# data[].attributes.body
The activated GTP-bound RAS has several downstream effector enzymes, and it is through these kinase systems and the associated pathways that RAS controls cell proliferation, survival and other aspects of cell behaviour. Therapeutic interventions that target these enzymes might therefore be effective in treating tumours in which RAS is mutationally activated.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and aging are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways. The RAS proteins and RAS signaling pathway play an essential role in normal cellular proliferation. Cancer occurs when proteins regulating these signaling pathways are over expressed or constitutively activated.

# data[].attributes.body
The core process for autophagy is the formation of a 300- to 900-nm diameter doublemembrane organelle, the autophagosome. Autophagosome biogenesis can be divided into the following stages: (1) trigger/initiation; (2) nucleation-assembly of an isolation membrane (phagophore); (3) elongation/extension of the phagophore; and (4) maturation of the phagophore by membrane closure (phagosome) followed by fusion with the lysosome.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Autophagy can be defined in more detail as a regulated process of degradation and recycling of cellular constituents participating in organelle turnover, resulting in the bioenergetic management of starvation. Small-molecule inhibitors (inhibitors, agonists and modulators) at BOC Sciences

# data[].attributes.body
AMPK signaling pathway, as a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, we need have a good understanding of the mechanistic of AMPK function, focusing on a number of new identified upstream/downstream effectors of AMPK. So we can know which targets are essential and relevant for the beneficial effects of AMPK activation seen in pathological states ranging from diabetes to cancer to neurological disorders.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) exists as a trimetric complex consisting of a catalytic subunit (α subunit) and two regulatory subunits (β and γ subunits). The activation loop of the α subunit resides at the interface between the catalytic and nucleotide-binding modules, in close proximity to the C terminus of the β subunit and the CBS repeats of the γ subunit.

# data[].attributes.body
Studies have suggested that IL-1RI undergoes a conformational change when binding IL-1β and allows the IL-1RAcP to form the heterodimer. The cytoplasmic domain of IL-1RI is unique in that it contains homology to the Drosophila Toll protein, termed the TIR domain. The TIR domain is also found in the cytoplasmic domains of each TLR. The TIR domains of IL-1RI and also of the coreceptor IL-1RAcP are necessary for signal transduction. Although most cells express IL-1RI constitutively, expression of IL-1RAcP is not constitutive in some cells.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
IL-1 Receptor Signaling Pathway - BOC Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
IL-1 is a cytokine produced by activated macrophages which mediates several physiological responses to infections and injuries, including stimulation of thymocyte proliferation, B-lymphocyte maturation and proliferation, induction of acute-phase protein synthesis by hepatocytes and induction of fever. Small-molecule inhibitors (inhibitors, agonists and modulators) at BOC Sciences

# data[].attributes.body
The normal operation of the insulin signal pathways plays an important role in insulin physiological function. The disorder of insulin signal transduction will weak the physiological action of insulin, leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance refers to the decrease in insulin utilization rate and insulin sensitivity caused by various reasons, which is the main pathological basis of type 2 diabetes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Insulin Signaling Pathway - BOC Sciences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Insulin signaling plays an important role in the physiological action of insulin. Insulin binds to its receptor, inducing intracellular signal transduction through a series of intracellular signaling molecules, activating signaling pathways, reaching the effector, and finally producing various physiological effects. Small-molecule inhibitors (inhibitors, agonists and modulators) at BOC Sciences

# data[].attributes.body
The Notch signaling pathway regulates cellular identity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by means of cell–cell interactions. It also plays a crucial role in a wide array of developmental processes, including the regulation of neurogenesis, myogenesis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tissue homeostasis. Notch signaling has recently been shown to interact with several of the other key signaling mechanisms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Notch signaling pathway regulates cellular identity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by means of cell-cell interactions. It also plays a crucial role in a wide array of developmental processes, including the regulation of neurogenesis, myogenesis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tissue homeostasis.

# data[].attributes.body
VEGF-A mainly binds to VEGFR-2 to promote tumor angiogenesis, while other VEGF members such as VEGF-C and VEGF-D can bind to corresponding receptors and participate in tumor lymphatic metastasis. VEGF-C produced by gastric cancer cells not only binds to VEGFR-3 on the vascular endothelium in a paracrine manner, induces angiogenesis, but also promotes the growth and migration of gastric cancer cells by autocrine binding to VEGFR-3.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a specific mitogen isolated from endothelial cells by researchers in the late 20th century, has been shown to have the ability to induce physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Small-molecule inhibitors (inhibitors, agonists and modulators) at BOC Sciences

# data[].attributes.body
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved set of intercellular communication mechanisms. The Wnt and Notch signaling pathways interact and coordinate development in embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and tumor formation. The notch can bind to β-catenin to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway, induce cycle arrest and apoptosis in human tongue cancer cells; Wnt activates Dvl against Notch signaling pathway.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that is widely present in multicellular organisms. This pathway has an effect on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cell polarity and cell migration and invasion, and plays an important role in the development and formation of various organs and pathophysiological processes in adulthood.