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The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.

* New York began as New Amsterdam, welcoming a variety of ethnic groups, including the first Jewish community in America

* Pennsylvania was Quaker, whose pacifism and belief in an Inner Light meant welcoming all, and treating Indians relatively fairly

* Scots-Irish and Germans came to Pennsylvania in large numbers

* Middle colonies heavily focused on wheat

* Middle colonies remained diverse and tolerant throughout their existence

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The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
ritans “errand into the wilderness” to create a “City upon a Hill” demanded that all male settlers be treated roughly equally, so land was evenly distributed

* Puritans migrated as church communities, and laws required them to live closely together, near churches and schools, with a communal need to enforce laws based on Bible and a national covenant that discouraged tolerance and diversity

* Puritans required conversion experience for membership, which then allowed males to vote in Massachusetts

* New England grew corn and beans, and fished, which they then sold to the South and Caribbean colonies; NE bought molasses and made rum; trade built them into shipping power

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https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/colonial-america/colonial-north-america/v/society-and-religion-in-the-new-england-colonies

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The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco – a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.

* tobacco developed by John Rolfe

* headright system brought in thousands of indentured servants

* only half of indentured servants survived “seasoning”

* overproduction of tobacco, enforcement of Navigation Acts, and decreasing attractiveness of available land and profits dried up pool of indentured servants

* Chesapeake slowly began passing laws creating race-based slavery

* Bacon’s Rebellion was the trigger event shifting the Chesapeake from white indentured servants to African slaves

* tobacco required large amounts of land to be profitable; only the ruling class of planters were able to squeeze out a profit

* tobacco produced colonies with few towns

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A Theocratic Society and Growing Religious Dissent

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A Theocratic Society and Growing Religious Dissent

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Colonial Massachusetts was in many ways  a "theocracy," a society in which the line between the church and the state was hard to see.(Pg 44)
The new settlers had a choice of confirm to the religious practice or leaving.