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Produced more food using fewer workers, people migrated from rural areas to the cities in search of work. The awareness of poor people in cities led to a greater awareness of poverty, crime, and prostitution as social problems and prompted increased to police marginal groups.

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He focused on westernization of Russian culture so it would have modernization and get him a great army and navy to be a dominant power. Ordered Russian book of etiquette to teach Western manners, Russian beards had to be shaved and coats shortened, Women benefited from his cultural reforms, saw them mix freely with men in Western courts, don’t have to cover face with veil, marry of their own free will, social gatherings in the large houses of Saint Petersburg for men and women. He Westernized Russia and brought them closer to the rest of Europe. He Westernized them with the beard tax, fashion, social gatherings, welcoming Europeans

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The Third estate didn’t get to experience tax exemptions, hunting rights, and more representation. The bourgeoisie had most of the tax burden, but didn’t get privileges of nobility. The first and second estates could outvote the third estate in the estates-general, then when they asked King Louis XVI to vote by head, he denied and sent them home.

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A French journalist who published the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizens. She represented and wrote to protest against slavery and injustices done to women. Her Declaration of the Rights of Woman was a direct challenge to revolutionaries to respect the ideals of the revolution. She was executed by the revolutionaries on November 3, 1793.

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an important revival of Christianity and proved that the need for spiritual experience had not been expunged by the 1700s. People of England who didn’t want to be Anglican joined this religion. A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.

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Elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy where invited philosophes and guests gathered to engage in witty sparkling conversations that often centered on the ideas of the philosophes. Brought different people together for example in France writers, artists, aristocracy government officials, and wealthy bourgeoisie.

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The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified, established by Napoleon Bonaparte. Legal unity provided for clear and complete decodification of french law. Resulted in strong central government and administrative unity. Equality before the law, freedom of religion, state was secular in character, property rights, abolition of serfdom, gave women inheritance rights, but denied them equal status with men.

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gave post-revolutionary France its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights. code of criminal procedure, a commercial code, and a penal code. Resulted in strong central government and administrative unity.

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The government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability. Opened careers based on talent not on your last name and social status or title.

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Homes were built to include private retreats for the upper class like the boudier, the layout of houses changed as social areas were downstairs, and personal bedrooms were upstairs.

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Launched a reign of terror. Led by Robespierre and Over 20,000 people were executed. Provided defense for the nation against its foreign and domestic enemies

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Document released by the national assembly that transformed the catholic church. The clergy would now be elected by the people and paid for the state. This was a huge mistake because it made relations with the french church and state very bitter. It also further divided the french people between those for and against the document

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Limitation of Women's Rights under Napoleon 

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Limitation of Women's Rights under Napoleon 

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Women weren't able to obtain divorces easily. When they married, their property was brought under the control of their husbands. In law suits, they were treated as minors and their testimony was regarded as less reliable than that of man. Napoleon proclaimed: "Women ought to obey us. Nature has made women our slaves!"

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Women marched to Versailles, due to the fact that the king and queen neglected to make the bad economic crisis/national debt any better. 7000 women, marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles taking pieces of cannon and other weaponry with them. They made the royal family to live in Tuileries so they could keep a closer watch on them.

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Society of Republican Revolutionary Women

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Society of Republican Revolutionary Women

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A political club during the French Revolution formed July 9 1793, that lasted less than five months. This Society brought controversial points about women and political and sexual equality to people’s attention.

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When Napoleon gave the Catholics their power back but made them swear an oath to him. Making peace with the church would help weaken its link to monarchist who sought restoration of the bourbons. Religion would help people accept economic inequalities in french society. Made france a catholic nation, but there was toleration of other groups. Healed the religious division in France by giving the french catholics free practice of their religion and napoleon political power

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This rate increased in the 18th century and population growth was limited by the European marriage pattern, and in some areas by various birth control methods

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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A declaration that gave the people freedom of religion, speech, and of the press. Guaranteed property rights, "Liberty, equality, fraternity!" Right of the people to create laws, and the right to a fair trial. Document created during the French Revolution. It did not apply to women.

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First servant of the state, he believed his job was to be a benefactor and not just rule over the state, he should be worried about his subjects, was an enlightened ruler, had one of the best religious tolerations although Protestants still had key government positions. He reformed the civil service aka how people are selected to serve for him and people are promoted on meritocracy: doesn't matter your noble family.

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An outcome of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. This was a turning point in England and led to stability, this document stated William of Orange and Mary were monarchs, the king couldn't pass taxes without Parliament, parliament has freedom of speech, you could petition the king, and the basic rights of English people.