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HI... THANKS FOR VISITING OUR BLOG!!                                                   WELCOME TO THE JOURNEY OF POULTRY FARM!!!                                                                                                  

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HI... THANKS FOR VISITING OUR BLOG!!                                                   WELCOME TO THE JOURNEY OF POULTRY FARM!!!                                                                                                  

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We are introducing some of the knowledge and information about the commercial poultry farm on both boiler and layer farms. We explain about the chicken species, poultry meat and eggs production, their respective markets, farming conditions, poultry welfare on farm and many more! Do follow us and enjoy~

Hang on... click on this audio as you explore our blog!!

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Five Freedoms ( United Kingdom’s Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1979)

1. Freedom from hunger and thirst

2. Freedom from discomfort

3. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease

4. Freedom to express normal behavior

5. Freedom from fear and distress

Four Welfares and Twelve Criteria ( European Welfare Quality)
1. Good feeding

Absence of prolonged hunger

Absence of prolonged thirst

2. Good housing

Comfort around resting

Thermal comfort

Ease of movement

3. Good health

Absence of injuries

Absence of disease

Absence of pain induced by management procedures

4. Appropriate behavior

Expression of social behaviors

Expression of other behaviors

Good human-animal relationship

Positive emotional state

(Nicole and Davies, 2020)

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Welfare issues of broilers in commercial farm

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Welfare issues of broilers in commercial farm

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Leg health problems and lameness

Metabolic disorders

Hunger (Nicole and Davies, 2020)

Difficulties facing the progress of animal welfare concern in developing countries
1. Economical effect

Rural area (very low welfare) - decreased chances for education and healthcare, low income; poultries remain untreated/ poorly treated to avoid extra expenses.

Urban area (low welfare) - higher welfare leads to an increase in the cost of the product; will not accept by consumers.

2. Absence of support from organizations and government

The government should reduce the production cost in animal farms to perform well animal welfare.

3. Lack of skills in proper poultry management

Unable to understand the proper way of poultry management (health conditions of birds) due to low educational levels (Abbas 2014).

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Automatic Chicken Egg Incubator by HighTop Poultry Equipment

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Automatic Chicken Egg Incubator by HighTop Poultry Equipment

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Is animal welfare in poultry farming important?

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Is animal welfare in poultry farming important?

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Animal welfare could be see in both ethical and practice perspective. In the ethical perspective, animal welfare contribute to decrease the pain, suffer, or stress that will  happens on the poultry. In the practical viewpoint, the poultry welfare is valued by the consumer. With a good welfare in the farm, the obtained market will be better in order to meet the ethical demands of the consumer. The greater demands of consumer on the better welfare standards will influence the supermarket and retailers on the cooperation with the farm. The retailers and supermarket will select the cooperation farm in order to meet the consumers trend.

(FAO, 2020)

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Five animal welfare from poultry perspective

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Five animal welfare from poultry perspective

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1. Accessible  of food and water.
2. Freedom to moving around.
3. Visual contact with other members of the species.
4. Shedding or housing to protect the birds from weather.
5. Prevention of disease, injury and vice.

(Linden, 2013)

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Body weight reach 3 kg at day 48

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*Importance of egg turning* (2 to 3 times per day)

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*Importance of egg turning* (2 to 3 times per day)

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1. Prevents adhesion of the embryo to the inner shell membrane early in development.

2. Reduce risks of late mortality of embryo.

3. Increase hatching rate.

4.  Ensure maximal formation of sub-embryonic fluid from the water in the albumen by increasing the turning rate (Deeming, 2009).

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Observation of embryo develpment using candling and the possible cause(s) 

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Observation of embryo develpment using candling and the possible cause(s) 

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(Archer and Cartwight, 2017)

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Stages of poultry embryo development under candling

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Stages of poultry embryo development under candling

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can produce 220 pale brown eggs per year
Standard weight for:
a) Rooster- 4.3 kg
b) Hen- 3.4 kg
(Roberts, 2020)

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can produce 300+ brown eggs per year

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Malaysia is one of the top broiler meat consumers in the world, and had reached self-sufficient level since 2018. Demand for broiler meat and eggs is the highest among other type of meats, whereby a Malaysian is estimated would consume 49.4 kg of poultry meat per year in 2020, which is 10 folds higher than the consumption demand on beef meat. The largest broiler meat producer is Leong Hub International Bhd (11 millions of chicken per month) while the largest poultry eggs producer is QL Resources Bhd (5.7 millions of chicken eggs per day) in Malaysia.
(Lai, 2020)

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Chicken Meat Production in 2020 in the Global Market

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Chicken Meat Production in 2020 in the Global Market

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The United States is expected to be the largest broiler meet producer in 2020 with 20.51 million metric tons, followed by China as the second largest producer with 15.5 million metric tons and Brazil as the third with 13.77 million metric tons in 2020.
(Shahbandeh, 2020)

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How to choose good quality egg for hatching?

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How to choose good quality egg for hatching?

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Exterior Quality
- clean eggshell without stained.
- unbroken eggshell with a hard texture.
- Large egg size (approximate 58 g) to increase the tendency of producing large size poultry.
- avoid selecting soft-shelled egg and abnormal size egg.
(King’ori, , 2011)

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Dual purpose-used to produce both meat and eggs (eg Plymouth Rocks)
Special breeds-selected for egg production/meat production (eg bovans goldline for egg production, )
Hybrids- selected for either meat / egg production
(Adekunle,2019)

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Deep litter system
-  700 cm2 floor area per chick
- Wood shavings or sawdust are spread on the floor
- Chicken drinker and feeding are provided either hanging or on the floor
(TNAU, 2009)

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Cage system
- Super intensive
- 0.6 - 0.75 sq ft per bird.
- Up to 3 birds in a cage
- arrange in single, double or tripe row
(TNAU, 2009)

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Challenges and recommendation in Broiler industry

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Challenges and recommendation in Broiler industry

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Feed cost - 70% of the total production comes from feed cost, unstable feed cost as it depends supply and demand for the ingredients.
Recommendation: Innovation of new feed with inexpensive ingredient. Hence, receive more income and decrease production cost.

Lack of young generation - Young generation not interested in broiler farming.
Recommendation: Extension programs can be made to give awareness to young generation to involve in this sector. Ideas and innovations from young generations may helps in broiler sector.

High investment rate - Cost of build up new broiler farm is expensive
Recommendation: Government may provide loan or subsidy to new farmers. Thus, increase production and maintain a good supply chain.
(Shaban and Alabboodi, 2019)

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Abbas, T. E., 2014. Poultry welfare in developed and developing countries. Animal and Veterinary Sciences, [e-journal] 2(1), pp. 1–4. 10.11648/j.avs.20140201.11 .

Adekunle, A., 2019. Poultry production manual [online] Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338164145_OUTLINE_INTRODUCTION_POULTRY_BREEDS_POULTRY_BREEDS_CHICKEN_PRODUCTION_SYSTEMS_POULTRY_HOUSING_AND_EQUIPMENT_BROODING_BROODING_FEEDING_MAJOR_DISEASES_AND_PREVENTION_METHODS_PREPARING_FOR_THE_ARRIVAL_OF> [Accessed 26 August 2020].

Archer, G. S., and Cartwight, A. L., 2017. Incubating and hatching eggs. [online] Available at: <https://alec.unl.edu/documents/cde/2017/livestock-management/incubating-and-hatching-eggs-2017.pdf> [Accessed 26 August 2020].

Boleli, I. C., Morita, V. S., Matos, J. J. B., Thimotheo, M., and Almeida, V. R., 2016.Poultry egg incubation: integrating and optimizing production efficiency. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science,[e-journal] sp 2, pp. 1–16.

Deeming, D. C., 2009. The role of egg turning during incubation. Avian Biology Research, [e-journal] 2(1/2), pp. 67–71. https://doi.org/10.3184%2F175815509X431849.

Ferlito, C., 2020. The Poultry Industry and Its Supply Chain in Malaysia: Challenges from the Covid-19 Emergency. [online] Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341440161_The_Poultry_Industry_and_Its_Supply_Chain_in_Malaysia_Challenges_from_the_Covid-19_Emergency> [Accessed 27 August 2020].

King’ori, A.M., 2011. Review of the factors that influence egg fertility and hatchability in poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 10(6), pp. 483–492.

Lai, Y.Y., 2020. Poultry Firms Count on Nuggets and Sausages to Feed Sales Growth. [online] Available at: <https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/poultry-firms-count-nuggets-and-sausages-feed-sales-growth> [Accessed 25 August 2020].

Nicol, C. J., and Davies, A., 2020.  Poultry welfare in developing countries. [online] Available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/al720e/al720e00.pdf> [Accessed 27 August 2020].
Roberts, J., 2020. Plymouth Rock Chicken Breed Guide. [online] Available at: <https://www.knowyourchickens.com/plymouth-rock-chicken/> [Accessed 27 August 2020].
Shahbandeh, M., 2020. Global Broiler Meat Production 2020, by Selected Country. [online] Available at: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/237597/leading-10-countries-worldwide-in-poultry-meat-production-in-2007/> [Accessed 25 August 2020].

Shaban, N.S. and Alabboodi, A.S., 2019. Explain why Malaysian broiler industry facing production problem. IJAR, 5(1), pp.301-308.

TNAU, 2019. Poultry rearing. [online] Available at <http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/ani_chik_poultry%20rearing.html> [Accessed on 24 August 2020].

Wang, Y., Li, Y. B., Yang, H. M., and Wang, Z. Y., 2019. Effect of photoperiod on the egg production, plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadal hormones, and mRNA levels of Lh and FSH in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of pigeons. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(4), pp.606–606.

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Factor affecting egg quality and quantity

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Factor affecting egg quality and quantity

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Temperature

The optimum temperature for poultry is from 12 to 26 ⁰C. High environmental temperature affects the size of egg yolk, albumen consistency and calcium deposited in the egg. Heat stress also reduces the number of sperm cells and 🤬 volume of male broiler breeder (King’ori,, 2011).
Photoperiod
Photoperiod affecting egg production by influencing luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadal hormones level. Wang, et al. (2019) reported a longer photoperiod increased stimulation of LH, FSH and gonadal hormone thus improve egg production.

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Overall broiler operation from breed farm to broiler farm

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Overall broiler operation from breed farm to broiler farm

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INCUBATOR

Temperature : 37 ⁰C - 38 ⁰C

Humidity       : Day 1 to 17: 55% - 60%

Day 18 onward: 75%

HATCHER

Temperature : 37 ⁰C - 38 ⁰C

Humidity        : 75% - 80% (Boleli, et al., 2016)