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the state of being a slave.

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François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture, also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791.

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The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Viennafrom November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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A puppet state is a country that is officially independent, but not in practice. Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country. Puppet state is a biased term. It is used to criticize the government of the allegedpuppet state.

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Napoléon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days.

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a military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.

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The Napoleonic Code (French: Code Napoléon; officially Codecivil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civilcode established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

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A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is an illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus

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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.

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a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

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he Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. The Declaration was drafted by the Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson.

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a machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people.

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For more information on the guillotine click here. Reign of Terrorlasted from September 1793 until the fall of Robespierre in 1794. Its purpose was to purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders.

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The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799. It was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire.

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In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates, which were called and dismissed by the king.

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Enlightened despotism, also called benevolent despotism, a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment. Among the most prominent enlightened despots were Frederick II (the Great), Peter I (the Great), Catherine II (the Great), Maria Theresa, Joseph II, and Leopold II. They typically instituted administrative reform, religious toleration, and economic development but did not propose reforms that would undermine their sovereignty or disrupt the social order.

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an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

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The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence.

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A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

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an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

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a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

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the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.

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the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.

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the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

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The Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October 1685) was anedict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

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a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.