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Carroll, Quinn B. Radiography in the Digital Age: Physics, Exposure, Radiation Biology. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Ltd., 2018.

Statkiewicz-Sherer, Mary Alice, et al. Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography. Elsevier, 2018.

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Sigmoid or S-curve: Different effects require different amounts of radiation

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Linear Quadratic: The response or reaction increases drastically with the increase in radiation dose

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Threshold: Point or level where a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation first occurs, greater than 0

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Non-Threshold: Effects or responses are seen from the first amount of radiation, no amount of radiation is considered safe

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HIGH LET: At these levels of ionizing radiation cells decrease at a constant rate, there is no "shoulder" and cells can't repair from the damage at any amount of this radiation

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LOW LET: At the low doses of ionizing radiation the cells are still able to repair and reproduce to keep the same survival rate. However, after a certain amount of radiation the rate decreases at a linear rate as the cells can't come back from the damage

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The graph above show radiation sensitivity curves for both LOW LET and HIGH LET

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Method to display the sensitivity of a particular type of cells to radiation

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HIGH LET more likely to damage DNA, interact with DNA and cause internal contamination than LOW LET

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LET is very important in determining tissue damage as biologic effects go hand in hand with the amount of ionizing radiation produced

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X-ray radiation is said to be 3 keV/mircon, relatively low LET compared to other types

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Calculated by dividing the total energy deposited in the medium by the total length of the track, represented in kilo electron volts (keV) per micron

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Ionizing radiation may interact with the surrounding area when passing through a medium, losing energy along the path

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Ratio of the type of radiation (250 kVp) to the dose of radiation of the type in question that is necessary to produce the same biologic reaction

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OER = 3.0 when radiation dose is high
OER = ~2.0 when radiation dose is lower than 2 gray

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Ratio of radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions

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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Process-of-measuring-air-kerma_fig1_322196743

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Although these measurements are different they are related

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D = dose
Wr = Radiation weighting factor

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-type of ionizing radiation (beta, alpha, gamma, x-ray, etc.)

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Attempts to numerically specify the differences in transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that are produced by different type of radiation.

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Quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation

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Dose is measured by absorbed dose, effective and equivalent dose.
Radiation exposure to patient is first measured by absorbed dose, from there it can be calculated and converted into equivalent dose and from there into effective dose.

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Intensity of the x-ray beam is measured in exposure or air kerma.
How much radiation is coming out of the x-ray tube and giong to expose the patient

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When irradiated in an oxygenated or aerobic state biologic tissue is more sensitive to radiation than compared to an anaerobic condition

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Relative Biologic Effectiveness: The relative capabilities of radiation with different LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

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Linear Energy Transfer: Average every deposited per unit length of tract

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Demonstration of the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received

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D = dose
Wr = Radiation weighting factor
Wt = Tissue weighting factor

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-type of ionizing radiation (beta, alpha, gamma, x-ray, etc.)
-type of tissue or organ in the human body (skin, thyroid, gonads, etc.)

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http://www.whiteripleyradsafety.com/3-2

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Responsible for any biologic tissue damage resulting from the tissues being exposed to radiaiton

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Kinetic energy release per mass in air, fined at 1 Joule of energy absorbed by 1 kilogram of air

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Quantity that is used for radiation protection purposed to provide a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiaiton

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Total electric charge of one sign, either all pluses or all minus, per unit of mass that x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts generate in dry air at standard temperature and pressure

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The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object