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A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

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American scientist who created the first Recombinant DNA molecules.

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The process by which the DNA of an organism is cut and a gene from another organism is inserted.

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The two twentieth-century biologists who discovered the double helix of DNA.

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Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics.

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A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.

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The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

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French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization. Also developed vaccines for rabies, cholera, and anthrax.

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A step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.

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The growth in an artificial medium of cells derived from living tissue.

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The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

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A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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Containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic

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The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.

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The transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

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Cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing or biotechnology that utilizes biological systems to produce commercially important biomaterials and biomolecules for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications.

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elating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.

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The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.

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The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.

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Synthetic biology is a new interdisciplinary area that involves the application of engineering principles to biology. It aims at the (re-)design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world.

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The science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

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The use of naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.

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Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics.

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An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.

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A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

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The process of genetically modifying plants and animals so that they produce substances that may be used as pharmaceuticals.

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The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.

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A poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.

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The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etcetera.

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Personalized medicine is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease.

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Personal genomics or consumer genetics is the branch of genomics concerned with the sequencing, analysis and interpretation of the genome of an individual.

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The two twentieth-century biologists who discovered the double helix of DNA.