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20 August, 1619 - First Slaves from Africa arrive in North America

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20 August, 1619 - First Slaves from Africa arrive in North America

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In April 1607, 143 English adventurers founded Jamestown at the east coast of North America, which was the first permanent settlement of the British in the New World. Other than expected, they had to fight for survival from the very beginning on. Indians attacked them, they lacked food and drinking water, and diseases broke out. After one year, one hundred of the newly arrived settlers were dead.

The soil proved unsuitable for farming. But John Rolfe, the man who married the legendary Indian princess Pocahontas, succeeded in growing tobacco. Exporting tobacco to England ensured survival for the colony. But they had a lack of working force for the growing plantations. Again, Rolfe was lucky. In 1619 he wrote in a note: “Near the 20th of the month of August, a Dutch battleship came to us, from which we bought twenty negroes.”

April 1607 gründen 143 englische Abenteurer an der Ostküste Nordamerikas Jamestown, die erste dauerhafte Siedlung der Briten in der neuen Welt. Anders als erwartet müssen sie von Beginn an um ihr Überleben kämpfen. Indianer greifen an, Nahrung und Trinkwasser fehlen, Krankheiten brechen aus. Nach einem Jahr sind 100 der Neuankömmlinge tot.

Der Boden erweist sich für den Ackerbau als ungeeignet. Doch John Rolfe, der 1614 die legendäre Indianerin Pocahontas heiratet, gelingt es Tabak anzubauen. Der Export nach England sichert das Überleben der Kolonie. Nur an Arbeitskräften für die größer werdenden Plantagen mangelt es. Wieder hat RolfeGlück. 1619 notiert er: "Gegen den 20. des Monats August kam zu uns ein niederländisches Kriegsschiff, von dem wir 20 Neger kauften."

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1766-1783 Slaves fought for their freedom in the revolutionary war (by Vivienne Tönnies)

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1766-1783 Slaves fought for their freedom in the revolutionary war (by Vivienne Tönnies)

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As the revolutionary war had begun, more than a half million Africans lived in the thirteen colonies. Only one tenth were not enslaved.

General George Washington, himself a major slaveholder, had concerns about having black soldiers in his army. 1775 the black were forbidden to enlist, although they continued to be used as support and laborers. In January 1776, Due to an urgent need for soldiers Washington had to change his mind. More than 5,000 Africans would join the black continental army. Only some were led by black regiments.

Participation was volitionary for some Africans. They were inspired by Jefferson´s words of liberty in the Declaration of independence, and freely offered their services on the faith of their own deliverance. However, other slaves were forced enlist by their masters to take their place instead.

Slaves who fought in the army were promised their freedom, after the war. Which increased the number of free blacks in the country.

Due to the fact, that the British (“Redcoats”) also had promised freedom slaves, many blacks joined them.

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Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law, according to which racial segregation did not necessarily violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all people.

The theory of separate but equal was used to justify segregated public facilities for blacks and whitesuntil in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court recognized that "separate but equal" schools were "inherently unequal."The principle of "separate but equal" was further rejected by the Civil Rights Acts  and in subsequent cases, which ruled that racially segregated public facilities, housing,and accommodations violated the constitutional guarantee of equal protection of laws.

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Nathaniel "Nat" Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an American slave and Christian preacher. (by Aleyna Witte) 

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Nathaniel "Nat" Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an American slave and Christian preacher. (by Aleyna Witte) 

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Nathaniel Turner was born on Benjamin Turner's plantation, the son of a slave. His mother and grandmother had been taken from Africa to America, which aroused in him a deep hatred of slavery.

The son of the owner of the plantation instilled in him a deep Christian faith.

Turner became more and more convinced that God had chosen him to lead his people out of slavery (1825). He worked as a preacher among the slaves on the plantation and was called "the Prophet." In 1831, Nat Turner was sold to Joseph Travis after Benjamin Turner's death.

The slave revolt of black plantation preacher Nathaniel Turner in 1831 is considered one of the most significant events in the history of slavery. His mother and grandmother had been taken from Africa to America, which caused him to have a deep hatred of slavery. The son of the plantation owner Benjamin Turner introduces him to the Christian faith. The plantation owner's wife teaches him to read. Nat becomes a cotton picker. But the Christian faith encourages him to become a preacher and lead his people out of slavery.

In February 1831, he interpreted a solar eclipse as a sign from God calling him to begin liberation. On August 21, Nat and seven other slaves killed their owners. The group was then joined by other slaves and free blacks who moved from settlement to settlement killing whites with knives, axes and 🤬. Fifty-five whites fell victim to the uprising until a militia succeeded in putting it down. In retaliation, more than a hundred innocent slaves were killed.

Turner escaped but was captured six weeks later, on October 30, 1831. During his captivity, Thomas R. Gray wrote down Turner's life. It was published in newspapers as The Confessions of Nat Turner. Turner's failed rebellion led to more murders of slaves and even harsher sanctions for disobedience. Nat Turner was hanged in Jerusalem in Southampton County, Virginia, on November 11, 1831; his body was left to doctors who decapitated, skinned, and quartered him.

Pictured is the arrest of Nat Turner.

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28 August, 1955 - Murder of Emmet Till (by Paula Müller)

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28 August, 1955 - Murder of Emmet Till (by Paula Müller)

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Emmet Till, a fourteen-year old black boy was kidnapped and brutally murdered by two white men -Roy Bryant and J.W Milam. He lived in Chicago, but he was murdered in Money - Mississippi while he visited relatives. Emmett Till was murdered for talking to the light-skinned wife of Roy Bryant. At his funeral in Chicago, thousand of people showed up to draw attention to the case.

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1955, Montgomery Bus Boycott (by Jara Auf dem Berge)

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1955, Montgomery Bus Boycott (by Jara Auf dem Berge)

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The Montgomery bus boycott was initiated by Rosa Parks in December 1955.  It was a protest against racial segregation on public transport.  She refused to make room for a white man on the bus and as a result she got taken into custody.  Therefore, many people boycotted the Montgomery buses and a committee was founded.  In addition, they requested not to use the buses on December 5th 1955, because Rosa Parks got arrested on that day.  This protest was the 1st against racial segregation and Martin Luther King and Ralph Albernathy also took part in it.

Der Busboykott von Montgomery wurde im Dezember 1955 von Rosa Parks ausgelöst. Es war ein Protest gegen Rassentrennung in öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln. Sie verweigerte sich damals, Platz für einen Weißen im Bus zu machen und wurde daraufhin inhaftiert. Daraufhin boykottierten viele Menschen die Busse von Montgomery und es wurde ein Komitee gegründet. Außerdem wurde aufgefordert die Busse nicht am 05.12.1955 zu nutzen, da Rosa Parks an diesem Tag verhaftet wurde. Dieser Protest war der aller 1. gegen Rassentrennung und es haben außerdem Martin Luther King und Ralph Albernathy dran teilgenommen

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Woolworth‘s lunch counter sit-ins (by Lasse Hohls)

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Woolworth‘s lunch counter sit-ins (by Lasse Hohls)

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On February, 1st in 1960, four black university students sat down in the “whites only“ area and refused to leave until they get served. They sat there until the store closed, on the next day they continued to sit down in the “whites only“ area but that time some over black students joined them. Due to this “sit in“ protest action the segregation of lunch counters and other public places got removed.

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1962, Katherine Johnson, The black woman, who calculated the flight to the moon (by Niels Hünichen)

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1962, Katherine Johnson, The black woman, who calculated the flight to the moon (by Niels Hünichen)

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Her entire life, Katherine Johnson was obsessed with math. She could read before school and skipped multiple classes. As one of three black students, she got a scholarship at the West Virginia college. She graduatet at the age of eighteen. After some teaching jobs, she started to work at Nasa. There she could just do a job as a computer. She worked herself up and ignored the discriminations.

She calculated the flights of Alan Shepard, John Glenn and the Apollo-Missions. In 1962 the astronaut John Glenn wanted her, to redo the calculations, because he trusted her more, than her colleagues and the machines. In 1970, she did the calculations, to save the crew of the faild mission, Apollo 13. She worked herself up to one of the most importent persons in space explorations. In 2015 she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by president Obama.

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1963, Martin Luther King's beautiful dream (by Joana Strauch)

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1963, Martin Luther King's beautiful dream (by Joana Strauch)

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He was born in the year 1929 and he was assassinated in 1968.
He gave one of the most famous speeches in world history and was one of the most successful activists. He fought for civil rights and equality. The Africans Americans didn't have a lot of rights in history in the USA and Martin Luther King was one of them.
Firstly, there was segregation in the USA that was at the same time where King lived.
Everyone who didn't have a white skin color were discriminated against and segregated. For instance, black and white kids were not allowed to go to the same school.
Secondly, Martin Luther King's biggest role model was Mahatma Ghandi.
Thirthly, he became a public speaker and he delivered the famous speech "I have a dream".
He was extremely brave because they liked his kind of "dream" and the idea of a peaceful future.

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July 2, 1964 - Civil Rights Act of 1964 (by Seymen Okumus)

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July 2, 1964 - Civil Rights Act of 1964 (by Seymen Okumus)

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended seperation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race,color,religon,sex or national origin, is one of the achievements of the civil rights movment. The act also provided the government with the power to enforce integration. The Legislation had benn proposed by Presidend John F. Kennedy in June 1963 and was signed by Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964. The leaders oft he Civil rights act were Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins

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February 21, 1965  - Assassination of Malcolm X (by Samantha Schäfer)

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February 21, 1965  - Assassination of Malcolm X (by Samantha Schäfer)

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Malcolm X was an African American Muslim, a human rights activist and he was a popular figure during the civil rights movement. He was also celebrated for his pursuit of racial justice. After his split from the Nation of Islam (NoI) he was sent death threats repeatedly, until he was assassinated in 1965 in New York City as he was about to give a speech on stage during a meeting of his newly founded Afro-American Unity Organization. After his death he was honored with the “Malcolm X Day”.

The Nation of Islam denied involvement in the shooting, but 3 members of the NoI were suspected and later on convicted of his murder.

The evidence of them being the shooters is lacking, therefore the case is still under debate.

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The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a civil rights protest that occurred in 1965 in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies.
There were three protest marches along the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama to the State capital of Montgomery.
The marches were organized by nonviolent activist and they confronted with deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups.
Finally they achieved their goal, walking around the clock for three days to reach Montgomery, Alabama.

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Segregation in America (by Jule Kreibaum)

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Segregation in America (by Jule Kreibaum)

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Segregation was mostly practised during the colonial times up to the1960s, and in some states it is still practised today. African-Americans were held as slaves, especially in the southern states, untill 1865. After the abolition of slavery, there was still the segregation. In many US states, the segregation of black and white Americans in all areas of public life has been justified and mandated by law: in educational institutions, in the army, on trains, buses, hospitals, public toilets, even in privately hotels or at the doctor.

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Watts Rebellion - August 11, 1965 (by Laura Goltermann)

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Watts Rebellion - August 11, 1965 (by Laura Goltermann)

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The Watts Rebellion, also known as the Watts Riots, was a large series of riots that broke out August 11, 1965, in the predominantly Black neighborhood of Watts in Los Angeles. 99% of the residents in Watts were African American otherwise some Latinos and Jewish merchants.  Unemployment and poverty were higher in this fourth than in any other part of Los Angeles.  Of the 205 police officers who worked in the area, only five were African American.  There was a widespread opinion among the population that the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) treated black people particularly brutally and abused them with racist expressions, and that the police were even accused of raping African-American women.

The Watts Rebellion lasted for six days, resulting in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries and 4,000 arrests, involving 34,000 people and ending in the destruction of 1,000 buildings, totaling $40 million in damages.

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1966 The black Panther Organsation (by Stella Janson)

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1966 The black Panther Organsation (by Stella Janson)

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The black Panther Organisation was found by Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale and Richard Aoki. The Organisation worked for Justice and against the social oppression of Black Americans.
in 1967 a member was shot and suppressed by Police. As a result, protest erupted and many members of the ovement were arrested, accused, threatened and killed by the police for no reason. from 1967 to 1970, the Organisation fought for equality. Since 1982 the movement is considered to have been dissolved.

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James Brown “Say it Loud, I’m Black and I’m Proud.” (by Niko Wackowski)

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James Brown “Say it Loud, I’m Black and I’m Proud.” (by Niko Wackowski)

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In August 1968, James Brown released the song “Say it Loud, I’m Black and I’m Proud.” It was an affirmation of self-respect and it was a challenge to others to respect themselves and to respect him. In the charts, the track developed into a true anthem. It was his seventh number one on the R&B charts and stayed there for six weeks. And after releasing as James Brown and the Famous Flames for twelve years, Say It Loud became the first single to be released under his own name only. Chris brown said in his song “I’m Black and I’m Proud.” This is the main massage in his song to be proud to be black. In every crisis is an opportunity, he is one of the few people that took the crisis of 1968 and turn it into an opportunity to really help generation of people.

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Eugene "Gene" Allen was an afro-american Butler. He serves eight different presidents over 34 years. He was born on July 14, 1919 in Buckingham Country, Virginia USA and was raised on a farm. He worked as a waiter for many years in "white-only resorts and country clubs".

In 1943 he married Helene Lee and they had one child Charles Allen.

In 1952 he got a job as a "pantry man", who does basic tasks such as washing dishes, stocking and cleaning silverware, at the White House. He then rose in his position and became the head butler for the President of the United States of America.

One of the presidents he worked for was President Kennedy. When he heard the President had been shot, he was very moved. He was invited to the funeral, but chose to work that day to prepare for the reception after the funeral because "someone had to be there at the White House to serve everyone after they came back from the funeral". In his 34 years of work at the White House Eugene Allen never missed a day.

In 1981 Eugene Allen reached the highest position as butler serving the president during Ronald Reagan's presidency. Reagan invited Allen and his wife to a state dinner honoring the German politician Helmut Kohl. This gesture made Allen the first White House butler ever to be invited as a guest to a state honor.

He retired in 1986 and died of kidney failure in 2010.

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Los Angeles, March 3, 1991: Rodney King is driving after a basketball game. The 25-year-old construction worker is drunk and driving too fast. When the police try to stop the African-American, he drives faster. After a late-night chase, the officers ask him to leave the car.

What happens next is filmed by a resident from his apartment with a video camera: Several police officers surround King, some of them beat him in the car headlights with their clubs and kick him. Meanwhile, the abused man crawls on all fours, tries to get up, until he slumps down and stop moving.

Four police officers charged

The video amateur reports to the police - but no response. He therefore makes the recording available to a local radio station. The images are broadcast on the news. As a result, the city of Los Angeles settles with King for millions in damages. Four police officers are charged.

In the courtroom, the recording is also shown. "When you see this video, you don't have to be a lawyer to realize: This is wrong, this is bad, this is criminal," says chief prosecutor Terry White in his closing argument. Like King, he has dark skin.

Acquittal sparks outrage

But the jury, which includes no African Americans, follows the defense - which pleads self-defense. They say the drunken, staggering, unarmed King was a threat to the four officers. They are acquitted on April 29, 1992.

The verdict triggers outrage. The first protests break out: "No justice, no peace," the demonstrators chant against the racism of the police and the judiciary.

Protest turns violent

On the same day, the anger erupts into violent riots. Just a few hours after the jury's verdict, Los Angeles is in flames. "The fires were enormous," recalls U.S. radio reporter Ina Geffy. "Even from the highway, you could see the smoke billowing up to a hundred feet into the sky."

The riot begins in the city's South Central neighborhood. There, African-Americans and Hispanics live in poverty. "For years, people had been unanimous in their experience of police abuse of power," says Bernhard Parks, a former Los Angeles City Councilman. "What happened to Rodney King validated the complaints of abuse that they had experienced as well, or in a similar way."

Four-day state of emergency

Violence escalates furiously: homes are set on fire, stores are looted, white citizens are indiscriminately abused. Rival ghetto gangs massacred each other.

Only when U.S. President George Bush Sr. sends in 2,000 National Guardsmen do security forces bring Los Angeles back under control after four days. The result: 58 dead, about 2,400 injured, damage of about 1.5 billion dollars.

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25th October, 1997 - Million Woman March (By Lina Rasch)

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25th October, 1997 - Million Woman March (By Lina Rasch)

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The Million Woman March was organized on October 25, 1997 and is a protest march that was attended by approximately half a million people in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  Family unity and what it means to be an African American in America was a major theme of the march.  The women of the march called for three things: repentance for the pain of black women caused by one another, and the restoration and resurrection of the family and community ties of African Americans. The march was founded and formulated by Phile Chionesu, a grasstoots activist, human rights advocate, Black Nationalist/Freedom Fighter.

The march was envisioned and intended to help bring social and economic development and power throughout the black communities of the United States, as well as to bring hope, empowerment, unity and sisterhood to women, men and children of African descent globally regardless of nationality, religion, or economic status. The day was filled with prayer, music, and inspirational speeches. These events were meant to promote positive change. The march has been considered a social phenomenon due to its unconventional and unique way of organizing. It has influenced several mass gatherings by demonstrating a grassroots approach that had not been employed before.

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October 13 1998 Tupac Shakur‘s single „Changes“ (by Caprice Hoffmann)

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October 13 1998 Tupac Shakur‘s single „Changes“ (by Caprice Hoffmann)

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This single „Changes“ by Tupac Shakur featuring Talent, is a hip hop song which is released two years after Tupacs death. But it was recorded in year 1992. This song is written by Tupac Shakur, Bruse Hornsby and Big D. „Changes“ is based on the black persons social and political problems and struggles in society. The song discusses about the police brutality against black people, about gangs and drugs. This single is one of his famous songs from the 90s and expresses what he wants in future. He doesn’t only blame white people for all the hate. He was a realist person who founds, that black people are also for the blame and must rise up and create change themselves.
In 2000 the single „Changes“ by Tupac Shakur received a Grammy nomination.
In this song Shakur notes: „I see no changes. All I see is racist faces. Misplaced hate makes disgrace to races we under.“ This shows that black people are still low in the society. No one actually cares about black people. He also said:“It’s time for us as a people to start makin‘ some changes. Let’s change the way we eat. Let’s change the way we live and let’s change the way we treat each other. You see the old way wasn’t working so it’s on us to do what we gotta do, to survive.“

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June 20, 1990 - Nelson Mandela´s speech at Riverside Church  (by Pia Schmidt)

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June 20, 1990 - Nelson Mandela´s speech at Riverside Church  (by Pia Schmidt)

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When Nelson Mandela left prison on February 11, 1990, he had completed twenty-seven years of imprisonment. The reason for Mandela's arrest was his campaign against apartheid (racial segregation) in his native South Africa.

After his release, Mandela began a U.S. tour on June 20, 1990, at Riverside Church in New York, where he repeatedly addressed and campaigned against apartheid.

His goal: to gain the support of many people for racial equality in South Africa.

During the speeches in New York, around 750,000 people listened to him. Furthermore, he achieved his goal by meeting with active members of the U.S. civil rights movements. Among other things, he also met with the then-President Bush in Washington, D.C. .

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January 20, 2009 - Barack Obama becomes 44th US President (by Miriam Rettberg) 

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January 20, 2009 - Barack Obama becomes 44th US President (by Miriam Rettberg) 

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On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the 44th President of the United States. He was the first African-American to hold that position.

After studying at Harvard Law School and practicing constitutional law in Chicago, he began his political career in the Illinois Senate in 1996. He delivered in 2004 an exciting keynote speech at the Democratic National Congress, which attracted national attention with his eloquent call for cross-party national unity and cooperation. In February 2007, just a few months later, he became only the third African-American to be elected to the U.S. Senate since the reconstruction, and Obama announced his candidacy for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination.

After a tense Democratic primary battle with Hillary Clinton, Obama defeated Senator John McCain of Arizona in the general election that November. Obama’s appearance in the primary and general elections attracted many people, and his message of hope and change "Yes We Can" inspired thousands of new voters, including young and black people, to cast their vote for the first time in the historic election. He was reelected in 2012.

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The shooting of Trayvon Martin (February 26th, 2012) (by Enya de Geus)

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The shooting of Trayvon Martin (February 26th, 2012) (by Enya de Geus)

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Trayvon Benjamin Martin was an african american boy who was born on february 5th in Miami, Florida.
He was only 17 when he was fatally shot in Sanford, Florida by George Zimmerman who was at the time 28 years old.

Trayvon and his dad visited the dad‘s fiancée at her townhouse at the retreat at twin lakes. On the evening of february 26th 2012 trayvon was walking from a nearby store back to the townhouse. George Zimmerman, who was a member of the community watch at the time, reported trayvon as suspicious to the police and began following him. Only a few moments later George Zimmerman shot trayvon fatally in the chest. He later on claimed it was self-defense and wasn’t charged at the time.
Due to a lot of media coverage the case was reopened in 2013 and he was charged with second-degree murder and manslaughter he then went to trial but the jury found him not guilty.

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July 13, 2013 #BlackLivesMatter ( by Felix Hieber)

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July 13, 2013 #BlackLivesMatter ( by Felix Hieber)

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The fondation from  BlackLivesMatter ( short BLM)  was 2013.
Fondoution:
Gorge Zimmerman a worker from a personal  security company shoot and kill Travon Martin. He was a seventeen years old. Gorge Zimmerman was acquitted.
Than was the fondoution from BLM. BLM fight against police brutalit, against all kind of racsisim against blacks in Amarica and in world.

BlackLives Matter organized protests on street and on socila media in the internet. There inform wehn and were are protests from BLM.

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14 August, 2016 - Colin Kaepernick refuses to rise during the American national anthem (by Lilly Imrecke)

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14 August, 2016 - Colin Kaepernick refuses to rise during the American national anthem (by Lilly Imrecke)

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Colin Kaepernick, an American football player didn’t rise during the American national anthem.
By refusing the national anthem he protested against racism and police violence against black people in the United States. „I won’t stand up and probably demonstrate for a flag that stands for a country that oppresses black people.“

He was not only honored as an ambassador of conscience by  Amnesty international in April 2018.
He also became one of the faces for an anniversary campaign by Nike with the slogan „Just Do it”.

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25 May 2020- George Floyd dies in police custody (by Marleen Frank)

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25 May 2020- George Floyd dies in police custody (by Marleen Frank)

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Floyd, 46, is arrested shortly after 8 p.m. after allegedly using a fake $20 bill at a local Cup Foods. A disturbing cellphone video shows an officer pinning Floyd to the ground with his knee on the back of Floyd's neck while a handcuffed man repeats "I can't breathe" and goes unconscious. He later dies at a hospital. The video goes viral.

(May 26) Civil rights attorney Ben Crump announces he is representing Floyd's family and "will seek justice." The four officers involved in Floyd's death are fired. Demonstrators gather at the Third Precinct and the site of the incident in what becomes the first night of Protest in Minneapolis.

Demonstrators in other cities, including Los Angeles and Memphis, start to march in outrage over the death of Floyd.
In Amsterdam, about 10,000 people gathered and chanted "I can't breathe" and "Black lives matter." Many ignored the Corona standoff rules. Protests were also taking place in Berlin and Zurich. Later this week, actions are planned in London, Paris and several Australian cities.

Derek Chauvin, the officer seen in the video kneeling on Floyd's neck, is arrested and charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter in Floyd's death.