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The time it takes to become a psychologist depends largely on your specialty area and career interest. But here is a general timeline. First, you will need a bachelor's degree (4 to 5 years), which teaches the fundamentals of psychology.

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How can psychology help in your daily life.

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How can psychology help in your daily life.

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by Kendra Cherry (June 06,2018)
''Whether your goal is to quit smoking, lose weight, or learn a new language, some lessons from psychology offer tips for getting motivated."Cherry's intention is to advise the reader that you can use psychology in your day  to day living.  She writes to motivate anyone looking for advice or assistance in understanding themselves or close personal contacts.

Summary:   I learned from this article that Research studies aren't exactly light reading material for the average person.  The results of these experiments and studies can have significant importance in daily life.

Evaluation:  The article points out that psychology requires a great deal of research and if a person isn't up to doing research, then perhaps this isn't the field to go into.  No sugar coating here!

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How can psychology apply to your everyday life? Do you think that psychology is just for students, academics, and therapists? Think again. Because psychology is both an applied and a theoretical subject, it can be used in a number of ways.

While research studies aren't exactly light reading material for the average person, the results of these experiments and studies can have significant applications in daily life. The following are some practical uses for psychology in everyday life.

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10 Ways Psychology Can Help You Live a Better Life

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Psychology isn't just a theoretical subject; it can improve your everyday life! Learn some practical ways psychology can help you live better.

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reason why a person should get a degree in psychology.

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reason why a person should get a degree in psychology.

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Summary:  Anyone can become a therapist if they are willing to tackle the education. Although many students think they may be one or two courses away from being a “Dr. Phil,” the truth is that becoming a therapist does take training.

Evaluation:  Good article for letting people know what the time span is for becoming a true psychologist.  I know it is not a career path that I can breeze through.

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If you've studied psychology in college, or know someone who has, you've undoubtedly heard the claim that psychology majors can't get jobs. A recent investigation into the question of whether there are too many psych majors reveals that this is not the case, as published in the report: "Are There Too Many Psych Majors?" The American Psychological Association and the Florida Psychology Department Chairs, responding to concerns about psychology being "too popular" as a major, prepared this White Paper to examine the facts about the employability of psychology majors. The surprising results show that in contrast to the view that it prepares students for very little of practical value, the undergraduate psychology major is one of the best choices a college student can make.

Before we answer the question of why psychology is such a sound choice for a major, let's tackle the myths about the psychology major that many prospective students believe.

Based on the APA/Florida report, these are the four most common misbeliefs:

You can become a therapist with a bachelor's degree. Although many students think they may be one or two courses away from being a "Dr. Phil," the truth is that becoming a therapist does take training. That said, you can pursue many jobs in the mental health field with four solid years, plus practicals or internships, of courses within the major. However, it's not true that...

You can't get a job in an area of psychology with a bachelor's degree. You can't become a licensed psychologist unless you have graduate training plus additional hours of supervision, but the skills you gain as a psychology major translate well into many jobs, especially in entry-level positions. We'll talk more about this shortly.

Psychology is an art, not a science. There may be applications of psychology to the arts, but the field is a science, one that is increasingly gaining recognition as a "STEM" (Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics) discipline.

Psychology is easy. Many people believe that psychology is nothing more than "common sense" and therefore is an easy field to master. In reality, the study of psychology involves rigorous training in topics ranging from statistics to neuroscience, and all psychology majors must complete a set of in-depth core courses based on this knowledge.

Now that we've laid these myths to rest, it's time to examine the evidence showing the true advantages of majoring in psychology. Workforce analyses of psychology majors show that psychology graduates do get jobs using their degree. They may not be "psychologists" until they complete their graduate training, but they put their psychology skills to use. According to the White Paper Report, over 40% of bachelor's level psychologists work in for-profit jobs in business and industry. The next largest group, between 20-30%, work in educational institutions. Approximately 15-20% work, respectively, in government and not-for-profit organizations. The remainder are self-employed. Although fewer than 25% of all psychology majors actually work in the field of psychology after graduation, they do qualify for entry-level positions in fields as diverse as marketing, sales, advertising, rehabilitation or psychiatric services, real estate, social work, child care, parole, and career counseling. According to the College Majors Handbook, and as reported in the White Paper, the top 10 occupations that employ bachelor's level psychology majors include management, sales, social work, personnel, health care, and financial specialists.

Unfortunately, those who work in psychology-related fields directly tend to earn less than those in other science disciplines. In 2006 terms, the median annual salary of bachelor's level psychology majors was $30,000. In 2010, APA estimated that the starting salary for a psychology major is $36,400. Within related fields, the highest incomes are earned by psychology majors who become medical and health services managers, and the lowest are preschool teachers and teachers assistants. The median income is admittedly less than the $51,000 earned by a mechanical engineer, and less in fact than other science-related disciplines. One reason for the lower earnings of psychology majors is not that the degree is worth any less, but that education and many social services fields are severely underfunded. If you want a job with a bachelor's degree in teaching or human services, you will sacrifice your salary, no matter what your college major.

Fortunately, however, many psychology majors do go on to complete a graduate degree, which will benefit their career earnings potential. The White Paper reports that 40% of psychology majors complete some form of graduate training, placing psychology among the highest of all undergraduate majors in post-graduate degree completion.

Psychology's popularity is growing quickly. In 2007, 90,000 of the over 1.5 million bachelor's degrees awarded in the U.S. were claimed by psychology majors, nearly a doubling from the slightly over 50,000 psychology degrees earned in 1998.

Why do students want this major, even though the salary prospects in psychology itself are not particularly high? You guessed it. Psychology majors want to help people! As the White Paper concluded, "Although the traditional introductory course design quickly disabuses students of the belief that psychology is solely about understanding and treating human abnormality, the breadth of introductory course content remains intrinsically interesting to most students" (p. 5). Apparently, we can't squelch the urge of psychology students to want to study psychology.

When all is said and done, psychology majors know a good thing when they see it. Psychology undergraduates gain valuable skills that give them an edge on the job market. The skills break down roughly to the types of courses that they take, which include rigorous training in statistics and research methods, neuroscience, individual and group processes, memory and learning, and psychopathology.

As outlined in the White Paper, these are the 10 skills that psychology majors gain while earning their undergraduate degrees, all of which make them highly desirable as they enter the job market. They can:

1. predict and understand the behavior of individuals and groups;

2. understand how to use and interpret data

3. evaluate the legitimacy of claims about behavior

4. know how memory and learning function

5. have insight into problematic behaviors

6. demonstrate the capacity to adapt to change

7. understand and operate effectively throughout the channels of an organization

8. manage difficult situations and high stress environments

9. start and carry out projects with limited information or experience

10. show persistence in challenging circumstances

This is a formidable set of skills and you might wonder how the average 22-year-old college graduate can carry these out so well. If you understand how the major works, the answer is not quite so mysterious.

Psychology is the science of behavior, and psychologists learn how to predict, understand, explain, and control behavior. Though not professional psychologists, undergraduates are taught how to look carefully at behavior and gain exposure to basic principles such as motivation, learning, thinking, sensation, and perception. The average college-level introductory psychology course surveys the field and provides students with the background to get them started in the major, no matter which specific area they want to pursue.

With regard to understanding and using data, the basic statistics courses we offer in the major expose students not only to such topics as probability theory, but also the use of statistical software packages that only 15 or 20 years ago required considerable programming mastery. Students can now understand the reasoning behind the statistics that they in fact compute on their own. Many students also complete their own independent research projects (under the advising of a professor or graduate student) or at least participate in a lab to get hands-on experience. This gives them an appreciation not only for how research gets done, but why research is needed to gain a scientific understanding of behavior.

The content areas in the undergraduate psychology major build on these basic scientific skills. The standards that accredited undergraduate programs adhere to ensure that students complete requirements that give them exposure to the major substantive areas, from neuroscience to social psychology. Many students also learn how to conduct their own independent library research. They can choose from thousands of research articles because online databases have become so sophisticated that within a few keystrokes, they can gain access to almost any article on almost any topic. Through required lab sections, students also learn the basic mechanics of collecting, analyzing, and writing up laboratory data.

Psychology majors also learn about the informal and formal workings of organizations through courses in organizational and social psychology, and by becoming involved in the activities of their own schools and communities. Many psychology students naturally gravitate toward campus organizations, community volunteer opportunities, and even involvement in the politics of their local and state governments.

In terms of managing stress and learning persistence, psychology students may not be all that different from their fellow students in other majors who must balance their school obligations with other responsibilities at home and at work. However, psychology students have an edge over their peers because the content of their courses often directly addresses the problems they confront in their daily lives. They are learning in the classroom about such topics as sleep deprivation, stress and coping, family relationships and the scientific basis of addiction. Gaining mastery of the principles of memory, reinforcement, and behavior modification provides them with tools that they can use to manage their own academic and personal challenges.

Courses in developmental psychology, including the psychology of adolescence, help psychology majors learn about the development of their own identities. Gaining insight into identity development helps these young adults learn strategies to test their own values, priorities, and goals. Focusing their attention inward on their feelings and beliefs are processes that these development and adjustment courses foster, particularly when the courses allow students time for discussion and reflection.

What about the claim that psychology majors can start and execute projects with limited information or experience? Most undergraduates have limited information and experience. However, psychology majors learn the tools to cope with this situation because they learn about such organizational skills as time management and self-regulation (the ability to pace yourself). They also learn about motivation and managing emotions, which are two factors that contribute to the ability to get a job done even when the task is unclear at the outset.

Some potentially contradictory data about the benefits of the psych major came from a 2010 Wall Street Journal report. In a national survey, college alumni who graduated between 1999 and 2010 rated their satisfaction with their career path. Compared to the 54% of chemical engineers who said they were satisfied or very satisfied with their careers, only 26% of the over 10,000 former psychology majors felt positive about the direction their careers had taken them. The title of the article was "Psych Majors Aren't Happy with Options." However, the survey didn't justify this conclusion. There was no direct evidence to show that the former psych majors felt that their college major was to blame for their lack of satisfaction. If the question was worded differently, the surveyors might have directly assessed whether the alums actually regretted their choice of a major instead of being dissatisfied with their careers more generally. We also don't know if these students chose psychology because they couldn't think of a better alternative, leading them to a less focused career path than students who majored in engineering, business, or computers. Had the article's authors taken a course in psychological research, it's quite likely they would have avoided this fatal flaw in their logic.

The moral of the story is clear. Parents, guidance counselors, teachers, advisors and- most importantly- students, don't fear the psych major. Call me biased, but it's hard to imagine a field that is more intriguing and compelling. And according to the White Paper Report, it's also hard to imagine a field that gives you more valuable life skills.
Follow me on Twitter @swhitbo for daily updates on psychology, health, and aging. Feel free to join my Facebook group, "Fulfillment at Any Age," to discuss today's blog, or to ask further questions about this posting.

Copyright Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Ph.D. 2012

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The Top 10 Reasons to Major in Psychology

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As one of the most popular majors on many college campuses, psychology attracts students with a variety of career goals. Unlike other majors in the social and natural sciences, psychology's broad applicability makes it an excellent choice to prepare students for a variety of entry-level positions in the workforce.

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Understanding Why People Do What They Do

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Understanding Why People Do What They Do

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WHEN GOOD PEOPLE DO BAD THINGS

by Ann Trafton (2014)
"When people get together in groups, unusual things can happen — both good and bad. Groups create important social institutions that an individual could not achieve alone, but there can be a darker side to such alliances: Belonging to a group makes people more likely to harm others outside the group."   Author Ann Trafton defines how and why people act differently in groups.  She makes it clear that not all actions are bad yet, many times people tend to act maliciously toward others who may actually be their friends when they are in outside groups.  The author directs this information to students and anyone wanting to understand how and why group behavior affects us.

Summary: You may act different when you are with a group. but when you are by yourself, you can be friendly when your with your friends.

Evaluation: Interesting outlook on how we behave in groups. The article makes me think about myself and whether or not I act differently around different people.

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CommonLit | When Good People Do Bad Things

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Rebecca Saxe, an associate professor of cognitive neuroscience at MIT, and her colleagues conducted an experiment to study the way people behave in groups.

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Summary: Psychology is a about the mental state and processes behavior. of which people study to figure out what people do to things.

Evaluation: This article is basically a dictionary-type explanation of what psychology is and even goes into the fact that animals have thoughts and behaviors too. Thought provoking!

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Psychology is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

Psychologists study such phenomena as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships.

Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including issues related to daily life-e.g. family, education, and work-and the treatment of mental health problems.

Psychology is one of the behavioral sciences - a broad field that spans the social and natural sciences.

Psychology attempts to understand the role human behavior plays in social dynamics while incorporating physiological and neurological processes into its conceptions of mental functioning.

Psychology includes many sub-fields of study and application concerned with such areas as human development, sports, health, industry, law, and spirituality.

Psychology describes and attempts to explain consciousness, behavior, and social interaction.

Empirical psychology is primarily devoted to describing human experience and behavior as it actually occurs.

Since the 1980s, psychology has begun to examine the relationship between consciousness and the brain or nervous system.

It is still not clear how these interact: does consciousness determine brain states or do brain states determine consciousness - or are both going on in various ways?

There are several branches of psychology.

Comparative psychology refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings.

It is related to disciplines outside of psychology that study animal behavior, such as ethology.

Although the field of psychology is primarily concerned with humans, the behavior and mental processes of animals is also an important part of psychological research, either as a subject in its own right (e.g., animal cognition and ethology), or with strong emphasis about evolutionary links, and somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an insight into human psychology by means of comparison or via animal models of emotional and behavior systems as seen in neuroscience of psychology.

Personality psychology studies enduring psychological patterns of behavior, thought and emotion, commonly called an individual's personality.

Mainly focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age.

This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or moral development.

Quantitative psychology involves the application of mathematical and statistical modeling in psychological research, and the development of statistical methods for analyzing and explaining behavioral data.

Psychometrics is the field of psychology concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits.

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psychology; social psychology; behavior; child psychology; child development; brain-computer interfaces

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Psychology is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychologists study such phenomena as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including issues related to daily life-e.g.

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Why you should get a degree in psychology 

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Why you should get a degree in psychology 

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10 Great Reasons to Earn a Psychology Degree

BY Kendra Cherry, (2018)
"A psychology degree not only offers students the opportunity for personal growth, it also opens up a huge range and variety of career opportunities."  The author's purpose is intended to help aspiring psychologists decide if this is the career path for them.  Career minded students will find this information useful.

Summary: It is about how psychology can fit in all careers and different ways it can help out.

Evaluation:  I really like this article because it gives a look at  the many different options this career can have.

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Can you guess which college major is one of the most popular among undergraduate students all over the world? The answer: Psychology!

Why is psychology so popular? A psychology degree not only offers students the opportunity for personal growth, it also opens up a huge range and variety of career opportunities. Are you still wondering if earning a psychology degree is the right choice for you? Then be sure to check out some of these great reasons to major in psychology.

Psychology is certainly not a one-size-fits-all career choice. In fact, one of the greatest strengths of a psychology degree is the enormous variety of career paths that are available to graduates. Students can tailor their education and degree to focus on specialty areas that appeal to their interests. Some of these potential professions include:

Have you ever wondered why people behave in certain ways? Or maybe you've always wanted to learn more about your own mind, emotions, and actions? Earning a degree in psychology is an excellent way to gain a greater understanding of people. In addition to satisfying your own interest in human nature, having a solid understanding of what makes people do certain things can be a very marketable skill in a wide variety of job settings, including social services, advertising, marketing, education, health care, and politics.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of psychologists is expected to grow at a rate of about 19 percent through the year 2024. This is considered much faster than average growth. The demand for psychological services in schools, hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, and social services agencies is expected to fuel the demand for trained professionals. Three job areas expected to be in high demand are in clinical psychology, school psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology.

If you love solving practical or theoretical problems, then earning a psychology degree might be a great choice for you. Some psychologists focus on helping people resolve complex emotional issues or developing solutions for real-world problems. Others delve deeper into our understanding of the human mind and behavior by conducting research and adding to the body of scientific knowledge. No matter which area interests you, psychology presents unique challenges that can also be deeply rewarding.

If you've ever dreamed of making a real difference in other people's lives, earning a psychology degree can be a great way to achieve that goal. Psychologists, counselors, therapists, and community services workers devote their time and energy to helping people overcome adversity, increase their well-being, and realize their full potential. While this type of work can be emotionally demanding and stressful at times,it can also be very fulfilling.

Psychology students spend a great deal of time learning about research methods and statistics. Even if you don't particularly love the research process, learning more about how to gather, organize, analyze, and interpret data can be an important skill in a wide variety of careers. For example, educators, administrators, scientists, marketers, and advertisers often perform such tasks in order to make decisions, evaluate progress, and complete projects.

An undergraduate degree in psychology can be an excellent starting point for further graduate study. Many students choose to earn a graduate degree in psychology, while others opt to switch to a related field such as counseling, education, or social work. Having a background in human psychology can also lead to further study in areas such as law, medicine, or the life sciences.

Let's imagine that in addition to your strong interest in psychology, you also love sports and physical fitness. While the two subjects might seem only distantly related at first, they actually make up a major specialty area known as sports psychology.

One great benefit of earning a psychology degree is that you can pursue a career path that is well-aligned to your passions and interests. A student who enjoys working with young children can specialize in developmental psychology with a focus on early childhood development while another student who is fascinated by the aging process could earn a degree in the same subject with a focus on geriatrics.

Earning a degree in psychology can be a great way to prepare for a range of different professions. The skills that you acquire during your study of psychology such as analyzing data, communicating complex information and understanding human behavior are all abilities that are highly prized by employers.

According to Complete Psychology by Graham Davey (2007), only about 15 to 20 percent of psychology majors go on to become professional psychologists or counselors. So what do the estimated three-quarters of psychology majors end up doing with their degrees? Many put their knowledge of psychology to work in various professions including marketing, business, advertising, criminal justice, education, sales, public affairs, health services, human resources, and numerous other areas.

The best possible reason to earn a degree in psychology is simply a love for the subject matter. If you look forward to going to your psychology courses, enjoy discussing psychology topics, spend your free time browsing psychology websites, and love learning new facts about psychology, then chances are really good that earning a psychology degree is a good choice for you.

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10 Great Reasons to Earn a Psychology Degree

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Can you guess which college major is one of the most popular among undergraduate students all over the world? The answer: Psychology! Why is psychology so popular? A psychology degree not only offers students the opportunity for personal growth, it also opens up a huge range and variety of career opportunities.