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https://www.alliesagainstslavery.org/slavery/
A website identifying "the problem" that is human trafficking. Bringing information to the rest of the world.
Citation:
The Problem. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2018, from https://www.alliesagainstslavery.org/slavery/

http://humantraffickingcenter.org/problem/
"Human Trafficking: The recruitment and/or movement of someone within or across borders, through the abuse of power/position with the intention of forced exploitation, commercial or otherwise."
-formally identifying and defining human trafficking
Citation:
About the Problem Home • About the Problem. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2018, from http://humantraffickingcenter.org/problem/

https://people.howstuffworks.com/human-trafficking4.htm
-Addressing common misconceptions and also introducing human trafficking
Citation:
Edmonds, M. (2011, May 17). How Human Trafficking Works. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from https://people.howstuffworks.com/human-trafficking4.htm

https://www.focusonthefamily.com/socialissues/family/sex-trafficking/sex-trafficking-the-facts
Addressing how widespread human trafficking has become and how it is STILL and always has been an extremely prevelent issue
Citation:
The Facts: What is Sex Trafficking and How Widespread Is It? (2014, April 07). Retrieved November 14, 2018, from https://www.focusonthefamily.com/socialissues/family/sex-trafficking/sex-trafficking-the-facts

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In this article they explain the main problem which is the Human Trafficking all over the world but also in the beginning they state that the problem can also be the different definitions of human trafficking. This is because Justice systems define trafficking  and create narratives how it is created and what leads to it. The Problem that It gets easier and easier to get away with it because the laws can actually catch and prosecute these criminals because the law is stated in a particular way that they can get away with it. The Justice system also does not define the problem in a way to cover all trafficking. The article also states how trafficking is also driven by such factors as the economy and cultural factors.

This could help our page because it touch bases on what drives trafficking. I know a lot of articles focus on profiling the pimps and why  they do what they do but some trafficking is cause because people can not fulling live a life without having to get help from a "pimp". For example I have read examples where people sell kids so that they can have money for food and such for living or they give up their labor just to be able to be taken "under their wing" so to say and they work for the pimp with slave labor. Also the article is from another country : Nigeria.

Citation
Department OF Sociology and Anthropology (2018). Perception of demographic and cultural factors  associated with the crime of human trafficking in Nigeria. University of Nigeria Nsukka. Vol. 32, p4239-4251. 13p. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&sid=15ba4c3c-1955-4fe6-9fdc-424977184e4e%40sessionmgr104

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https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/2042178746?pq-origsite=summon
"We realize a series of paradoxes: the past is irrecoverable and the past is not past; the past is the resource for the future and the future is the redemption of the past; loss must be marked and it cannot be represented; loss fractures representation itself and loss precipitates its own modes of expression"
-Bringing past experiences to the forefront.
Citation:
Malaysia-must-end-abuse-of-migrant-workers-mar-24-2010. (n.d.). Human Rights Documents Online. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-0400

https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/science/article/pii/S1756061617301295
"The UN Human Trafficking Protocol is a penalising document, requiring the vigorous prosecution of organised criminals, which has been ratified by 169 states parties and enthusiastically championed by the United States."
Citation:
Fouladvand, S. (2018). Decentering the prosecution-oriented approach: Tackling both supply and demand in the struggle against human trafficking. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 52, 129-143. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.11.001

https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/article/10.1007%2Fs11109-017-9401-0
"While human trafficking often conjures up images of victims being taken by force, in reality, a minority of today’s slave population are physically abducted. Rather, a significant share of human trafficking victims are “pushed” (e.g., trying to escape crisis conditions) or “pulled” (e.g., pursuing the prospect of economic opportunities) into situations of high risk."
-Goals of properly combatting by properly identifying the right targets.
Citation:
Mo, C. H. (2017). Perceived Relative Deprivation and Risk: An Aspiration-Based Model of Human Trafficking Vulnerability. Political Behavior, 40(1), 247-277. doi:10.1007/s11109-017-9401-0

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https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/article/10.1007%2Fs11417-018-9269-x
"Awareness-raising tactics are arguably the first priority in the prevention strategies in Vietnam at present."
This is representative of an awareness spreading tactic implemented by the Vietnamese government.
Citation:
Le, T. H., Carrington, K., Tran, T. H., Nguyen, T. P., Le, T. K., & Bui, N. H. (2018). Inter-Agency Cooperation to Raise Awareness on Human Trafficking in Vietnam: Good Practices and Challenges. Asian Journal of Criminology, 13(3), 251-274. doi:10.1007/s11417-018-9269-x

https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/science/article/pii/S0038012117301350

"Ongoing trafficking recruitment calls for targeted prevention strategies for individuals and communities at risk. Awareness campaigns, arguably the most common form of trafficking prevention, are intended to alert individuals to the tactics used by traffickers and provide them with practical strategies to avoid deception and exploitation."

Citation:
Konrad, R. A. (2018). Designing awareness campaigns to counter human trafficking: An analytic approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2018.10.005

https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/2060885382?pq-origsite=summon
“When you describe a child sex-trafficking victim, before they start out you use terms like vibrant and beautiful, eccentric, happy-go-lucky,” Nacole said. “And when you get them back, they’re broken, distraught, low self-esteem, angry.”
Highlighting the use of a different approach. A conference bringing together victims to talk about their experiences with the idea of spreading awareness
Citation:
Raise Awareness on Student Virtual Advocacy Day. (2017). ASHA Leader, 22(10), 61. doi:10.1044/leader.an2.22102017.61

https://doaj.org/article/d0c66e08b5664746a3083939036044ef

" Human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights, with numerous consequences for health and wellbeing. Recent law and policy reforms mean that clinicians now hold a crucial role in national strategies."

Citation:
Arulrajah, P., & Steele, S. (2018). UK medical education on human trafficking: Assessing uptake of the opportunity to shape awareness, safeguarding and referral in the curriculum. BMC Medical Education, 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1226-y

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https://www.state.gov/j/tip/id/help/
The Department of State lists a string of tactics in order to help end human traffikcing at an individual and group level.
Noteworthy efforts include reaching out to state representatives, and raising awareness in your community through education events like movie showings with films centered on human trafficking. A lot of education and awareness.
Citation: United States Government. Department of State.
15 Ways You Can Help Fight Human Trafficking. United States: USA.gov.

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https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-aid-to-stop-modern-slavery-in-nigeria
The UK (regarded as one of the big 5 leading countries in the world) helping Nigeria (a poor third world nation) with their problem of "modern slavery" aka human trafficking.

Citation:
Development, D. F. (2018, September 03). UK aid to stop modern slavery in Nigeria. Retrieved November 01, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-aid-to-stop-modern-slavery-in-nigeria

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/a-model-that-works-a-governments-role-in-combating-human-trafficking
Another UK article detailing what a governments role should be in order to effectively combat human trafficking. Detailed topics include anti trafficking legislation, law enforcement, and overall working together between different branches of government.

Citation:
A model that works: A government's role in combating human trafficking. (n.d.). Retrieved November 01, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/a-model-that-works-a-governments-role-in-combating-human-trafficking

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Stategies and Tactics against Human Trafficking (United States)

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Stategies and Tactics against Human Trafficking (United States)

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https://ourrescue.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIi-ChhaS83gIVz8DACh346gNXEAAYASAAEgKYHvD_BwE
This article highlights of Operation Underground Railroad (O.U.R.) They are an organization fighting against child sex trafficking specifically. They seek to combat trafficking in two ways: Coordinated rescue, and recovery planning.

Citation:
We exist to rescue children from sex trafficking. (n.d.). Retrieved November 01, 2018, from https://ourrescue.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIi-ChhaS83gIVz8DACh346gNXEAAYASAAEgKYHvD_BwE

https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/fs/2017/272160.htm
An article from The US department of state. Detailing the various government entities put in place to combat "trafficking in persons"

Citation:
U.S. Government Entities Combating Human Trafficking. (2017, June 27). Retrieved November 01, 2018, from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/fs/2017/272160.htm

https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/whole-government-approach
Article from the US Department of Justice. Details essentially ALL branches of government and their roles/organizations in the fight against human trafficking. Different branches include the WHite HOuse, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Labor (among others).

Citation:
A Whole Government Approach. (2018, January 06). Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/whole-government-approach

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Prioritized Policies Identified by the Polaris Project

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Prioritized Policies Identified by the Polaris Project

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Polaris Project Highlights these Policies/Reform goals to fight the problem of sex-trafficking.
Runaway and Homeless Youth and Trafficking Prevention Act
"Runaway and homeless youth, especially LGBT youth, are one of this nation’s most vulnerable populations to human trafficking."  They urge Congress to make passing the Runaway and Homeless Youth and Trafficking Prevention Act a top priority.
Prioritizing the Strategic Action Plan
The Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States 2013-2017 is an attempt to collaberate all state regulatory agencies under a federal law in fighting trafficking. "Polaris advocates to key federal agencies to expand and strengthen holistic and comprehensive care for victims of human trafficking."
Appropriations FY 17 requests:
Focuses on advocating for federal funding to anti-trafficking and support programs for victims. Funding is an essential component to combating sex-trafficking.
Policy & Legislation. (2017, December 21). Retrieved November 4, 2018 from https://polarisproject.org/policy-priorities

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Global Laws Attempting to Address the Problem

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Global Laws Attempting to Address the Problem

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I'm going to focus on law from around the world, to compare and contrast their strategies to combat sex trafficking.

Cambodia:
Law on the Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation, 2008.
Neatened to align with the Palmero protocols of the UN, which makes the sale, purchase, or attempted transaction of prostitution illegal. While the goal was to combat sex-trafficking, it is so incredibly vague, that prostitution is not defined at all, and the status of consent is irrelevant. Meaning, those caught or suspected of being involved in a sexual transaction are equally prosecuted. The largest problem with this, is that Cambodia is one of the poorest countries on earth, meaning it is hard to discern who is forced into sex-labor, and who is voluntary due to a lack of choice for economic purposes. Consequently, raids of brothels and the like result in abuse and unjust prosecution off victims to the sex-trafficking pandemic, and discourages victims from reaching out for help.
https://www.hhrjournal.org/2015/04/conflicting-rights-how-the-prohibition-of-human-trafficking-and-sexual-exploitation-infringes-the-right-to-health-of-female-sex-workers-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/
Conflicting Rights: How the Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation Infringes the Right to Health of Female Sex Workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. (n.d.).

Philippines:
The  Philippines passed R.A. 9208, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003  was put into action that aimed to penalize those involved with sex-trafficking, and specifically those who engaged in "mail-bride" purchases from within the country and overseas. Although the Philippines is considered a top level complaint country with UN Palmero policy, the act of 2003 hardly combats the purchase of women via marriage certificates. This is largely due to a lack of judicial action. The problem being due to a scarcity of law enforcement agents, and judges in the country. It is believed, that this policy would be much more impact if the Philippines had adequate personnel to handle the large traffic of cases that need to be addressed.
https://womennewsnetwork.net/2009/07/29/filipinatrafficking814/
Team, W. E. (2009, July 29). Anti Mail-Order Bride Law Philippines Doesn't Limit Human Trafficking

(Middle Ground..) Bulgaria:
"Prostitution is neither expressly permitted nor banned under Bulgarian law. In accordance to this political approach, however, all third party activities are a criminal offence. " This includes those who aim to facilitate or organize forced sex work. The approach of "laze fare" unless necessary (i.e, when human rights are imposed upon), emphasizes the fact the sex for sale has been a historical phenomena that is likely never to be eradicated. This police includes; Ban on Street Transaction: Selling sex without the proper clearance is prohibited and punishable by the law, Permit Systems: Prostitutes must register themselves as such, and be approved through the state to sell sex. This is meant to "regulate" sex operations reducing the amount of transactions that occur below the radar, Permit for Brothels: Monitor the saftey, compliance, and legality of brothels., STD Testing: To ensure the health of women involved.
https://www.beobachtungsstelle-gesellschaftspolitik.de/f/958037694b.pdf
“W. Sofia, (2011) Legalizing Prostitution – Pros and Cons“, Risk Monitor.

Denmark:
“If the country of origin is known to be corrupt and victims have witnessed against their trafficker --- it is essential victims receive asylum.”  Denmark decriminalized prostitution, arguing it would be easier to regulate and monitor the sale of sex under these conditions. However, owning, operating, or engaging in brothels are illegal. "The Danish Criminal Code ensures that sex and labor trafficking is considered a severe offense. Denmark has also established a National Action Plan Against Trafficking and the Danish Anti-Trafficking Centre, which assists trafficking victims and helps them get treatment and assistance from authorities." Which is a policy that allows victims found to be involved in forced prostitution are granted temporary residence in Denmark, and if their home country is found to be corrupt and unsafe to return in regards to "re-cycling of Sex Workers," offered permanent residence.
https://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/53-human-re-trafficking-in-denmark-looking-for-a-solution-or-recycling-a-problem
Human (Re) Trafficking in Denmark: Looking for a Solution or Recycling a Problem? (n.d.).

United States:
"The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 is the cornerstone of Federal human trafficking legislation, and established several methods of prosecuting traffickers, preventing human trafficking, and protecting victims and survivors of trafficking." This policy goes as far as demanding restitution be paid to victims of sex-trafficking in the US.
The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 established the right (and ease) of victims suing their pimps/traffickers.
https://polarisproject.org/current-federal-laws

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Editing page- More successes for the page

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Editing page- More successes for the page

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https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/pdf/10.1080/08974454.2015.1087363

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Australia's law enforcement has seen a huge issue of human trafficking throughout the country in the recent years. Legal experts are looking at laws and how to improve on the law to better protect survivors and their families. Normally visas were offered to on a bases if the victims helped law enforcement arrest, prosecute and convict traffickers- now with the update to that laws experts have looked at how to reduce stress on victims, assure that their personal safety is kept and there is compensation for helping catch traffickers. Australia's work to the visa framework have made it able for "victims of trafficking and salvery on any valid Australian visa... able to access" the Support for Trafficked People Program (STPP) under Australian law and legislation.

This would be a good example for a tactic that governments are taking. Not only are they thinking more about victims and how they can help them and support them but they are also trying to have victims help prosecute traffickers. By updating the law they are saying that they do truly care about victims but they are also saying that if they help law enforcement, their safety is put on the top, and that stress levels will be minimal.

Also they were successful with the update of the laws because 17 traffickers were prosecuted and they expect many more to be (have to remember that this article was published in 2016 and the law was updated in 2009, also these court cases could last months or years depending on the court.)

Deanna, Davy. (August 2016). Human Trafficking and Slavery in Australia: Pathways, Tactics, and Subtle Elements of Enslavement. Women & Criminal justice, EBSCOhost, ol. 26 Issue 3, p180-192. Retrieved from: https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/doi/pdf/10.1080/08974454.2015.1087363

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Airlines taking a Stand with the movement 

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Airlines taking a Stand with the movement 

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I found many articles about how flight attendance unions/companies are starting to take a stand against trafficking. More global airlines are jumping on the thought of training attendances to look for the signs of trafficking and identify children when on the planes. Some of the tactics they teach them is identifying someone that looks out of place (such as someone who might be drugged, a kid that looks like they are deadly afraid and that the person they are with is acting in a way that they do not personally know the kid, making direct eye contact but making direct communication with [could cause a dangerous situation] and even just being able to speak up about something you think is not right). I think that this could help because even though a lot of big time organizations are coming up with strategies and tactics to combat the problem like this article says "It’s a community effort and it is important to recognize and report it" because ultimately it is a community effort and even the slightest little thing you do or someone else does could save a life or two [or more]. Traffickers use airlines as a huge pathway to get people and children from one place to another so this is just one tactic that could help combat the movement of people.

Sathasivam, Chandravathani. (15 August 2017).

AIRASIA FIRST AIRLINE IN ASIA TO COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING. ProQuest. Retrieved from: https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/1935454167/fulltext/B99FA3A1D6F245B1PQ/1?accountid=39473

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Much of what these Organizations are looking to do is very costly. It often involves providing services for victims to take refuge (shelter, food, transportation, etc). In order to do this they rely on donations from companies and the general public. In order to do so, not only do they maintain websites and social media profiles, but they also organize events, such as donation funded 5k walks and used clothing sales funded by donations. They also hold conferences with often free costs of attendance to help raise awareness on the issue.

https://humantraffickinghotline.org/events

APA citation:
Training and Events. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2018, from https://humantraffickinghotline.org/events

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We want to support development, medical and educational projects and the promotion of activities in the field of human rights protection, with particular emphasis on the problem of trafficking in human beings.

In October 2015, we started the project called "Build FreeDOM ". It is a social campaign supporting a shelter for victims of human trafficking in Nairobi (Kenya).

http://razemdlaafryki.org/o-nas/

Here's another organization from Africa.

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wareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART) is a non-governmental organization based in Nairobi, Kenya. HAART is an organization dedicated towards ending modern slavery in Kenya and east Africa. It was founded in 2010 by a passionate group of lawyers, missionaries and humanitarians under the leadership of Radoslaw Malinowski. HAART is the only organization in Kenya that works exclusively on eradicating human trafficking.To provide a framework for combating trafficking, HAART works on four levels to build capacity and mobilize citizens to overcome trafficking in persons.

https://haartkenya.org/

APA Citation:
Join the fight against trafficking. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2018, from https://haartkenya.org/

This website uses video testimonials from survivors the organization has helped and also information about highly regarded persons who support the organization to gain publicity and hopefully receive donations to be able to help more people and also to help spread the word about the realities of sex trafficking.

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Many of the Organizations we have discussed have taken to social media to spread awareness about sex trafficking. Several of them run Twitter and Facebook pages and use these to coordinate events and rely heavily on them to spread information to both the general public and victims of sex trafficking. It also allows them to spread news about sucesses they have had and aids in collecting donations.
CA: San Jose police bust 100-plus illicit massage parlors, arrest numbers unclear.

The crackdown came after a January 2018 report from the Polaris Project, an antihuman-trafficking nonprofit.

https://twitter.com/Polaris_Project?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor

APA citation:
P. (2018, October 17). Polaris (@Polaris_Project). Retrieved October 29, 2018, from https://twitter.com/Polaris_Project?ref_src=twsrc^google|twcamp^serp|twgr^author

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What are your movement's strategies for achieving the change you seek? What evidence, scholarly or otherwise, is there that these strategies might be successful?

What actions do you take to achieve the change you seek? What evidence, scholarly or otherwise, is there that these actions might be successful?

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Government:
International Justice Project, The Trafficking victims protection act, the GLO act.

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https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/sustainable-development-goals-aim-end-human-trafficking/29864
THis article focuses on three different areas when dealing with human trafficking. Economic, social, and environmental.

Collins, L. M. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals and human rights: Challenges and opportunities. Sustainable Development Goals, 66-90. doi:10.4337/9781786438768.00010

http://www.preranaantitrafficking.org/about/goals.htm
Clearly laid out goals for Commercial Sexual exploitation and Trafficking

(n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2018, from http://www.preranaantitrafficking.org/about/goals.htm

http://foi.west-midlands.police.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Op-Sentinel-Newsletter-Issue-2.pdf
Aims to improve a local police force with special attention toward human trafficking. Aims to combat fear of safety and cultural beliefs and behaviors specifically.

(n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2018, from http://foi.west-midlands.police.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Op-Sentinel-Newsletter-Issue-2.pdf

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In this article, it lays out the problem of Human Trafficking through Macedonia. They explain how Macedonia is the hub for trafficking people in and out to different countries. Because of this the legalization realized they needed to combat Trafficking by taking a stand with some laws. They soon adopted the  United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, by signing this they were putting a law into act. A few years later they added Article 418-a, "Trafficking in Persons" which stated that there were to be consequences if someone was caught trafficking another within the countries that signed this code.  This is just one of many governments that have taken the strategy of signing codes or signing laws to help combat the trafficking issue.

Rafał Woźnica. (2014).

POLICY TO COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN MACEDONIA - LEGISLATION, SPECIALIZED BODIES AND PROCEDURES. ProQuest, VOL 30. Retrieved from: https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/1787039153/fulltextPDF/1F6F8525C1AF48FFPQ/1?accountid=39473

I found many articles about how flight attendance unions/companies are starting to take a stand against trafficking. More global airlines are jumping on the thought of training attendances to look for the signs of trafficking and identify children when on the planes. Some of the tactics they teach them is identifying someone that looks out of place (such as someone who might be drugged, a kid that looks like they are deadly afraid and that the person they are with is acting in a way that they do not personally know the kid, making direct eye contact but making direct communication with [could cause a dangerous situation] and even just being able to speak up about something you think is not right). I think that this could help because even though a lot of big time organizations are coming up with strategies and tractics to combat the problem like this article says "It’s a community effort and it is important to recognize and report it" because ultimately it is a community effort and even the slightest little thing you do or someone else does could save a life or two [or more]. Traffickers use airlines as a huge way to get people and children from one place to another so this is just one tactic that could help combat the movement of people.

Sathasivam, Chandravathani. (15 August 2017).

AIRASIA FIRST AIRLINE IN ASIA TO COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING. ProQuest. Retrieved from: https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/1935454167/fulltext/B99FA3A1D6F245B1PQ/1?accountid=39473

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This website outlines the specific goals that need to be meet in order to eradicate sex trafficking. They endorse strategies that support prevention of the crime, protection and direct, comprehensive assistance to victims, and prosecution of offenders.
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/three-necessary-steps-achieving-sustainable-development-goals-human-trafficking
Three Necessary Steps to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals on Human Trafficking - World. (n.d.). Retrieved from

This website advocates against human trafficking designed and promoted by the UN. They highlight the fact that immigration laws are the key to combating sex trafficking.
"International trafficking will inevitably raise issues of immigration, but its victims cannot simply be treated as illegal migrants, nor can the efforts to tackle it be reduced to stricter border controls."
https://unchronicle.un.org/article/prevention-prosection-and-protection-human-trafficking
Prevention, Prosection and Protection - Human Trafficking | UN Chronicle. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://unchronicle.un.org/article/prevention-prosection-and-protection-human-trafficking

The US seceratary of state outlines 15 steps that can combat human trafficking, including knowledge, knowing the avenues in which sex trafficking can be reported, writing your local senators, and joinging support groups for survivors of sex trafficking.
https://www.state.gov/j/tip/id/help/
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/id/help/

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" The Global Action to Prevent and Address Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants is a four-year (2015-2019) joint initiative by the European Union (EU) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)"

The 6 main focuses of this act are Strategy and Policy development, Legislative assistance, Capacity building, Regional and transregional cooperation,
Protection and assistance to victims, assistance and support to children.

APA citation:
Global Action to Prevent and Address Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants (2015-2019). (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/about-iom/GLOZ67-ProjectSummary-EN-2016.pdf

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The Trafficking Victims protection act was originally created in 2000  by the United States Government. It establishes legislation prosecuting those involved in sex trafficking. It also created the "Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, which is required to publish a Trafficking In Persons (TIP) report each year. The TIP report describes and ranks the efforts of countries to combat human trafficking. The act also established the Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, which assists in the implementation of the TVPA. The TVPA protects victims and survivors of human trafficking by establishing the T visa, which allows victims of human trafficking, and their families to become temporary U.S. residents and eligible to become permanent residents after three years"
There have been several reauthorizations of this act in the years since.

APA citation:
Current Federal Laws. (2016, October 17). Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://polarisproject.org/current-federal-laws

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"Our goal is to build awareness to the fact that human trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children is our problem because it happens in our backyards everyday. Our mission doesn't end with awareness, we will become advocates for changes to the laws that govern human trafficking and support the victims by helping them escape "the life.""

International Justice Mission: "focused on human rights, laws and law enforcement. It is currently the world’s largest anti-slavery organization."

Shared Hope International: "prevent, restore, and bring justice."

The Salvation Army: "restoring the freedom and dignity of those affected"

The Polaris Project:
"Polaris works with government leaders to protect victims’ rights, to building partnerships with the world’s leading technology corporations, we spark long-term change that focuses communities on identifying, reporting and eliminating trafficking networks"

APA citation:
End Human Trafficking Now. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2018, from http://endhtnow.com/

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According to enditmovement.com, The four main goals of the movement to end sex trafficking are Awareness Prevention, Rescue and Restoration.

ON THE GROUND, IN THE STREETS, BUSTING DOWN DOORS, MANNING HOTLINES, PROSECUTING TRAFFICKERS, FREEING PEOPLE. CREATING SYSTEMIC CHANGE. HERE IN THE UNITED STATES AND ALL AROUND THE WORLD. EACH OF OUR COALITION PARTNERS IS FOCUSED ON A DIFFERENT STEP OF THE JOURNEY TOWARDS FREEDOM. LEARN MORE ABOUT WHAT THEY DO AND JOIN THEM IN THE FIGHT!
The website is a place where you can find all the different organizations involved in the fight to end sex trafficking.

APA citation:
#enditmovement. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2018, from https://enditmovement.com/index.php

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What is your collective vision of your movement? What do you want?
What successes have you had in achieving your goals? What scholarly literature documents these successes?

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This Forbes article does a great job detailing a few nonprofit organizations whose missions focus ending Human Trafficking. It gives some profiles of the leaders as well!
https://www.forbes.com/sites/toriutley/2017/01/31/3-nonprofit-leaders-speak-on-their-top-priorities-in-the-fight-to-eradicate-human-trafficking/#75f81a153f6e

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In the area of supplying information, Anti-Slavery International has performed significant service.  This NGO now has a sister organization in the United States, which is Free the Slaves and is headquartered in Washington, DC.  Just recently, in December 2014, students at Bowie State University initiated a chapter of Anti-Slavery International on their own campus.  At this time they are in the process of attaining formal recognition from the university.  They wish to join the campaign “to eliminate all forms of slavery around the world."
APA Citation:
COHA. (2015, January 14). Slavery, Anti-Slavery and Anti-Slavery International. Retrieved October 7, 2018, from http://www.coha.org/slavery-anti-slavery-and-anti-slavery-international/

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https://www.assentcompliance.com/human-trafficking-slavery/top-100/?utm_camapign=blog&utm_source=170927-3

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The Polaris Project is an organization that works to improve government policies to help in the fight against human trafficking.
Our public policy focus drives legal and regulatory changes that enable the United States and international governments to better protect victim populations, reduce worker vulnerability, increase support to survivors and increase human trafficking investigations.

APA citation:
Policy & Legislation. (2017, December 21). Retrieved October 7, 2018, from https://polarisproject.org/policy-legislation

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Sex trafficking is an issue addressed by the United Nations.  The Palermo Protocol, was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2004). This protocol established three primary methods of fighting trafficking, known as the three P’s: (1) prosecution of traffickers, (2) prevention programming, and (3) protection of trafficking victims. The Palermo Protocol has been ratified by 166 countries, but effective implementation of policies remains controversial and challenging .
With the Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP report), the U.S. government has taken the lead on monitoring and documenting antitrafficking efforts around the world. The TIP report classifies countries into three tiers based on their level of antitrafficking efforts and numbers of trafficking victims (U.S. Department of State, 2014). The results of this annual report indicate that 164 countries are making commendable efforts toward eradicating trafficking through policies, programming, and services (

APA Citation:
Orme, J., & Ross-Sheriff, F. (2015). Sex Trafficking: Policies, Programs, and Services. Social Work,60(4), 287-294. Retrieved October 7, 2018, from http://ezproxy.gvsu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=110258418&site=ehost-live&scope=site

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Leaders-> from the organizations I found

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Leaders-> from the organizations I found

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Stephanie Garman Freed: Co-Founder of Rapha House and Executive Director

Carly M Stern: President and CEO of UNICEF

Aditi Wanchoo:
Senior Manager of Development Partnerships, Social & Environmental Affairs. Works within the Pacific Asia area (She is taking a stand against human trafficking in the area of Pacific Asia.

CSR. (n.d.) Speaker. CSR-Asia. Retrieved from: http://www.csr-asia.com/events/leadership-series/2016/2016-hong-kong/aditi-wanchoo

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Journals and articles referencing organizations against human trafficking

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Journals and articles referencing organizations against human trafficking

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https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437
Mentions the global health concerns involved with human trafficking. Uses these to draw attention for organizational support
https://refugeeresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Limoncelli-2016-What-anti-trafficking-NGOs-are-doing.pdf
Draws attention to the stigma that organizations against human trafficking don't accomplish much. Highlights the positive steps taken by organizations like the UN
https://academic.oup.com/isp/article-abstract/17/1/34/1813351?redirectedFrom=PDF
Identifies key differences between different countries experiencing various forms of trafficking. Shows importance of organizations having finite goals in their approach
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4168638/

A call to action from global health professionals

Zimmerman, C., & Kiss, L. (n.d.). Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern. Retrieved October 5, 2018, from https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437

CdeBaca, L., & Sigmon, J. N. (2014, August). Retrieved October 5, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4168638/

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(Meghan Hampsey, 2016) A map of the victims and so much more information for global trafficking. 

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(Meghan Hampsey, 2016) A map of the victims and so much more information for global trafficking. 

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Would really help us/our viewers of the website understand that this problem is just not in the US, it is everywhere.

Helps convey the message that its a global issue.

Meghan Hampsey. (23 March 2016). Myth: Human Trafficking Only Happens Abroad. Human Rights First. Retrieved from:https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/blog/myth-human-trafficking-only-happens-abroad

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Hey friends, I watched the video the librarian posted and she made a great point on looking at social media for leaders and even smaller steps that are taken to help the cause and educate people about them. I think that these governments and organizations could help us in a way because these organizations are helping with the fight but these governments are putting in policies and help these organizations or make organizations to fight this problem.

WHO? (Organizations)

UNICEF- A children's fund organization that works within the countries of Bangladesh, Iraq, Mexico, South Sudan, Syria, Yemen and many others. There are global offices in Florence, Copenhagen, Budapest, Geneva, Tokyo and Brussels with headquarters in New York. They are a huge organization that puts funded and education in helping the victims of Trafficking. They are a huge organization but they only have a segment that works with the fight to end trafficking.  I will keep on researching them for more information but they seem to be a huge global organizations.

UNICEF. (n.d.) Child Trafficking, UNICEF Retrieved from:https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/protect/trafficking

RAPHA HOUSE- I don't know if this one will be of any help to us and our website but I thought I would put it down and I would get your feedback on it. There are multiple "safe houses" around the world and in countries that I have came across during research. This particular house has multiple locations within Haiti, Cambodia, and Thailand. I think this source would help us because trafficking that most people talk about is women being the victims but this source is specifically children and how these places can help children almost reintegrate into the world after being trafficked sexually (Rapha House, 2018).

Rapha House. (2018). Safe Houses. Rapha House. Retrieved from:https://raphahouse.org/about/programs/safe-houses

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Andrea Powell - Founder of FAIR Girls
Yiota Souras -General Counsel National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Nic McKinley- Founder, DeliverFund
Ziba Cranmer- Executive Director, Demand Abolition
Sara Dillon- Professor, Suffolk Law School and Human RIghts and Sex Trafficking Author
Brad Myles- CEO, Polaris Project
Lisa Goldblatt - Co-Founder, My Life My Choice
Staca Shehan- Executive Director, Case Analysis Division National Center for Missing and Exploited Children

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Okay, so I am just going to strictly cite a post I made for the last webpage that was irrelevant then, but VERY relevant now. It contains SEVERAL web-pages for groups that are active in combating human trafficking. I will make a separate post listing the names of those who are the leaders or "face" of the organization. I think this is a wonderful head start.

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The research for this portion of the page can be posted here and below for the sake of organization.

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There is way too much information on here to post it all, but it includes the main causes of human trafficking.

1. Lack of employment opportunity: The economic system of some countries have left many people jobless. Those that are desperate there by get lured and deceived by traffickers because they want to get out of the country by all means.

2. Extreme greed for wealth: Some people want to amass great wealth or get rich quick. They end up in the hands of traffickers.

3. Poor economic system: This may cause citizens to want to travel abroad for better standard of living.

4. Unwholesome business gains: Trafficking has somehow become a massive business industry in the world, thereby luring individuals with criminal minds to join.

5. Low self esteem: Some people do not have self esteem either they are not educated (illiterates) or want to have a better life and they may end up leaving the country by all means possible.

6. The search for greener pasture: Some people believe that traveling abroad is the only way one can make ends meet in all aspects of life.

7. Poverty: Some families with large number of children maybe poor and might not be able to cater for all the needs of their children. They end up giving out some of their children to people as maids and this way some of their children may fall into the hands of traffickers.

APA citation:
Human Trafficking - Meaning, Causes and Effects of Human Trafficking. (2017, February 14). Retrieved September 19, 2018, from http://www.schoolmattazz.com/2016/12/meaning-human-trafficking/

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Human trafficking is the trade of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person through the use of force, coercion or other means for the purpose of exploiting them.
Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery whereby humans are traded for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others.

Every year thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers in their own countries and abroad.

Agents of Trafficking

The Traffickers
The Trafficker is the link between supply and demand, on one hand increasing supply through the recruitment, deception, transportation and exploitation process and on the other hand boosting demand by providing easy access to the trafficking victims. This includes recruiters as well as transporters, receivers, pimps, brothel-keepers, corrupt border guards and producers of false documentation, all of whom benefit from victims who pass through their hands. The trafficker is often part of the extended family nucleus or is someone known within the local community.

2. The Trafficked Victims
These include all the men, women and children who are deceived, transported and delivered into the hands of those who exploit them for profit.

Also Read: DRUG TRAFFICKING - MEANING, CONSEQUENCES AND PREVENTION

Causes of Human Trafficking

1. Lack of employment opportunity: The economic system of some countries have left many people jobless. Those that are desperate there by get lured and deceived by traffickers because they want to get out of the country by all means.

2. Extreme greed for wealth: Some people want to amass great wealth or get rich quick. They end up in the hands of traffickers.

3. Poor economic system: This may cause citizens to want to travel abroad for better standard of living.

4. Unwholesome business gains: Trafficking has somehow become a massive business industry in the world, thereby luring individuals with criminal minds to join.

5. Low self esteem: Some people do not have self esteem either they are not educated (illiterates) or want to have a better life and they may end up leaving the country by all means possible.

6. The search for greener pasture: Some people believe that traveling abroad is the only way one can make ends meet in all aspects of life.

7. Poverty: Some families with large number of children maybe poor and might not be able to cater for all the needs of their children. They end up giving out some of their children to people as maids and this way some of their children may fall into the hands of traffickers.

Forms of Human Trafficking

1. Child Labour
Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.

2. Child Sex Trafficking
Thousands of children are lured, sold, or kidnapped for the purpose of sexual exploitation in hotels, night clubs, brothels, massage parlors, private residences, on sex tours e.t.c. annually. Sex trafficking has devastating consequences for minors, including long-lasting physical and psychological trauma, disease (including HIV/AIDS), drug addiction, unwanted pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and sometimes death.

3. Debt Bondage
Bonded labour is similar to slavery, because it involves a debt that cannot be paid off in a reasonable time. The employer/enforcer artificially inflates the amount of debt, often adding exorbitant interest or charges for living expenses, deducting little or nothing from the debt and increasing the amount of time the individual must work. It is a cycle of debt where there is no hope for freedom.

4. Involuntary Domestic Servitude
Involuntary servitude occurs when a domestic worker becomes ensnared in an exploitative situation they are unable to escape. Typically in private homes, the individual is forced to work for little or no pay while confined to the boundaries of their employer's property. This isolation keeps them from communicating with family or any other type of support network, increasing the subjection to psychological, physical and sexual abuse.

5. Child Soldiers
It is illegal to recruit through force, fraud, or coercion of children under the age of 18 as combatants or in other roles associated with a conflict, such as messengers, sex slaves/'wives', servants, or cooks.

Consequences of Human Trafficking on Victims

1. Human and Social effects

2. Sexual Abuse

3. Health Risk in Women Adolescents

4. Psychological Trauma

5. Stigmatisation

6. Effect on population growth

7. Modern Slavery

8. Illegal Immigrants

HOW NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT IS TACKLING HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Nigerian government has made lots of effort to eradicate Human Trafficking by establishing some agencies to fight human trafficking, and also enactment of laws to guide and support their actions.

1. (National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons)
NAPTIP is a governmental organisation created for the eradication of human traffic in Nigeria. The 2003 NAPTIP law enforcement and administration Act amended in 2005 to increase penalties for trafficking offenders, prohibits all forms of human trafficking. The Law's prescribed penalties of 5 years imprisonment and/or a $670 fine with hard labour. 10 years imprisonment for trafficking of children and forced begging or hawking and 10 years imprisonment - life imprisonment for sexual enslavement are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with penalties prescribed for other crimes such as rape.

2. Nigeria's 2003 Child Rights Act also criminalises child trafficking.

3. (WOTCLEF) Woman Trafficking and Children Labour Eradication Foundation - WATCLEF is a Non-governmental organisation which has embarked on lots of public awareness programmes and other efforts to stop human trafficking mostly on female folds who end up becoming prostitutes abroad thereby giving Nigeria a bad image abroad. WATCLEF together with NAPTIP enacted the July 2003 abolition laws of human trafficking of children under 18 years of age.

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Human Trafficking - Meaning, Causes and Effects of Human Trafficking

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Human trafficking is the trade of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person through the use of force, coercion or other means for the purpose of exploiting them. Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery whereby humans are traded for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others.

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This article talks about several global barriers to stop human trafficking.
"It’s called a hidden crime because victims rarely come forward seeking help. That’s because there are language barriers, and fear of law enforcement and traffickers."
It also talks about new legislation that was passed to stop the forced labor of those trafficked in Guam to be forced to fish for long hours after being drugged.

APA Citation:
Our View: Focus resources to fight human trafficking. (2018, September 18). Retrieved September 19, 2018, from https://www.guampdn.com/story/opinion/editorials/2018/09/18/focus-resources-fight-human-trafficking/1343415002/

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CLOSE

Human trafficking is an egregious crime and a social blight that all of us must work toward ending. It's slavery, pure and simple.

According to Homeland Security, human trafficking "involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act." The agency states that millions of people - men, women and children - are trafficked every year across the globe. It's second only to drug trafficking as the most profitable form of transnational crime, Homeland Security states.

It's called a hidden crime because victims rarely come forward seeking help. That's because there are language barriers, and fear of law enforcement and traffickers.

This week, Guam Del. Madeleine Bordallo introduced the Human Trafficking and IUU Fishing Act with Representatives Raúl M. Grijalva, Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen and Suzanne Bonamici as original cosponsors. The measure would add the Secretary of Commerce to the Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons.

According to a news release from Bordallo's office, the legislation is in response to the growing prevalence of human trafficking in the global seafood supply chain.

"The United States must combat human rights abuses across the global seafood industry and ensure that American fishermen are never expected to compete against foreign imports produced with slave labor," Bordallo said in a statement. "Increasingly, we are seeing foreign fishing fleets forcing vulnerable people who are trafficked, drugged, and coerced to fish around the clock out of fear for their lives."

And human trafficking isn't something that just happens elsewhere. The Blue House case, in which a club owner and former police officers were convicted, showed that people have been and are enslaved right here on Guam.

The key to fighting the problem here is to focus resources on it, which translates into money, planning and dedication. If we want to reduce human trafficking on our island, we need to make it a priority and ensure that elected and appointed officials dedicate the resources investigate, enforce and prosecute offenders.

When human trafficking penalties outweigh the risk and benefits to traffickers, and there is a higher chance of them being caught, prosecuted and penalized with hefty fines and prison time, the problem will be reduced.

Read or Share this story: https://www.guampdn.com/story/opinion/editorials/2018/09/18/focus-resources-fight-human-trafficking/1343415002/

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Our View: Focus resources to fight human trafficking

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CLOSE Human trafficking is an egregious crime and a social blight that all of us must work toward ending. It's slavery, pure and simple. According to Homeland Security, human trafficking "involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act."

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This article contains an interview from a Detective with a Human Trafficking task force in Virginia. He describes why it is so hard to find and rescue the victims
"In many cases, those who have been exploited believe that they are offenders, Woolf told me. “They fear law enforcement…because they’re technically committing a crime and that is prostitution,” he said."
The article also gives global statistics
"And as a whole human trafficking is a lucrative industry that around the globe rakes in $150 billion." This article highlights how some of the biggest barriers to combating the human trafficking problem are the laws. It interviews one woman who was arrested twice for prostitution and who didn't say anything to police about being trafficked because she felt like she was the one committing a crime. It plays to the angle that many are considering, would legalizing prostitution help end human trafficking?

APA Citation:
Alvarez, P. (2016, February 26). When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/

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It's a vicious cycle that law enforcement in the U.S. sees time and time again. Women can be pulled in to commercial sex through gangs or pimps-the former function as delivery services, taking women to houses in the area they control, while the latter focus on hotels and street level prostitution, according to Woolf. "In gang-controlled situations, it's usually going to be that the girl is from the area. When it's a pimp ... it'll probably be girls from all over the place," he said.

A woman, who I met through the Thomson Reuters Foundation and who asked that I not use her name to ensure her safety, was pulled in by a pimp when she was 17 years old. Before then, her life was fairly ordinary. She had a good upbringing-a closely knit family and comfortable home. But in high school, she learned that her mother had been embezzling money from her company, and would be sentenced to seven years in prison. That changed everything.

After her mother was gone, she acted out and her relationship with her father fell apart, she told me. So when a guy on Facebook reached out with caring messages, she took notice. "He said everything I wanted to hear, especially with my mom being away," the woman said. After she graduated high school, the two decided to meet. Then, at 17 years old, she bought a bus ticket to see him, planning to stay with him for a week. But to her surprise, the man, about seven years her elder, immediately told her she needed to make money upon arriving, if she intended to stay with him.

For four days, she said, she worked for him by going to an area for commercial sex. Soon after, another pimp approached her, promising to fill a void-family. She stayed with him for a few months until returning home to see her mother released from prison, after two years instead of seven. Later, she told me, another man courted her on Facebook, asking her to join him in Texas. He also was a pimp.

Unbeknownst to her at the time, the man, who was part of a ring, was luring her in. The woman and up to seven others were taken across state lines to strip and engage in commercial sex. She recalls going to Colorado, Arizona, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. When she arrived to Baltimore, Maryland, she had had enough. "That situation was really, really hard for me," she told me. But leaving was out of the question. If anyone tried to run away, the girls and the men were tasked with stopping them, she told me, adding that she also had no phone and couldn't be on Facebook. "Literally my rights were ripped from me."

When the FBI, with the assistance of the Baltimore Police Department S.W.A.T. team broke up the ring, she, too, felt as if she were an offender. "I thought I was getting arrested. I didn't look at them like they were there to save me. I looked at them like they were there to arrest me," she said. The FBI had been investigating the ring for two years.

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When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America

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It's a vicious cycle that law enforcement in the U.S. sees time and time again. Women can be pulled in to commercial sex through gangs or pimps-the former function as delivery services, taking women to houses in the area they control, while the latter focus on hotels and street level prostitution, according to Woolf.

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If you go to the GVSU Library (Database) and select subject selection, select Sociology, there is a database (the first one) called "SocINDEX with full text" that is AWESOME at locating exactly what you're looking for. (Human Trafficking &/Or this and that. It also has a citation generator on the side, so its easily accessible!
https://libguides.gvsu.edu/c.php?g=108554&p=703514

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Citations for Scholarly research (To the Left)

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Citations for Scholarly research (To the Left)

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These Citations are respective to the order they are posted           (Top-->Bottom)
Middleton, J. S., Gattis, M. N., Frey, L. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2018). Youth Experiences Survey (YES): Exploring the Scope and Complexity of Sex Trafficking in a Sample of Youth Experiencing Homelessness. Journal of Social Service Research, 44(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2018.1428924

Marcus, A., Sanson, J., Horning, A., Thompson, E., & Curtis, R. (2016). Pimping and Profitability. Sociological Perspectives, 59(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416628552

Deshpande, N. A., & Nour, N. M. (2013). Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6(1), e22–e27.

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http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10&sid=1f17d2c5-f1e3-4899-898a-c9108d3962ac%40pdc-v-sessmgr01

So this source is scholarly, and outlines the structure of the human sex trafficking ring (globally). Specifically,
Chickenhead :Transport, protect, manage girls
Agent: Owns girls initally, and orchestrates movement of women (Nationally)
Mommy: Intermediate between grils and clients
Brothel Keeper: Operate a brothel
Fake Husband: Travel to China, fake marrige, bring women overseas
Manager: Responsible for recruiting customers (DEMAND PROBLEM!!)

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Problem: Age and Economic/Housing Status
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=1f17d2c5-f1e3-4899-898a-c9108d3962ac%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=129234016&db=sih
Published to Peer Reviewed Journal of Social Service Research by J. Middleton et al., Arizona State University.
Discusses targets populations: Under the age of 25 and homelessness/runaways significantly increases the likelihood of an individual being exploited or trafficked. (i.e, age and economic status being major factors of being apart of the problem).

Source of Problem (Profitability)
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=12&sid=1f17d2c5-f1e3-4899-898a-c9108d3962ac%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=sih&AN=113947550
Published to Peer Reviewed Sociological Perspectives Spring 2016 by M. Anthony et.al, John Jay College NY, NY.
This source describes how a major driving force to the presence of the Human Trafficking problem is its high profitability. 1. Non-consensual participates are more profitable 2. Opposed to Illicit Drug sales "human trafficking involves a uniquely renewable and nearly limitless source of profit."

Purpose of Trafficking: 1. Sexual exploitation 2. Forced (Free) Labor Profit
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3651545/
Published to National Center for Biotechnology Information, Reveiwed in Obstetrics & Gynecology, written by Dr. Nawal Nour (MD).
Describes methods of recruitment, coercion, and enslavement. (LOTS OF FIGURES FOR DATA HERE!!) Economic and social vulnerability a big target for pimps and recruiters. "Victims tend to be recruited mostly from Mexico and East Asia, followed by the former Soviet Union, Africa, Eastern Europe, and, finally, Latin America."

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Sources with Human Trafficking Information

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Sources with Human Trafficking Information

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Alright friends, I weeded through that Documentary, and pulled several websites (Organizations) with information on action being taken against this problem:
DeliverFund
https://www.deliverfund.org/
Demand Aboliton
https://www.demandabolition.org/
(Specifically addressing the "Buyers." Aim is to eliminate to demand for purchasing Human Beings for Sex.
Center for Missing and Exploited Children
http://www.missingkids.com/home
(Aims to inform public, as well as help locate reported missing children in the US. (10, 734 suspected to be involved in sex trafficking).
Polaris Project
https://polarisproject.org/
Data driven mode for combating Human Trafficking (Knowledge is Power).
My Life, My Choice
http://www.fightingexploitation.org/
Specifically addresses the aftermath of Exploitation and Abuse in vulnerable individuals as well as prevention. (What is being done in response to this problem)?
FAIR Girls
https://www.endslaverynow.org/fair-girls
"FAIR Girls currently operates programs in Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia, Russia, and the United States." Here is a great Organization that aims to deal with consequences all around the world!

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This is a really cool app and the website has a lot of basic information. Im not really sure where this fits in but i think its important.

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You can also share information with us on our online, safely and securely.

Share Information

The STOP APP is a tool which enables anybody who knows, has seen or even heard a situation that they believe to be human trafficking, to talk about it in a safe and secure space. The information given will contribute to a larger and more accurate picture of human trafficking, a picture which can then inform efforts to combat it.

The STOP APP can be downloaded onto any smart phone, eg. from Apple's App Store or Google Play for Android. When searching for The STOP APP, Android users will need to search 'the stop app end trafficking' and Apple users 'The stop app end human trafficking' to find it.

We want anybody to use it: activists, members of the public who see or hear of something suspicious, NGOs, even police/immigration officers. Anybody who has reason to believe they have witnessed something.

NO! If you have information about a crime happening now, or it is clear that someone is at risk, you should tell the authorities first and STOP THE TRAFFIK second. There will be times where the individual may not trust the local authorities and will choose to act differently but that is for them to decide not for us to direct them.

The first thing a user sees when they open The STOP APP is a page of information about safety and usage. It encourages the user to hide The STOP APP amongst other apps on their phone and to use it in a secure place.

The user can make the report anonymously and there will be no record of the report submitted on the user's phone. The user should only input the data when they are in a safe place away from the suspected incident.

Another good question. The Centre for Intelligence Led Prevention is a project within STOP THE TRAFFIK. STT is a UK registered charity and is registered as a Data Controller with the Information Commissioner in the UK. We will always abide by European data protection law and we have legally reviewed written policies that set out how we do this. We will only share information with organisations that operate to equivalent standards and in particular

No personal data will be shared with any organisation or business unless a data sharing agreement, compliant with European law, is in place.

No personal data will be shared with a UK law enforcement agency without appropriate judicial authority.

No personal data will be shared with a law enforcement agency outside of the UK except where that agency has sought and obtained judicial authority in the context of internationally recognized mutual legal assistance provisions. In practice this means that, under judicial authority, personal data would be provided only through the intervention of a UK court.

Where we have reason to believe that any data-sharing request would result directly or indirectly in harm to an individual that request will be declined.

All exchanges of personal data will be specifically authorised by a competent officer within STOP THE TRAFFIK.

The App encourages the user to report such incidents immediately to the authorities. At the same time, we will have a system in a place in which relevant organisations and authorities will be contacted so that appropriate action can be taken if we deem it necessary to do so for that particular situation.

STOP THE TRAFFIK is a charity registered in the UK. The Centre for Intelligence Led Prevention is paid for primarily through charitable donations to STOP THE TRAFFIK.

Many of the professional staff supporting the Centre work without charge and much of our software and hardware has been provided free by organisation such as IBM who believe in our objectives and want to support us.

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The STOP APP - Report Human Trafficking - STOP THE TRAFFIK

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You can also share information with us on our online, safely and securely. Share Information The STOP APP is a tool which enables anybody who knows, has seen or even heard a situation that they believe to be human trafficking, to talk about it in a safe and secure space.

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Scholarly Sources: The Problem. (defining Human Trafficking

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Scholarly Sources: The Problem. (defining Human Trafficking

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So I don't know if this is relevant to what the Professor wants but I found a book that defines Human Trafficking. Here are the definitions and the source. Let me know what you think, like does the problem page include defining what it is or is it just the actual problem going on?

Definitions
(A) Sex trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, soliciting, or patronizing of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act (any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person) using force, fraud, or coercion, OR involving a child less than 18 years of age;

Or

(B) Labor trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.
https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_1

APA citation
Greenbaum, Jordan. (03,  Feburary 2017). Introductions to Human Trafficking: Who is Affected? Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue, 1-2, https://doi-org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_1

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This intense documentary follows real cases of American girls enslaved in the child sex trade through ads in a newspaper's online classified section.

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Human Trafficking as a Global Social Movement

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Human Trafficking as a Global Social Movement

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Okay, so I've gave exploring global social movements another research shot. I've came across some interesting findings on Human Trafficking as a global social movement. What I think is so interesting about this topic is that it is both a movement (albeit underground) to continue this operation, as we see here in Grand Rapids, and there is also a movement in response to this issue against Human Trafficking. Since we ran into some issues with the #MeToo movement, but expressed mutual interest in issues surrounding sex and gender, I found this! Check out the research article I found =>

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I have followed this movement ever since hearing about Harvey Weinstein. I find it very intriguing because things of this nature were covered up or simply not talked about for a long time. We are now in a much different time period and it is refreshing to see this movement gain so much traction. I would find it interesting to focus specifically on Hollywood actors and actresses that have spoken out and been a part of the #metoo movement. Let me know how we should narrow things down to a topic to focus on!

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The Yale Law Journal - #MeToo and the Future of Sexual Harassment Law

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The #MeToo movement has prompted a national dialogue about sexual harassment. This Companion Collection, launched in collaboration with the Stanford Law Review, aims to draw lessons from the #MeToo movement for activists, scholars, policymakers, lawyers, and judges. Across the two journals, the Collection offers twelve scholars' insights on the ways sexual harassment produces and is produced by broader forms of inequality.

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I'm particulary interested in the social movement of women's rights and gender equality. Here's one link specifically referring to women's rights in the era of Trump: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/march-for-women-2017-trumps-given-the-womens-rights_us_58c2d757e4b0c3276fb7841b

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I have followed this movement for a couple of years, where I was first introduced to it during my Social Problems class at GRCC. We did a group presentation on this topic because it greatly captured my attention. The philosophy criticizes the use of money as being a means to enslavement of humanity and source of greed. Money being not essential to human life and prosperity, but a creation of man. The philosophy generated a model that allows for a functional, and prosperous society without trading tangible money, but instead with contribution of time, work, and resources. The movement website includes a lot of information, and also I have posted a video from the founder (Michael Tellinger, Scientist, Author, and Anthropologist), originating from South Africa, that has spread to every continent on the planet.

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Human Freedom, Money & The UBUNTU Philosophy - Michael Tellinger

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I would like to meet with your group in person or via collaborate some time next week. I am available Tuesday thru Friday. Please let me know your availability and we'll work something out.-Jeff