# data[].attributes.body
The tundra biome is a vast region covering northern Europe, Asia, North America, and the Arctic regions. The Tundra is the coldest of all biomes, averaging -30 degrees (°F)  in the winter and 45 degrees (°F) in the summer. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning treeless plain. It is noted for its frost-molded and diverse landscapes (mountains, valleys, and plains), extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons. Small trees and grasses can only grow for about two months during the summer before dying due to the permafrost, lack of nutrients, and freezing temperatures. The tundra is separated into three types: arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and antarctic tundra.

# data[].attributes.body
Arctic tundra is found across northern Alaska, Canada, Greenland/ Iceland, the poles, and Siberia. This biome has long cold winters and short cold summers. The Arctic tundra has low precipitation (less than 2 inches per year) and dry winds as well as permafrost, which is a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year. These conditions make the Arctic tundra have a desert-like climate.

# data[].attributes.body
Alpine tundra does not contain any trees because it is at high altitude. The high altitude causes an adverse climate, which is too cold and windy to support trees and vegetation. This type of tundra can be found almost anywhere in world, making it the world's most universal biome. The average precipitation is 20 cm a year and harsh blizzard force winds create a very dry environment.

# data[].attributes.body
The Antarctic Tundra is very similar to the Arctic, only it is located on Antarctica and its surrounding islands such as the Falkland Islands. Antarctica is mainly ice and very dry, so little land supports life. It can only support small mosses and ferns/grasses. The soil contains very small amounts of minerals and nutrients and is very rocky, making it impossible to support plant life larger than grasses.  The antarctic tundra receives approximately 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) of precipitation each year, which includes both rainfall/snowfall and melting snow and ice. Temperatures can reach as low as -58 (°F) in the winter and only reach an average of 31 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer.

# data[].attributes.body
The tundra is located at the top and bottom of the world, near the North Pole and Antarctica. This biome is found in North America, Europe, Asia, and both poles. This enormous biome, extremely uniform in appearance, covers about 8% of the earth's surface.

# data[].attributes.body
The Tundra is a cold and dangerous environment. Animals have had to adapt to survive in the harsh environment of a Tundra. One of these adaptations is called hibernation, which is when an animal burrows during the winter, so that it can stay warm. Another adaptation is when animals migrate. Migration is when an animal leaves its environment for parts of the year to find an environment that better suits them. In the case of the Tundra an animal would migrate because the water is to cold, and they would find a warmer environment.

# data[].attributes.body
Because of the extreme cold weather in the tundra, the plants have to adapt to their unique environment in order to carry out photosynthesis. Their main adaptation to the weather is their ability to continue growth while topped with a layer of snow. The plants that flower are able to do so very quickly in order keep up with the small supply of warm weather. Lastly, they grow close together, low to the ground, and with small leaves to hold in as much water as possible and stay protected from the ice.

# data[].attributes.body
The most severe threat facing the tundra is global warming. Global Warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.  Since the 1880's, the Earth has warmed 2 degrees Fahrenheit, causing many of the tundras permanent iced covered areas to begin to thaw drastically.  Researchers at the National Snow and Ice Data Center estimate that by 2200, 60% of the tundras permafrost and small glaciers will probably be melted, which could release around 190 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere, further speeding up the process global warming.  Large swaths of the Arctic tundra will be warm enough to support large lush vegetation and trees by 2050, suggests a new study.

# data[].attributes.body
Parasitic- Liver tapeworm cysts are common parasites involved in symbiosis with moose, caribou, and wolves
Commensal- The arctic fox and caribou show commensalism. The fox follow the caribou who unearths lichens which the fox hunts.
Mutualistic- Lichen in itself shows a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae. The fungus is fed sugars by the algae's photosynthesis, and the algae receives protection from the fungus.

# data[].attributes.body
“Earth Floor: Biomes.” Earth Floor: Biomes, 28 Apr. 2005, www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/tundraA.html.

Pullen, Stephanie. “The Tundra Biome.” The Tundra Biome, Apr. 2004, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html.

Pryzborski, Paul. “Tundra : Mission: Biomes.” NASA, NASA, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Experiments/Biome/biotundra.php.

“Symbiotic Relationships.” Tundra Biome, tundrabiomeexplaination.weebly.com/symbiotic-relationships.html.

Ghose, Tia. “Arctic Going Green from Warming, Study Finds.” Arctic Going Green from Warming, Study Finds, 3 Apr. 2013, 3:08 EST, www.livescience.com/28406-arctic-tundra-turning-green.html.

Loria, Kevin. “This 20-Second NASA Video Shows How Earth Temperatures Have Changed since 1880.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 26 Jan. 2017, www.businessinsider.com/how-much-world-surface-temperatures-warmed-2017-1.