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Ayn Rand - Her Philosophy in Two Minutes

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Trailer- Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow by Kurt Vonnegut

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04 Presentation topics 1984 and Brave New World

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skills files Short Story_ Literary Terms

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I mustn't drive - I don't have to drive ... modal auxiliaries

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I mustn't drive - I don't have to drive ... modal auxiliaries

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Modalverben sind Verben wie dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen. Sie drücken eine Fähigkeit, eine Erlaubnis, einen Wunsch usw. auf eine Tätigkeit aus. (Ich kann, darf, will schwimmen.) Im Englischen können Modalverben oft nicht in allen Zeitformen verwendet werden. Deshalb müssen wir die Ersatzformen kennen.
Übung zu Modalverben und ihren Ersatzformen Übung - Modalverb oder Ersatzform
Übung zur Verwendung von must not (für Fußballfans)

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Modalverben und ihre Ersatzformen (Modal Verbs) - Englische Grammatik

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Modal Verbs (Modalverben und ihre Ersatzformen), Kurzerläuterung und Übungen

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Negative sentences need a helping word (auxiliary verb)!

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Negative sentences need a helping word (auxiliary verb)!

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English negative sentences (unlike questions)follow the same basic word order as affirmative sentences. They start with a noun or pronoun as the subject, and then the verb and the rest of the predicate. (Negative commands, like positive ones, omit the subject.)

See the examples below, then read the explanation.

See also other ways to make sentences negative (besides using 'not') at the bottom of this page.

Some Examples Using 'Not':

Explanation

'Do' is the most common helping verb for negative sentences. We use it whenever the affirmative sentence does not have a helping verb. (Mary likes ice cream. She does not like cake.)

For the perfect or continuous tenses, use 'have' or 'be' instead. (We can also use 'be' without a helping verb. It's the only verb in English that does not need a helping verb for negatives.)

We can also use a modal verb like 'can', 'will', 'would', or 'should' + not to make a sentence negative.

It's very common to use contractions in speech and informal writing. In fact, English speakers rarely use 'do not,' 'cannot,' or 'will not' except when we want to really emphasize 'not.'

Instead of saying 'he does not,' we say 'he doesn't.' 'Will not' changes to 'won't,' 'can not' to 'can't' and 'are not' to 'aren't.' See Modal Verbs and The Verb to Be .

use doesn't (or does not) for 3rd person See the Helping Verb section of : he or she doesn't go. (The main verb-- 'go' in this sentence-- stays in the base form, without an '-s' or '-es' at the end. English Verbs.)

use don't (or do not) for I, you, or plurals: I don't go, you don't go, we don't go, and they don't go either,

The video below is a funny rap song demonstrating the use of all the negative contractions in English. Several of them (especially daren't, mayn't, shan't) are almost never used, at least in American English. (The rapper has a British accent, but I would guess they are quite uncommon in British English as well.)

(This only shows on computers or tablets. It's too large for a phone screen.)

If you liked that video, you might also like his Positive Contractions, on the English Contractions page (with an explanation and examples as well as the video.)

Negative Contractions with 'Be'

The following examples show negative statements using the verb 'be.' Whether 'be' is used as a helping verb or by itself, it does not require 'do.'

Other Ways to Form Negative Sentences

It is also possible to express a negative meaning without using 'not' or a helping verb.

English has a rule that does not allow double negatives. (The thinking is that two negatives make a positive. If "nobody doesn't like ice cream," that must mean everybody does like it.)

So if you use negative words (never, neither, no ___, none, no one, nobody, or nothing, etc.) in a sentence, do NOT make the verb negative.

English speakers sometimes violate this rule. Some groups use double negatives routinely, and others use them to not seem 'formal' or stiff when talking to friends.

However, double negatives like "he doesn't take no guff", "I didn't see nothing" or "they don't have no bananas" can make a person sound uneducated if used in the wrong company. It's safer to just practice 'standard' English all the time.

Examples of Negative Sentences Without 'Not:'

None of Jim's best friends lives near him.*

*Note the singular verbs, because 'none' is singular. The prepositional phrase 'of Jim's friends' modifies the pronoun 'none,' which is the simple subject. The same is true for 'neither of them.'

Some of these sentences could also be written using a helping verb plus 'not.' Notice the differences:
Mary doesn't ever drink coffee. Lions don't ever eat grass.
(More complicated):

(This We do not have anyone (or anybody) in my class who studies Latin. complex sentence has two clauses, each with a subject and predicate.)

For more information on sentence formation in English (information which applies to negative sentences as well as affirmative), see . There are many more examples of contraction use on English Sentence Structure, English Verbs, and Modal Verbs
English Contractions.

Home> English Grammar Lessons>Negative Sentences.

Didn't find what you needed? Explain what you want in the search box below. (For example, cognates, past tense practice, or 'get along with.') Click to see the related pages on EnglishHints.

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Negative Sentences: Don't forget the 'don't!'

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English negative sentences (unlike questions)follow the same basic word order as affirmative sentences. They start with a noun or pronoun as the subject, and then the verb and the rest of the predicate. (Negative commands, like positive ones, omit the subject.) See the examples below, then read the explanation.

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04 Tomorrow, atmosphere ideas for the solution

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Altersforschung

Von Welt der Wunder

Wissen

21.09.2017

Wissenschaftler auf der ganzen Welt arbeiten an Methoden und Stoffen, die unsere Lebensspanne verdoppeln könnten. Welt der Wunder begibt sich auf die Spuren der Unsterblichkeit.

© istock/monkeybusinessimages

Der Traum von der ewigen Jugend ist so alt wie die Menschheit selbst. Jetzt wollen Alters-Forscher und Biologen den mythischen Jungbrunnen gefunden haben. Die Suche nach dem Elixier der Jugend spielt sich in unseren Zellen ab. Denn dort findet die langsame Zerstörung unseres Körpers statt - ein Prozess, den wir Altern nennen. Wäre es möglich diesen Prozess aufzuhalten, könnten wir ein wahrhaft biblisches Alter erreichen. In Laboren wurden bereits Substanzen getestet, die die Lebensspanne von Tieren verdoppeln können. Schon bald könnten diese auch an Menschen ausprobiert werden. Doch: Sind wir bereit für die Konsequenzen, die sich daraus ergeben?

Der Tod steckt in jeder Zelle

In unserem Körper gibt es Milliarden von unterschiedlichen Zellen. Die roten Blutkörperchen sorgen für den Transport von Sauerstoff. Die weißen Blutkörperchen beschützen uns vor Eindringlingen und vor allem, was uns krank macht. Andere Zellen erneuern sich so aktiv, dass sie ein Leben lang wachsen (zum Beispiel im Ohr oder in der Nase). Doch mit der Zeit verändert sich unser Körper: Die Zellen sterben ab, unsere Haut wird faltig, die Haare werden grau und unsere Sehkraft lässt nach. Gibt es irgendetwas, was wir tun können, um die Uhr des Lebens zurückzustellen?

Gefährliche Experimente mit Hormonen

Eine Geheimwaffe gegen das Altern sind menschliche Wachstumshormone. Während wir heranwachsen, schüttet unser Körper diese Hormone aus. Sie helfen, die Muskeln aufzubauen und das Gewebe zu reparieren. Mit etwa 25 sinkt jedoch der Hormonspiegel wieder. Schließlich, im hohen Alter, produziert der Körper nur noch eine kleine Menge dieser Wachstumshormone. Tatsächlich können Wachstumshormone unseren Alterungsprozess aufhalten. Mit zwei Spritzen am Tag und etwa 1.000 Euro im Monat lässt sich der Tod eine Weile austricksen. Es gibt jedoch ein enormes Risiko: Krebs! Wachstumshormone können Krebszellen regelrecht zum Wuchern bringen. Ein hoher Preis für die Jugend. Inzwischen allerdings sind die Forscher einer neuen Möglichkeit der Altersverlängerung auf der Spur...

Mehr zum Thema:

So alt werden wie Methusalem

Was ist es, das uns altern lässt? Die Antwort ist erschreckend: Sauerstoff! Unsere Atmosphäre enthält rund 20 Prozent des gasförmigen Elements. Sauerstoff ist eines der reaktivsten Gase auf unserer Erde. Er ist nicht nur explosiv, sondern auch korrosiv - er lässt Dinge rosten. Wir brauchen ihn zum Leben, doch mit jedem Atemzug zerstören wir unseren Körper. Möglich wird das durch die Kraftwerke unserer Zellen, die so genannten Mitochondrien. Diese Zellen nehmen Sauerstoff auf und wandeln ihn in Energie für unseren Körper um. Ab und zu werden Teile des Gases unfreiwillig freigesetzt und nicht verarbeitet. Diese Sauerstoffpartikel nennt man „freie Radikale". Sie können jede Zelle in unserem Körper beschädigen und sogar unsere Gene im Herzen der Zellen zerstören. Auch im Gehirn richten sie Schäden an, die im Laufe eines Lebens die Denk-Kapazität immer weiter vermindern.

Federleicht jung bleiben

Wellensittiche können für ihre Größe und Konstitution sehr alt werden. Manche von ihnen mehr als 18 Jahre. Ein einfaches Experiment zeigt den Forschern, warum: Zellen verschiedener Lebewesen werden purem Sauerstoff ausgesetzt. Im Gegensatz zu den Zellen anderer Tiere richtet der Sauerstoff bei den Zellen aus Vögeln kaum Schaden an. Vögel können dem Sauerstoff besser widerstehen, weil sie über eine wirksame Abwehr verfügen. Ihre Zellen sind vollgepackt mit so genannten Antioxigenen. Eine wirksame Waffe gegen freie Radikale.

Der Sensenmann wird arbeitslos

Wissenschaftler auf aller Welt suchen nach dem Elixier der Jugend. Im Buck Institut (Kalifornien, USA) glauben die Forscher an die Kraft der Antioxigene. Erste Versuche mit den entwickelten Stoffen lieferten überragende Erfolge: Das künstlich hergestellte Antioxigen erhöhte die Lebensdauer von Fadenwürmern auf das Doppelte. Dr. Simon Melov vom Institut ist überzeugt: „Wir nehmen an, dass dies bei einem Säugetier auch funktionieren muss." Erste Tests an Mäusen haben ergeben, dass auch hier ein Effekt bemerkbar ist. Die Wissenschaftler glauben fest daran, auf der richtigen Spur zu sein, und planen in nicht allzu ferner Zukunft weitere Tests - an Menschen. Sollte die Wissenschaft uns eines Tages tatsächlich die Möglichkeit liefern, den Sensenmann arbeitslos zu machen? Selbst wenn, so bleiben wichtige Fragen: Wollen wir wirklich ewig leben? Zu wissen, wie wir den Tod überlisten können, wird eine geringere Rolle spielen, als die Tatsache, was wir mit diesem Wissen anfangen.

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Altersforschung Von Welt der Wunder Wissen 21.09.2017 Wissenschaftler auf der ganzen Welt arbeiten an Methoden und Stoffen, die unsere Lebensspanne verdoppeln könnten. Welt der Wunder begibt sich auf die Spuren der Unsterblichkeit. © istock/monkeybusinessimages Der Traum von der ewigen Jugend ist so alt wie die Menschheit selbst.

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Describe the setting to show which atmosphere is created

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Describe the setting to show which atmosphere is created

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Tips for writing your answer text

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Word bank utopia and dystopia, progress and responsibility

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05.10.18 Time: 135 min.

Material 1:
Excerpt from a short story (or novel)

Task 1: Outline the plot / events presented in the given extract.

(Begin with an introductory sentence. Use your own words.)

Task 2: Analyze the setting to show which atmosphere is created in the extract.

Material 2:
German text

Task 3: Mediation
Read the situation/scenario very carefully (addressee, text type, purpose of the text and style) - write an article (e.g. for the homepage of a school...)

Task 4: Comment (Progress and responsibility / dystopia)
Be prepared to develop arguments regarding our attitude to aging / drugs to stop the aging process.

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What really happens to the plastic you throw away - Emma Bryce

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The security system for this website has been triggered. Completing the challenge below proves you are a human and gives you temporary access.

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This story is part of Planet or Plastic?-our multiyear effort to raise awareness about the global plastic waste crisis. Learn what you can do to reduce your own single-use plastics, and take your pledge.

Read this story and more in the June 2018 issue of National Geographic magazine.

If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America-and the Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic-wrapped snacks-their plastic trash would likely still be around, four centuries later.

If the Pilgrims had been like many people today and simply tossed their empty bottles and wrappers over the side, Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today, sponging up toxins to add to the ones already in them, waiting to be eaten by some hapless fish or oyster, and ultimately perhaps by one of us.

We should give thanks that the Pilgrims didn't have plastic, I thought recently as I rode a train to Plymouth along England's south coast. I was on my way to see a man who would help me make sense of the whole mess we've made with plastic, especially in the ocean.

Because plastic wasn't invented until the late 19th century, and production really only took off around 1950, we have a mere 9.2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6.9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste, a staggering 6.3 billion tons never made it to a recycling bin-a figure that stunned the scientists who crunched the numbers in 2017.

No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, Earth's last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jambeck, a University of Georgia engineering professor, caught everyone's attention with a rough estimate: between 5.3 million and 14 million tons each year just from coastal regions. Most of it isn't thrown off ships, she and her colleagues say, but is dumped carelessly on land or in rivers, mostly in Asia. It's then blown or washed into the sea. Imagine five plastic grocery bags stuffed with plastic trash, Jambeck says, sitting on every foot of coastline around the world-that would correspond to about 8.8 million tons, her middle-of-the-road estimate of what the ocean gets from us annually. It's unclear how long it will take for that plastic to completely biodegrade into its constituent molecules. Estimates range from 450 years to never.

Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine animals every year. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly-strangled by abandoned fishing nets or discarded six-pack rings. Many more are probably harmed invisibly. Marine species of all sizes, from zooplankton to whales, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one-fifth of an inch across. On Hawaii's Big Island, on a beach that seemingly should have been pristine-no paved road leads to it-I walked ankle-deep through microplastics. They crunched like Rice Krispies under my feet. After that, I could understand why some people see ocean plastic as a looming catastrophe, worth mentioning in the same breath as climate change. At a global summit in Nairobi last December, the head of the United Nations Environment Programme spoke of an "ocean Armageddon."

And yet there's a key difference: Ocean plastic is not as complicated as climate change. There are no ocean trash deniers, at least so far. To do something about it, we don't have to remake our planet's entire energy system.

"This isn't a problem where we don't know what the solution is," says Ted Siegler, a Vermont resource economist who has spent more than 25 years working with developing nations on garbage. "We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it. We know how to dispose of it. We know how to recycle." It's a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems, he says-ideally before the ocean turns, irretrievably and for centuries to come, into a thin soup of plastic.

In Plymouth, under the gray gloom of an English autumn, Richard Thompson waited in a yellow slicker outside Plymouth University's Coxside Marine Station, at the edge of the harbor. A lean man of 54, with a smooth pate rimmed with gray hair, Thompson was headed for an ordinary career as a marine ecologist in 1993-he was working on a Ph.D. on limpets and microalgae that grow on coastal rocks-when he participated in his first beach cleanup, on the Isle of Man. While other volunteers zoomed in on the plastic bottles and bags and nets, Thompson focused on the small stuff, the tiny particles that lay underfoot, ignored, at the high tide line. At first he wasn't even sure they were plastic. He had to consult forensic chemists to confirm it.

There was a real mystery to be solved back then, at least in academic circles: Scientists wondered why they weren't finding even more plastic in the sea. World production has increased exponentially-from 2.3 million tons in 1950, it grew to 162 million in 1993 and to 448 million by 2015-but the amount of plastic drifting on the ocean and washing up on beaches, alarming as it was, didn't seem to be rising as fast. "That begs the question: Where is it?" Thompson said. "We can't establish harm to the environment unless we know where it is."

In the years since his first beach cleanup, Thompson has helped provide the beginnings of an answer: The missing plastic is getting broken into pieces so small they're hard to see. In a 2004 paper, Thompson coined the term "microplastics" for these small bits, predicting-accurately, as it turned out-that they had "potential for large-scale accumulation" in the ocean.

When we met in Plymouth last fall, Thompson and two of his students had just completed a study that indicated it's not just waves and sunlight that break down plastic. In lab tests, they'd watched amphipods of the species Orchestia gammarellus -tiny shrimplike crustaceans that are common in European coastal waters-devour pieces of plastic bags and determined they could shred a single bag into 1.75 million microscopic fragments. The little creatures chewed through plastic especially fast, Thompson's team found, when it was coated with the microbial slime that is their normal food. They spat out or eventually excreted the plastic bits.

Microplastics have been found everywhere in the ocean that people have looked, from sediments on the deepest seafloor to ice floating in the Arctic-which, as it melts over the next decade, could release more than a trillion bits of plastic into the water, according to one estimate. On some beaches on the Big Island of Hawaii, as much as 15 percent of the sand is actually grains of microplastic. Kamilo Point Beach, the one I walked on, catches plastic from the North Pacific gyre, the trashiest of five swirling current systems that transport garbage around the ocean basins and concentrate it in great patches. At Kamilo Point the beach is piled with laundry baskets, bottles, and containers with labels in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, English, and occasionally, Russian. On Henderson Island, an uninhabited coral island in the South Pacific, researchers have found an astonishing volume of plastic from South America, Asia, New Zealand, Russia, and as far away as Scotland.

As Thompson and I talked about all this, a day boat called the Dolphin was carrying us through a light chop in the Sound, off Plymouth. Thompson reeled out a fine-mesh net called a manta trawl, usually used for studying plankton. We were close to the spot where, a few years earlier, other researchers had collected 504 fish of 10 species and given them to Thompson. Dissecting the fish, he was surprised to find microplastics in the guts of more than one-third of them. The finding made international headlines.

After we'd steamed along for a while, Thompson reeled the manta trawl back in. There was a smattering of colored plastic confetti at the bottom. Thompson himself doesn't worry much about microplastics in his fish and chips-there's little evidence yet that they pass from the gut of a fish into the flesh we actually eat. (See We Know Plastic Is Harming Marine Life. What About Us?) He worries more about the things that none of us can see-the chemicals added to plastics to give them desirable properties, such as malleability, and the even tinier nanoplastics that microplastics presumably degrade into. Those might pass into the tissues of fish and humans.

"We do know the concentrations of chemicals at the time of manufacture in some cases are very high," Thompson said. "We don't know how much additive is left in the plastic by the time it becomes bite-size to a fish.

"Nobody has found nanoparticles in the environment-they're below the level of detection for analytical equipment. People think they are out there. They have the potential to be sequestered in tissue, and that could be a game changer."

Thompson is careful not to get ahead of the science on his subject. He's far from an alarmist-but he's also convinced that plastic trash in the ocean is far more than an aesthetic problem. "I don't think we should be waiting for a key finding of whether or not fish are hazardous to eat," he said. "We have enough evidence to act."

How did we get here? When did the dark side of the miracle of plastic first show itself? It's a question that can be asked about many of the marvels of our technological world. Since helping the Allies win World War II-think of nylon parachutes or lightweight airplane parts-plastics have transformed all our lives as few other inventions have, mostly for the better. They've eased travel into space and revolutionized medicine. They lighten every car and jumbo jet today, saving fuel-and pollution. In the form of clingy, light-as-air wraps, they extend the life of fresh food. In airbags, incubators, helmets, or simply by delivering clean drinking water to poor people in those now demonized disposable bottles, plastics save lives daily.

In one of their early applications, they saved wildlife. In the mid-1800s, piano keys, billiard balls, combs, and all manner of trinkets were made of a scarce natural material: elephant ivory. With the elephant population at risk and ivory expensive and scarce, a billiards company in New York City offered a $10,000 reward to anyone who could come up with an alternative.

As Susan Freinkel tells the tale in her book, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story, an amateur inventor named John Wesley Hyatt took up the challenge. His new material, celluloid, was made of cellulose, the polymer found in all plants. Hyatt's company boasted that it would eliminate the need "to ransack the Earth in pursuit of substances which are constantly growing scarcer." Besides sparing at least some elephants, celluloid also helped change billiards from solely an aristocratic pastime to one that working people play in bars.

That's a trivial example of a profound revolution ushered in by plastic-an era of material abundance. The revolution accelerated in the early 20th century, once plastics began to be made from the same stuff that was giving us abundant, cheap energy: petroleum. Oil companies had waste gases like ethylene coming out the stacks of their refineries. Chemists discovered they could use those gases as building blocks, or monomers, to create all sorts of novel polymers-polyethylene terephthalate, for example, or PET-instead of working only with polymers that already existed in nature. A world of possibilities opened up. Anything and everything could be made of plastic, and so it was, because plastics were cheap.

They were so cheap, we began to make things we never intended to keep. In 1955 Life magazine celebrated the liberation of the American housewife from drudgery. Under the headline "Throwaway Living," a photograph showed a family flinging plates, cups, and cutlery into the air. The items would take 40 hours to clean, the text noted-"except that no housewife need bother." When did plastics start to show their dark side? You might say it was when the junk in that photo hit the ground.

Six decades later, roughly 40 percent of the now more than 448 million tons of plastic produced every year is disposable, much of it used as packaging intended to be discarded within minutes after purchase. Production has grown at such a breakneck pace that virtually half the plastic ever manufactured has been made in the past 15 years. Last year the Coca-Cola Company, perhaps the world's largest producer of plastic bottles, acknowledged for the first time just how many it makes: 128 billion a year. Nestlé, PepsiCo, and others also churn out torrents of bottles.

The growth of plastic production has far outstripped the ability of waste management to keep up: That's why the oceans are under assault. "It's not surprising that we broke the system," Jambeck says. "That kind of increase would break any system not prepared for it." In 2013 a group of scientists issued a new assessment of throwaway living. Writing in Nature magazine, they declared that disposable plastic should be classified, not as a housewife's friend, but as a hazardous material.

In recent years the surge in production has been driven largely by the expanded use of disposable plastic packaging in the growing economies of Asia-where garbage collection systems may be underdeveloped or nonexistent. In 2010, according to an estimate by Jambeck, half the world's mismanaged plastic waste was generated by just five Asian countries: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka.

"Let's say you recycle 100 percent in all of North America and Europe," says Ramani Narayan, a chemical engineering professor at Michigan State University who also works in his native India. "You still would not make a dent on the plastics released into the oceans. If you want to do something about this, you have to go there, to these countries, and deal with the mismanaged waste."

The Pasig River once flowed majestically through downtown Manila, capital of the Philippines, and emptied into pristine Manila Bay. It was a treasured waterway and civic point of pride. It's now listed among the top 10 rivers in the world that convey plastic waste to the sea. As many as 72,000 tons flow downstream each year, mostly during the monsoon. In 1990 the Pasig was declared biologically dead.

The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, established in 1999, is working to clean up the river, with some signs of success. Jose Antonio Goitia, the commission's executive director, says he is optimistic that the Pasig could be restored someday, although he acknowledges he has no easy way of doing that. "Maybe the best thing to do is ban plastic bags," he says.

The remaining challenges are clearly visible every day. The river is fed by 51 tributaries, some of them overflowing with plastic waste from squatter settlements that cantilever precariously over creek banks. A tributary near Chinatown, where rickety shanties are wedged between modern buildings, is so choked with plastic debris you can walk across it, forgoing the footbridge. Manila Bay's beaches, once recreational respites for greater Manila's 13 million residents, are littered with garbage, much of it plastic. Last fall Break Free From Plastic, a coalition including Greenpeace and other groups, cleaned a beach on Freedom Island, which is advertised as an ecotourism district; volunteers picked up 54,260 pieces of plastic, from shoes to food containers. By the time I visited a few weeks later, the beach was littered again with bottles, wrappers, and shopping bags.

The scene in Manila is typical of large, overcrowded urban centers across Asia. The Philippines is a densely populated nation of 105 million people that is still struggling with the most basic public health issues, including waterborne diseases such as typhoid and bacterial diarrhea. It's no surprise that it has trouble managing the explosion of plastic garbage. Manila has a metropolitan garbage collection system that stretches across 17 separate local governments-a source of chaos and inefficiency. In 2004 the region was already running out of land to safely dump garbage. The shortage of landfill space, and thus the crisis, continues today.

A small part of the slack is taken up by Manila's informal recycling industry, which consists of thousands of waste pickers. Armando Siena, 34, is one of them. He and his wife, Angie, 31, have lived their entire lives surrounded by trash. They were born on Smokey Mountain, an internationally notorious dump that was officially closed in the 1990s. They now live with their three children near Manila's waterfront in a one-room flat lit by a single bulb, furnished with a pair of plastic chairs, and lacking plumbing, bedding, or refrigeration. The flat is in a garbage-filled slum named Aroma, next to another slum named Happyland.

Every day Siena rides a rickety bicycle beyond Aroma's boundaries, scanning the streets for recyclable rubbish that he can stuff into his sidecar. Plastic soup containers are high-value finds, paying 20 pesos (38 cents) a kilogram. Siena sorts and sells his load to a junk shop owned by his uncle, who trucks the waste to recycling plants on the outskirts of Manila.

Waste pickers like Siena are part of the solution, some activists argue; they just need a living wage. In the Baseco waterfront slum in Manila, a tiny recycling shop operated by the Plastic Bank of Vancouver, British Columbia, pays a premium for bottles and hard plastic collected by waste pickers. It then sells that plastic at a higher price to multinationals, which market their recycled products as socially responsible.

Siegler, the Vermont economist, has worked in enough countries and run enough numbers to be skeptical of such schemes. "There is not enough value in plastics to make that work," he says. "It's cheaper to fund a solid waste management system than to subsidize collecting plastic."

The waste that clogs Manila's beaches and waterways reinforces Siegler's point. Much of it consists of sachets-tear-off packets that once held a single serving of shampoo, toothpaste, coffee, condiments, or other products. They are sold by the millions to poor people like Siena and his family, who can't afford to buy more than one serving at a time. Sachets blow around Manila like leaves falling from trees. They're not recyclable, so no waste picker will retrieve them. Crispian Lao, a member of the National Solid Waste Management Commission, says, "This segment of packaging is growing, and it has become a real challenge for solid waste management."

When Greenpeace cleaned the Freedom Island beach, it posted a tally of the brand names of the sachets its volunteers had collected. Nestlé ranked first, Unilever second. Litterbugs aren't the only ones at fault, says Greenpeace's Abigail Aguilar: "We believe that the ones producing and promoting the use of single-use plastics have a major role in the whole problem." A Unilever spokeswoman in Manila told me the company is developing a recyclable sachet.

After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared from radar screens in March 2014 while on its way from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, the search for it extended from Indonesia to the southern Indian Ocean. It captivated a global audience for weeks. No sign of the wreckage appeared. On several occasions, when satellite images revealed collections of objects floating on the sea surface, hopes soared that they would turn out to be aircraft parts. They weren't. It was all trash-pieces of broken shipping containers, abandoned fishing gear, and of course, plastic shopping bags.

Kathleen Dohan, a scientist and the president of Earth and Space Research in Seattle, saw opportunity in the horror: The images from space were pushing a problem into view that had long been neglected. "This is the first time the whole world is watching," she told me at the time. "It's a good time for people to understand that our oceans are garbage dumps." Dohan sensed a tipping point in public awareness-and the events since suggest she may have been right.

The most heartening thing about the plastic waste problem is the recent explosion of attention to it, and even of serious, if scattered, efforts to address it. A partial list of the good news since 2014 would include, in no particular order: Kenya joined a growing list of nations that have banned plastic bags, imposing steep fines and jail time on violators. France said it would ban plastic plates and cups by 2020. Bans on plastic microbeads in cosmetics (they're exfoliants) take effect this year in the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and four other countries. The industry is phasing them out.

Corporations are responding to public opinion. Coca-Cola, which also produces Dasani water, announced a goal to "collect and recycle the equivalent of" 100 percent of its packaging by 2030. It and other multinationals, including PepsiCo, Amcor, and Unilever, have pledged to convert to 100 percent reusable, recyclable, or compostable packaging by 2025. And Johnson & Johnson is switching from plastic back to paper stems on its cotton swabs.

Individuals are making a difference too. Ellen MacArthur, a British yachtswoman, has created a foundation to promote the vision of a "circular economy," in which all materials, including plastics, are designed to be reused or recycled, not dumped. Actor Adrian Grenier has lent his celebrity to the campaign against the plastic drinking straw. And Boyan Slat, 23, from the Netherlands, is charging ahead with his teenage vow to clean up the largest garbage patch in the North Pacific. His organization has raised more than $30 million to construct an ocean-sweeping machine that is still under development.

All of these measures help at some level-even beach cleanups, futile as they sometimes seem. A beach cleanup hooked Richard Thompson on the plastic problem a quarter century ago. But the real solution, he now thinks, is to stop plastic from entering the ocean in the first place-and then to rethink our whole approach to the amazing stuff. "We've done a lot of work making sure plastic does its job, but very little amount of work on what happens to that product at the end of its lifetime," he says. "I'm not saying plastics are the enemy, but there is a lot the industry can do to help solve the problem."

There are two fundamental ways industry can help, if it wants or is forced to. First, along with academic scientists such as Jambeck, it can design new plastics and new plastic products that are either biodegradable or more recyclable (see You Can Help Turn the Tide on Plastic. Here's How.). New materials and more recycling, along with simply avoiding unnecessary uses of the stuff, are the long-term solutions to the plastic waste problem. But the fastest way to make a big difference, Siegler says, is low tech. It's more garbage trucks and landfills.

"Everyone wants a sexy answer," he says. "The reality is, we need to just collect the trash. Most countries that I work in, you can't even get it off the street. We need garbage trucks and help institutionalizing the fact that this waste needs to be collected on a regular basis and landfilled, recycled, or burned so that it doesn't end up going all over the place."

That's the second way industry could help: It could pony up. Siegler has proposed a worldwide tax of a penny on every pound of plastic resin manufactured. The tax would raise roughly six billion dollars a year that could be used to finance garbage collection systems in developing nations. The idea never caught on. In the fall of 2017, though, a group of scientists revived the concept of a global fund. The group called for an international agreement patterned after the Paris climate accord.

At the Nairobi meeting in December, 193 nations, including the U.S., actually passed one. The United Nations Clean Seas agreement doesn't impose a tax on plastic. It's nonbinding and toothless. It's really just a declaration of a good intention-the intention to end ocean plastic pollution. In that way it's less like the Paris Agreement and more like the Rio de Janeiro treaty, in which the world pledged to combat dangerous climate change-back in 1992. Norway's environment minister, Vidar Helgesen, called this new agreement a strong first step.

Staff writer Laura Parker and photographer Randy Olson last worked together on a feature on the vanishing Ogallala aquifer, which was published in the August 2016 issue.

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We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It.

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The miracle material has made modern life possible. But more than 40 percent of it is used just once, and it's choking our waterways.

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Analyse some of the following cartoons

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San Francisco wants to become a zero waste city  

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San Francisco wants to become a zero waste city  

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How San Francisco Is Becoming A Zero Waste City

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30.11.18  Time 135 min
Material 1: article about the environmental issues of  waste/plastic
Task 1) Comprehension task(s)
- begin with an introductory sentence/topic clause
- use your own language; neither copy nor quote from the text
- use the basic tenses (i.e. present tenses)
- link your aspects with appropriate connectives

Task 2) Analysis of the language/rhetorical devices used by the author ....
- start with a topic clause
- analyse important features (e.g. headline, introductory paragraph, use of quotes; statistics, particular language aspects ... to show their effects on the reader
- use both quotes (l. 5) and text references (cf. l. 5) to illustrate your findings
- write a conclusion that refers to the task and points out your major findings.
(Refer to your skills files "How to analyse a newspaper article")

Task 3
Material 2) Cartoon
Describe and analyse it and relate it to the message of the text (does is have the same message; show a different view point/focus; present; or maybe it shows an opposing view)

Task 4
Comment - present your view on the issue and present your background knowledge on the problem of plastic, micro plastic and ideas to tackle the problem s.
It is not enough to just repeat ideas from the text!

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Übung zu Partizipien - 02 - Englische Grammatik

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in the British news

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German cyber officials criticised over handling of data breach

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Germany's cybersecurity authority is facing criticism over how it handled a mass data attack on dozens of politicians, following accusations it was aware of the breach but did not inform police. The agency claims they were unaware of the full extent of the leak. The contacts, private chats, and financial details of politicians, journalists, and...

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German cyber-attack: man admits massive data breach, say police

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Man, 20, driven by 'annoyance' at statements made by politicians and celebrities

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ZDF Jan Böhmermann: Lass dich überraschen

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Kultur

In „PRISM is a Dancer" outet Jan Böhmermann Studiogäste auf Basis ihrer Datenspuren im Netz. Dabei belegt die jüngste XXL-Ausgabe des Formats, wie sehr Netzkultur auch auf das Wagnis personenbezogener Öffentlichkeit angewiesen ist.

In der Serie „netzpolitische Dimension" geht es um Themen, deren netzpolitische Relevanz sich bisweilen erst auf den zweiten Blick erschließt. Diesmal: „Die PRISM is a Dancer Show", eine Spezialausgabe des Neo Magazin Royale.
Eigentlich ist das Segment „PRISM is a Dancer" nicht erst auf den zweiten Blick, sondern durch und durch netzpolitisch geprägt. Das „PRISM" im Titel verweist, wie Jan Böhmermann auch in der jüngsten Folge kurz erklärt hat, auf das NSA-Programm zur Überwachung und Auswertung elektronischer Medien und elektronisch gespeicherter Daten. Auch die Idee, Studiogäste auf Basis ihrer öffentlich einsehbaren Internetpräsenz bloßzustellen und so die Zuschauer für Gefahren unüberlegt-digitaler Selbstdarstellung im Internet zu sensibilisieren, atmet fast schon zu sehr den Geist des öffentlich-rechtlichen Aufklärungs- und Bildungsauftrags.

Was könnte also angesichts der laufenden Debatte rund um den Datenskandal bei Facebook aktueller und angemessener sein, als eine Neuauflage der „PRISM is a Dancer Show"? Ganze neunzig Minuten lang enthüllen Jan Böhmermann und sein Team unter dem Motto #LassDichÜberwachen öffentliche Geheimnisse des vor Ort anwesenden Publikums. Das Ergebnis ist in mehrfacher Hinsicht sehenswert.

Da ist zum einen die diebische Freude Jan Böhmermanns bei jeder noch so kleinen Enthüllung. Da gibt es von langer Hand und mit prominenter Unterstützung geplante Einlagen wie den Auftritt von „Luisa & die Anderen". Da dominieren eine satirische Ernsthaftigkeit und Liebe zum humoristischen Detail, die regelmäßig die besten Ausgaben des Neo Magazins auszeichnen. Vor allem aber werden die „Opfer" aus dem Publikum nicht einfach in Stefan-Raab-Manier der Lächerlichkeit preisgegeben, sondern letztlich respektvoll behandelt.

Mehr Öffentlichkeit wagen?

Das alles ist in der jüngsten XXL-Ausgabe von „PRISM is a Dancer" besonders gut erkennbar, war aber auch schon in den Ausgaben davor typisch für das Format. Und darin steckt eine andere netzpolitische Botschaft, die sich vielleicht wirklich erst auf den zweiten Blick erschließt, aber gerade angesichts (vermeintlich) dystopischer Datenskandale besonders wichtig erscheint: die Vorzüge, sich an die Öffentlichkeit zu wenden, was immer auch bedeutet, Öffentlichkeit zu wagen.

Das mit jeder noch so banal-digitalen Veröffentlichung verbundene (Rest-)Risiko, die Unsicherheit über die Rezeption eines Postings, die bis zu einem gewissen Grad unvermeidliche Preisgabe personenbezogener Daten bei Nutzung sozialer Medien sind auch Voraussetzung für überraschende Reaktionen, unerwartet kreative Wortschöpfungen, produktiven oder einfach nur unterhaltsamen Austausch. Die wenigsten werden für ein Facebook-Posting mit fünf Minuten Neo-Magazin-Royale-Ruhm belohnt. Nur Ausnahmetalente wie Stefanie Sargnagel schaffen es zur Bachmannpreisgekrönten Facebook-Literatin. Aber auf paradoxe Weise dokumentiert „PRISM is a Dancer" die netzkulturellen Potentiale eines wertschätzend-respektvollen Umgangs mit personenbezogener Öffentlichkeit.

Über den Autor/ die Autorin

Leonhard Dobusch, Betriebswirt und Jurist, forscht als Universitätsprofessor für Organisation an der Universität Innsbruck u.a. zum Management digitaler Gemeinschaften und transnationaler Urheberrechtsregulierung. Er twittert als@leonidobusch und bloggt privat als Leonido sowie gemeinsam mit anderen bei governance across borders bzw. am OS ConJunction Blog und ist Mitgründer und wissenschaftlicher Leiter der Momentum-Kongressreihe. Mail: leonhard@netzpolitik.org

Lesen Sie diesen Artikel: Transparenzbericht: Unsere Einnahmen und Ausgaben im Februar 2018 weiterlesen

Lesen Sie diesen Artikel: Facebook: Datenabgriff von 87 Millionen Nutzern ist nur Spitze des Eisberges weiterlesen

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Zur netzpolitischen Dimension (10) der "PRISM is a Dancer Show"

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Kultur In „PRISM is a Dancer" outet Jan Böhmermann Studiogäste auf Basis ihrer Datenspuren im Netz. Dabei belegt die jüngste XXL-Ausgabe des Formats, wie sehr Netzkultur auch auf das Wagnis personenbezogener Öffentlichkeit angewiesen ist. In der Serie „netzpolitische Dimension" geht es um Themen, deren netzpolitische Relevanz sich bisweilen erst auf den zweiten Blick erschließt.

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Introductory text/video

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What is Privacy?

Have you ever Googled your name? What did you find out about yourself? Like many people, you may have been a bit surprised about the information that could be obtained about you through a simple Internet search. Information technology has opened up society and decreased privacy. Privacy continues to diminish as technological innovation progresses.

Privacy is the right to be left alone and free from surveillance and unreasonable personal intrusions. Information privacy is the right to determine when and to what extent information about oneself can be communicated to others. This applies to individuals, groups, and institutions. Privacy can be interpreted quite broadly, which contributes to the debate concerning privacy expectations and availability of personal information. However, the following two rules have been followed fairly closely in past court decisions in many countries: the right of privacy is not absolute and must be balanced against the needs of society, and the public's right to know is superior to the individual's right of privacy. These two rules reveal why it is difficult in some cases to determine and enforce privacy regulations.

There are a number of privacy issues that are of concern, including electronic surveillance, availability of personal information, cookies and spyware, and workplace monitoring.

Electronic Surveillance

Detective Brown and Detective Smith are staking out a building located in a bad part of town. Their beat up van sits inconspicuously along the street, giving nothing away about whom they are or why they are there. The detectives are gathering information through electronic surveillance to take down an organized crime ring that has wreaked havoc on the city and contributed to the rise in crime.

Electronic surveillance involves monitoring people with technology, often without their knowledge. Video recordings, photography, and audio recordings are common electronic surveillance techniques.

Detectives Brown and Smith photograph everyone going in and out of the suspect building. They will use the photographs to identify the key players in the crime ring. They have also planted cameras and audio devices within the building to capture conversations and keep a real-time watch on the movements within the building. All of this information is recorded from the van and saved to build a strong case.

You don't have to be a criminal to come in contact with electronic surveillance. We are all likely to encounter various forms of electronic surveillance throughout the day. Some communities use video surveillance to catch those who violate traffic laws. You may receive a ticket in the mail for running a red light or failing to pay a toll. When you go to the bank, withdraw money from the ATM, or enter your local convenience store, you are probably being recorded on video. Your apartment building or workplace may be equipped with video surveillance to discourage crime and assist in resolving crimes if they do occur.

Personal Information

The house next door to you has just been sold. Your new neighbor moves in. He is a middle aged man who keeps to himself and does not appear to be very friendly. He keeps odd hours and comes across as very strange. Your attempts to welcome him to the neighborhood have failed since he never answers the door. You wonder about him and find your mind getting carried away with all the possibilities. You wish you had more information to go on.

You probably wouldn't go to the trouble of scouring city hall documents, rooting through his trash, or tracking down friends and relatives to interview. However, if you could spend a few minutes searching the World Wide Web for information, there is a much greater chance you would snoop around. Wouldn't you? With information technology, it is relatively simple to find personal information on anyone you wish, including your new neighbor.

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impact of technology on privacy - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Impact of Technology on Privacy - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Have you ever Googled your name? What did you find out about yourself? Like many people, you may have been a bit surprised about the information that could be obtained about you through a simple Internet search. Information technology has opened up society and decreased privacy. Privacy continues to diminish as technological innovation progresses.

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mSpy dashboard demo - A quick look at all app features!

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mSpy is the best performer among all parental control apps on the market. Check out our exclusive features in demo dashboard for free.

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China’s "Social Credit System" Has Caused More Than Just Public Shaming (HBO)

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Find my kids

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Über eine Million mal wurde der GPS-Tracker Find my kids bereits auf Smartphones installiert. Unser Kolumnist Johnny Haeusler fragt sich, was eigentlich mit Eltern los ist, die ihre Kinder lieber heimlich überwachen, statt sie auf das Leben vorzubereiten.

Es gehört ja durchaus auch zu den Aufgaben von Eltern, sich zu sorgen. Meine Söhne sind mittlerweile fast erwachsen, trotzdem sorge ich mich manchmal noch um sie. Isso. Kann man nichts gegen machen. Ich habe daher als Vater vollstes Verständnis für andere Eltern, die sich Sicherheit für ihre Kinder wünschen, die sie beschützen wollen und auch sollen.

Nicht einmal im Traum wäre ich aber jemals darauf gekommen, meine Kinder elektronisch zu überwachen (einzige Ausnahme: das Babyphone, das im Kinderzimmer stand, als die Jungs tatsächlich noch Neugeborene waren). Möglichst viele Erfahrungen müssen Kinder meiner Meinung nach selbst machen, natürlich Schritt für Schritt und anfangs begleitet, später aber immer selbstständiger. Ich glaube, das stärkt sie, macht sie fit für die Welt, die sie ohnehin irgendwann allein bereisen müssen.

Viele Eltern sehen das offenbar ganz anders, denn über eine Million mal wurde die App Find my kids laut Google Play Store bereits auf Android-Smartphones installiert (Zahlen für iOS liegen mir nicht vor, doch in beiden App-Stores sind die Bewertungen auffallend positiv).

Die App wird einmal auf dem Smartphone eines Elternteils installiert und ein weiteres Mal auf dem Gerät eines oder mehrerer Kinder. Natürlich braucht es die Bezahlung eines von verschiedenen Abo-Modellen, damit Eltern dann nicht nur die GPS-Position ihres Kindes (beziehungsweise dessen Gerät) und den aufgezeichneten Bewegungsverlauf einsehen, sondern zusätzlich auch das Mikrofon des Smartphones einschalten können. Außerdem kann die App-Nutzung des Kindes kontrolliert und ein lautes Geräusch gesendet werden. Spielt die Tochter etwa schon wieder am Handy? Einfach mal laut dazwischen brüllen! Und wenn das Kind einen zuvor eingestellten, zulässigen Bewegungsradius verlässt, bekommen Mama oder Papa einen Warnhinweis. Find my kids ist ein GPS-Tracker, ein fernsteuerbares Internetmikrofon und eine elektronische Hundeleine für Kinder. Also nichts anderes als Überwachungssoftware.

Entwickelt wurde Find my kids von genau dem russischen Unternehmen, das auch die GPS-Tracker-Armbanduhren für Kinder anbietet, die schon der Bundesnetzagentur ein Dorn im Auge waren.

Überwachung selbstgemacht

Als sei die ganze Sache für sich nicht schon gruselig genug, wirbt die Firma mit schlechtesten Übersetzungen für ihr Produkt („Bilden Zonen auf der Karte und bekommen Unterrichtungen, wenn das Kind außer bleibt!") und mit dem Hinweis, dass sich die App natürlich auch auf dem Smartphone des Partners oder der Partnerin installieren lässt. Zwinker, zwinker.

Die Persönlichkeitsrechte der Kinder und anderer Personen interessieren Benutzerinnen und Benutzer der App offenbar eher weniger, wenn man Rezensionen wie „The best app for children security" glauben darf. Doch auch abgesehen von rechtlichen Fragen schreibt mir die Software nur ein großes WTF? ins Gesicht.

Glauben Eltern tatsächlich, mit einem solchen Werkzeug den äußerst unwahrscheinlichen, weil sehr seltenen Fall einer Kindesentführung verhindern oder nachvollziehen zu können, in welchem der oder die Täter wohl als allererstes das Smartphone des Kindes verschwinden lassen würden? Drücken diese Eltern ihrem Kind zwar einerseits ein solches Smartphone in die Hand und lassen es allein, obwohl sie dem Kind ja augenscheinlich nicht genug dahingehend vertrauen, dass es sich in einem Notfall mit dem Handy melden und sich auch nicht selbstständig auf eine weite Reise begeben wird?

Fühlen sich diese Eltern nicht eklig, wenn sie heimlich das Mikro des Geräts ihres Kindes einschalten, um Gespräche verfolgen zu können? Und warum nehmen sich diese Eltern zwar die Zeit für die Installation dieses Irrsinns und die dauernde Prüfung der Position und Umgebungsgeräusche, statt sich mit dem Kind, möglichen Notfällen und der sinnvollen Nutzung des Geräts zu beschäftigen? Warum bauen Eltern die Beziehung zu ihrem Kind lieber auf Misstrauen statt auf Vertrauen auf?

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Find my kids: Überwachung selbst gemacht

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Über eine Million mal wurde der GPS-Tracker Find my kids bereits auf Smartphones installiert. Unser Kolumnist Johnny Haeusler fragt sich, was eigentlich mit Eltern los ist, die ihre Kinder lieber heimlich überwachen, statt sie auf das Leben vorzubereiten. Es gehört ja durchaus auch zu den Aufgaben von Eltern, sich zu sorgen.

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Mediationstext gekürzt Social Scoring in Deutschland WIRED 

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"In heaven, all the policemen are British, all of the lovers are Italian, all of the chefs are French, all of the cars are German, and the whole thing is run by the Swiss.

In hell, all of the policemen are German, all of the lovers are Swiss, all of the chefs are British, all of the cars are French, and the whole thing is run by the Italians."— Traditional Joke

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Taking a Stand Against Racial Stereotypes | John Seck | TEDxHowellHighSchool

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"DESPICABLE" - Portuguese anti-racism advert

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Improve your style...           Gerund rules and exercises

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Improve your style...           Gerund rules and exercises

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Racism. It Stops With Me. TV spot.  Feat. Adam Goodes

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Use the link above to get your padlet

https://padlet.com/referrals/martina_busse

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How to prepare and give a presentation (Tepe)

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Group work presentation documentation and grading sheet

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BASIC TENSES are 
PRESENT TENSES incl. PRESENT PERFECT

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BASIC TENSES are 
PRESENT TENSES incl. PRESENT PERFECT

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Analyse the language stylistic devices.1

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08.03.19

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1950-1970... Population ...joined the country Question stereotypes design by Dóri Sirály for Prezi Cons - cultural differences - no warranty for an adaption - problems with the communication - some people isolate themselves -> group of people with the same nationality, religion,

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geplant 15.03.19

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comment/evaluation

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Writing a letter to the editor comment - useful phrases

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Challenges and conflicts between white people and indigenous people ... is it ignorance

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Indigenous Australia is the true foundation of our multicultural society |

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If our politicians understood the accomplishments and knowledge of Indigenous Australians, they might be able to take their political demands seriously

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Image: DipaliLath

Map of Africa, the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent is located on the African continental plate. The "Dark Continent" is divided roughly into two parts by the equator and surrounded by sea except where the Isthmus of Suez joins it to Asia.
In the north, the continent is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar, in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south and the southeast by the Indian Ocean, and on its north-eastern coast by the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden.

Fast Facts about Africa
Area: 30.2 million km², Population: 1.3 billion people (2019)

How many countries are there in Africa?
There are 54 sovereign states (or countries) in Africa - see the list below the map.

55 African countries are members of the African Union, a federation of African nations established in 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

On 6 June 2019, the African Union has suspended Sudan's membership "with immediate effect." [1]

As well a member of the Union is the Sahrawi Republic, which established itself in Africa as a sovereign state, recognized by the African Union and 47 UN members as the representative government of Western Sahara, which is claimed by Morocco.

Somaliland declared itself to be independent from Somalia and is de facto a state although it is not recognized as a sovereign nation by any other country.

There are several dependent territories still controlled by former colonial powers, like the Tromelin Island and Mayotte, controlled by France, and the Ascension Island and Saint Helena which are administered by the UK.

Languages of Africa
Africa's languages can be subdivided into three main language families, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, and Niger-Congo. The thousands of languages and dialects which are spoken on the continent are classified into six major language families:
Afro-Asiatic (e.g., Berber, Semitic, Cushitic, etc.), Austronesian languages (Madagascar), Indo-European languages (colonial languages), Nilo-Saharan (African interior), Niger-Congo (Bantu), and Khoi-San (a language with click consonants).

Africa's Largest Urban Areas:
Lagos, Cairo, Kinshasa, Johannesburg, Abuja, Khartoum, Dar es Salaam, Alexandria, Abidjan, Algiers, Kano, Casablanca, Ibadan, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and Accra.

Africa's National Parks
Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania is Africa's largest national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site ( whc.unesco.org/en/list/199). Kruger National Park in South Africa is famous for its plethora of wild animals including the Big 5 (elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo, and rhino). Serengeti in Tanzania's Mara and Simiyu regions is famous for its massive annual migration of wildebeest and zebra. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area covers an area of more than 8,000 km² in northern Tanzania. It is a protected area where wildlife coexists with semi-nomadic Maasai; since 1979 it is a World Heritage Site ( whc.unesco.org/en/list/39)

Political Map of Africa

The map shows the African continent with all African nations with international borders, national capitals, and major cities.

You are free to use above map for educational purposes (fair use), please refer to the Nations Online Project.

Image: Fiontain

The African continent is commonly divided into five subregions: North or Northern Africa, West Africa, Central or Middle Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa.

North Africa

North Africa refers to the northern part of the African continent. According to the United Nations classification of geographical regions, these countries belong to Northern Africa:

Sub-Saharan Africa is a term to describe the area of Africa that lies south of the Sahara; it encompasses all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the world's largest hot desert.

West Africa

West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost portion of Africa.
According to the United Nations classification of geographical regions, these countries are West African Countries:

Central Africa

Central Africa is a region in the center of Africa that stretches across the equator and partly along the Atlantic Ocean.
According to the United Nations classification of geographical regions, Central African or Middle African countries are:

East Africa

East Africa is the term used to describe the eastern part of the continent, including the islands in the Indian Ocean. According to the United Nations classification of geographical regions, East African Countries are:

Southern Africa

The southern part of the African continent is called Southern Africa, also to distinguish the region from the state of South Africa, the southernmost country on the continent.
According to the United Nations classification of geographical regions, Southern African countries are:

Bookmark/share this page

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Image: DipaliLath Map of Africa, the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent is located on the African continental plate. The "Dark Continent" is divided roughly into two parts by the equator and surrounded by sea except where the Isthmus of Suez joins it to Asia.

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text: Challenge 2, pp. 90 f.

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AUSTRALIA - a mulitcultural country

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Amelie, Jennifer, Carina

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New Zealand ... in the news

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The city in New Zealand is on high alert after shootings at two mosques killed 49 people.