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It's the name given to external business growth. Companies can integrate in different ways:

Acquisition or takeover: one company accumulates enough shares in another company;

Merger: 2 or more companies, decide to combine their assets and form one company;

Joint venture: 2 companies agree to collaborate and jointly invest in a separate business             or project.

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It's the simplest and the most common. His own can work with the help of his family and he’s responsible for everything that company does. A sole trader has unlimited liability. Ex_craftsmen, skilled workmen (carpenters, plumbers, eletricians, …). Some typed of family businesses are small shop, restaurant, cafès, …

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They’re formed by a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 20 people. The partners share the responsibility of running the business, they invest a capital and the profits or losses are shared. They can be:

Unlimited/ordinary partnerships

The partners take an active role in the running of the business and they’re all liable for company debts.

Limited partnerships

Some of the partners only invest the capital and they don’t take an active role, but they’re sleeping/limited partners, and they are liable only for the money they invested.

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It's also called joint-stock companies or corporations (Co.) in the USA.  The capital invested in the company is divide into shares and the people who invest the money are called shareholders. The company profits are divided in dividends. There is limited liability and separate legal identity: that means that it can be sued. There is Board of Directors, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
They can be:
Private limited companied (Ltds.) orPublic limited companied (Plcs.)

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It’s a farm, business or other organizations which is owned and run jointly by its member, who share the profits or benefits. Work is important, the profit isn’t too important. It can be a cooperation between some societies.

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It’s an agreement which means that a large, well-known company - the franchisor- grants a licence allowing a smaller business – the franchise- to use its trademark and sell its products. Franchising is popular because a franchisee has less risk of failure and franchisors benefit from the agreement because they don’t have to invest a lot of capital in distribution outlets.

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They are large corporations which operate in many countries. The parent company of a multinational may operate as holding company which has subsidiaries in other countries. They have a lot of power and control and change prises and can sometimes influence governments’ policies.

They have access to raw materials, they can avoid trade barriers, they can increase their knowledge and they can win subsides.

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Outsourcing refers to obtaining certain services or products from a third party company, essentially sourcing something like accounting services or manufacturing of a certain input to another company. While many think outsourcing refers to using a service provider in another (usually cheaper) country that is not necessarily the case. Outsourcing can be done to a company that is located anywhere, the location isn't important.

The key reasons a business would choose to outsource are: cost, specialization and flexibility.

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Offshoring refers to obtaining services or products from another country, and is often what news articles are really referring to when they discuss outsourcing. While much offshoring involves outsourcing production to another company it can also refer to simply re-location certain aspects of a business to another country. The services and products are all still provided in the same country, but they are now in another country. For example, when a car manufacturer in the U.S. opens a factory in Thailand to make certain parts they are offshoring, as everything is still happening within the same company.

The key reasons a business would choose to offshore are: cost, tax & tariffs and control.