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Example: America and Mexico

America

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link for coastal management

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If the base of the population pyramid has a higher percentage than the rest of the pyramid and it continues up like a pyramid then the country is generally a low income, developing country. This is because birth rates are high and medicine is less widely available for the elderly, meaning the top of the pyramid is very thin. T

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Rip Raps are a form of sea defense that armours a wall of rocks, rubble and other materials. the generally cost 1,000-3,000 pounds,

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Gabions are cages full of rocks, concrete and sometimes soil, to stop waves eroding the coasts. In Italian Gabion means big cages. Leonardo Da Vinci designed a type of gabion that was later reinvented into a better design. To prevent a fire sand a earth was inside the gabions.

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Revetments are sloping wooden structures that absorb the waves energy. There are not expensive but they look bad and prevent people from going on the beaches and aren't as effective as other methods

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A sea wall is a curved wall on the edge of the coast line. It protects the base of cliffs and can prevent flooding, despite it's high cost (75,000,000 pounds.) Strong defenses of sea walls usually last around 30-50 years. The advantages of a sea wall are that they are efficient and strong against waves and prevent flooding. Although the disadvantages of a sea wall are that they are quite expensive and they can possibly erode over time.

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If you have a lot of money, beach replenishment is the best form of sea defense. This is because it looks natural and doesn't effect tourism. It is expensive though as the sand needs replacing every year

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Waves are generated by wind blowing over the sea-the bigger the wind the bigger the waves. The characteristics of waves are determined by the strength of the wind, its duration and fetch. The stronger the wind the greater the friction on the surface of the sea and therefore the bigger the wave. Characteristics of a wave.

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Groynes are barriers built at right angles to the beach. They prevent long shore drift and allow sand to stay on the beaches. Despite this, groynes are expensive and ugly to look at very expensive, up to 10,000 pounds per metre.

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Coast defenses include; groynes, gabions, sea wall, offshore breakwater, revetments, beach replenishment and rock armour (rip rap.)

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The definition of swash is the water, after a wave has broken, flowing up the beach. Backwash therefore is when the water runs back down the beach.

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Long shore drift is when the waves pull back the sand making it easier for erosion for there will be less sand to block the water making the process of erosion faster. During long shore drift the sand is dragged diagonally across the beach leaving some areas with a lack of sand.