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This Supreme Court case dealt with freedom of speech and assembly.

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This is saying something that hurts someone's reputation.

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Slander is spoken defamation, and libel is written. Defamation is a false statement that makes some one look bad.

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Equal protection. This means that every citizen is guaranteed equal rights and laws.

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No cruel or unusual punishments

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Right to a speedy trial.

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Speech directed at attacking the government or government officials/leaders.

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Right to an attorney (part of Miranda rights).

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Supreme Court case where Korematsu sued the US for imprisoning Japanese Americans during World War II. They were trying to determine the constitutionality of the order.

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No self incrimination or double jeopardy.

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Segregation that is not forced by law.

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No illegal searches or seizures.

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All Americans have the right to bear arms.

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This amendment protects freedom of speech, religion, and press.

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This case created the Lemon test. It is a three step test that helps court judges determine whether a particular practice violates the Establishment Clause.

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Censorship usually used by a government to prohibit certain types of expression. One example is refusal to publish a work.

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This clause recognizes the right of American citizens to believe in and practice whatever religion they want.

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This is the basic level of judicial review. It is what they use to figure out the constitutionality of a law.

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This case resulted in the ruling that states must provide an attorney for those who cannot afford their own.
Gideon was charged for breaking and entering and requested an attorney in court but was denied because of Florida laws. He later sued for habeas corpus under the idea that he was denied his right to be represented by counsel

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Plessy refused to sit in the designated car for black people and argued that his rights were violated and he was not treated equally. The court ruled that his rights were not violated, and they upheld the separate but equal doctrine. They said that a law that implies distinction between white and black is not unconstitutional.

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Dred Scott was a slave who was a slave in Mississippi but lived in Illinois, a free state. He went to trial to sue for his freedom. The court agreed that a slave or descendant of slaves, free or not, could never be citizens, so Scott could not sue.

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Roe wanted to have an abortion, but Texas didn't allow them unless the pregnancy threatened the well-being of the mother. The Court eventually ruled under due process that it is a woman's right to access a safe and legal abortion.

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This act ended segregation and outlawed discrimination based on race, gender, religion, etc.

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State and local laws that enforced segregation and discrimination in the south.

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Affirmative action are policies that promote the employment or education of minorities.

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Southern states used ridiculous literacy tests to deny African American suffrage. They were almost impossible to pass, or interpreted so no one could pass them.

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The case originated when police forcefully made their way into Mapp's house on suspicion that she had a bomb. Instead, they found obscene pictures in her basement, but couldn't make a case because the Supreme Court ruled that unlawfully seized evidence is banned from courts and violates 4th amendment rights.

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Every governing state has to grant everybody the same rights and treat them equally, without discrimination.

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In this case, Ernesto Miranda was arrested because he was in connection with a kidnapping and rape. A couple hours into interrogation, the police received a written confession from Miranda. The confession was used on trial even though the police had not informed Miranda of his rights to a defense attorney or that he was allowed to stay quiet during questioning. The court ruled that a defendant's statements to authorities don't mean anything unless they are aware that anything they say or do can be used against them in a court of law (Miranda rights).

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This case caused the Supreme Court to rule segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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This is the court case where the Supreme Court declared school sponsored prayer unconstitutional. Engel and a group of other parents objected to the voluntary recitation of prayer at the beginning of each school day. It is now illegal for government agencies to require people to recite pra

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This is the doctrine that makes the Bill of Rights applicable to the states through due process. Before the doctrine existed, the Bill of Rights only applied to the Federal Government.

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Symbolic speech is an action or symbolic way of communicating. It is used to describe actions that are supposed to convey a certain message. Sit-ins and demonstrations are examples of this.

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Allan Bakke applied for medical school twice, and was rejected both times. Bakke's test scores and gpa were higher than those of the minority students who were admitted. Bakke made a case claiming that he was rejected based on his race. The Supreme Court agreed that the university's strict race laws were unconstitutional, but acknowledged that race could be an admission factor.

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Requirements that have to be met before searches or arrests are made.

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De jure segregation is segregation mandated by law, and is not elective. One example of de jure segregation is when laws segregated public schools.

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Suspect classifications is a class of people who are subject to discrimination. Some suspect classifications include race, gender, age, and religion. In applying law, courts will review to a scrutiny standard, but almost always strike down suspect classifications.

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A way of using freedom of speech with actions. "Speech-plus is not generally protected as strictly as is pure speech, because actions can be physically dangerous. The courts have ruled that demonstrators may not obstruct traffic, endanger public safety, or trespass illegally".

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This prohibits the prosecution of the prosecution of one person for the same crime twice.

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Due process acts as a safeguard to protect life and liberty of US citizens. It means that the government must respect all rights that a person has, especially if on is on trial.

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This clause found in the first amendment prevents the government from establishing a national religion, or from favoring one religion over another. There also cannot be permanent religious monuments on public land. It's basically the separation of church and state.

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The Exclusionary Rule is a principle that evidence found by the police in an unconstitutional search and seizure cannot be used in trial against the defendant in court.