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Critical Thinking -  Internal Working Model

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Critical Thinking -  Internal Working Model

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1)

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Aim: examine relative happiness of individuals in arranged and love marriages

Sample: 58 Indians couples living in the USA (28 arranged, 30 love marriage)

Procedure: Completed measures on martial satisfaction, commitment, companionate love and passionate love.

Results: Found that no difference between participants in arranged or love marriages; high rating of love, satisfaction and love commitment - seen in both groups.

Study relies on self reporting questionnaires as "happiness" and "satisfaction".

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Pacific Islanders, Japanese Americans, and European Americans (all Hawaii residents) were compared on various aspects of love and relationships (Doherty et al. 1994). Attachment was related to love similarly for all the groups, and the groups did not differ in either companionate or passionate love.

Sprecher (1994) also found similarities across cultures. They compared Russians, Japanese, and Americans on love and relationships, and found that although some cultural differences were present—Russians less likely to require love as a basis for marriage, Japanese agreeing less with certain romantic beliefs, Americans more endorsing of secure attachment—"the young adults from the three countries were similar in many love attitudes and experiences"

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Critical Thinking - Similarity Attraction 

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Critical Thinking - Similarity Attraction 

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1. Doesn't explain why there are marriages between people who are completely opposite.

2.  Markey and Markey - the study is too reductionist.

3.  Explains why mostly people are attracted to their significant other are roughly the same age, personality, attractiveness, etcccc ...

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Similarity-Attraction hypothesis: Perceived similarity is a predictor of attraction. It claims that we are attracted to to others when they are similar to us. These similarities can include religion, physical attractiveness, attitudes, personality, cultural background, values, etc.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between interpersonal attraction and attitude and similarity.

Method and Procedure: Researchers asked participants to rank a number of issues on their importance (from most important to least important). Examples included a range of issues from God and premarital sex to western movies. Two weeks later, they were shown anonymous questionnaires form another student. The questionnaire was faked so that the responses were one of the following:
- identical to that of the participant on all issues
- opposite to that of the participant on all issues
- similar on important issues and dissimilar on unimportant ones
- similar on unimportant issues and dissimilar on important ones
Participants were asked to indicated their feelings towards the stranger and rate this on such characteristics as intelligence and morality.

Results:
- Participants provided more positive ratings towards the stranger when their attitudes were similar
- Similarities in important attitudes was more closely associated with positive ratings than similarities in less important attitudes.

Conclusion: Perceived similarities of attitudes indeed increases interpersonal attraction.

Critical Thinking:

- The research relies on self report. The

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Critical Thinking:
-The newer and younger generations are now more likely to go against arranged marriages and try to fight against them. Thus, there is an increased population marrying for love now then before.
-Love doesn't always form during an arranged marriage - instead rather respect or friendship is formed.
-In some cultures it is frowned upon to divorce when you are not in love. So, some cultures may claim to have found love for fear of being shunned by society or worse punishments.

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Aim: to investigate the extent to which similarity is a factor in the way people choose a partner.

Procedure: Used questionnaires, asking a large self-selected sample of university students to describe the ideal psychological characteristics, values and attitudes of a romantic partner. They were then  asked to describe themselves.

Results: showed that the way the participants described themselves was similar to what their ideal partner looked like.

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FOLLOW UP STUDY - Markey & Markey (2007)

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FOLLOW UP STUDY - Markey & Markey (2007)

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Procedure: 106 heterosexual young couples who had been together for a year. The self-selected sample of 212 participants was recruited through advertisements in the local newspaper and around the university campus where the research took place. Participants filled out a questionnaire about their own as well as their partner’s characteristics.

Results: were in line with the first investigation. The study confirmed that people want partners who are similar to themselves.

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Bowlby (1973) argued that there is a continuity between attachment, he believed that the relationship between the infant and its mother during the first five years of life was most crucial to socialization. He claimed that children create an Internal Working Model of oneself, the caregiver and one's interaction with the caregiver. This internal model will help individuals to predict what will happen in relationships in the future to evaluate their level of happiness.

Elements:

ideas about attachment figures and what can be expected from them;

ideas about the self;

ideas about how self and others relate.

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Buss:
Aims:  Buss aimed to find out if evolutionary explanations for why men and women look for different things in a partner were true.
- Cross cultural studies offer an opportunity for testing evolution based hypotheses because we would expect behaviours that are innate to be the same in all cultures.

Procedure: Buss developed a cross cultural questionnaire which consisted of 2 instruments to assess respondents' view on mating preference

Findings: In 36 of the 37 samples, females valued "good
financial prospects" in a mate more highly than males. The Spanish sample was the only exception.
- It was rated quite highly in Nigeria and Zambia but was quite low in South Africa, Netherlands and Great Britain.
- In 34 of the 37 samples, females expressed a higher valuation for "ambition and
industriousness" in a mate than did males.
- This characteristic was not rated low in any sample; but samples in Netherlands, Great Britain & Finland expressed the least amount of preference
- "Age differences"=In all 37 samples, both males and females preferred the male to be the older partner in the relationship.
- The mean ideal age for marriage for males was 27.49 years, compared to 25.39 years for females.
- "Good looks" =All of the 37 samples showed that males rated "good looks" in their mate more than females did.
- "Good looks" were particularly important to males in the Bulgarian, Nigerian & Zambian
samples.
- " Chastity" = cultures varied tremendously in the value placed on this characteristic. Samples from China, India, Indonesia and Israel attached a high value to chastity in a potential mate. Chastity was viewed as 'irrelevant or unimportant' in samples from Sweden, Norway, West Germany and France

Conclusion: Men & women look for different things when choosing partners. (Reproductive strategies).
- 3/5 predictions - earning potential, relative youth & physical attractiveness were strongly confirmed across all cultures
-Buss concluded that his results support evolutionary theory
- Buss concluded that men are attracted to young women because youth is seen as a sign of fertility. - Research by Anderson & Short found that female fertility may peak in the mid-20's, which would support Buss findings
- Buss concluded that women prefer
older men who have high earning
potential. He suggested it could be linked to ability to feed children, increased status & good genes.
- Females valued ambition and industriousness more than males did, supporting the hypothesis that women seek cues related to resources.
- Males valued chastity more than females,
supporting the importance of paternity probability (only modestly). Not a universally desired factor and Buss concluded this is because of culture.
- These findings show that mate preferences are
beneficial to the male and female our survival and so serve a purpose. There are also cultural influences at play as there was some variability in the results

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Aim

To see if there was a correlation between the infant's attachment type and their future approach to romantic relationships.

Procedure

2 components:
Measure of attachment type - checklist of childhood relationships with parents and parents relationships.
Love experience questionnaire - individuals beliefs about love.
Printed in a newspaper, readers sent in responses. Analysed first 620 replies, people aged 14-83. Classified respondents according to Ainsworth's attachment types:
Secure - love experiences - happy, friendly. Accept partner. Happy depending on others.
Resistant - obsession. Emotional highs and lows. Jealousy. Desire for closeness.
Avoidant - fear intimacy. Don't need love to be happy. Uncomfortable being close.

Results

High correlation between the infant attachment type and the adult romantic love styles.

Conclusions

Evidence to support the concept of the inner working model having a life long effect. Not everyone stayed true to their infant attachment style, some people did change as they grew older.

Evaluation - Strength

- Longitudinal studies support Hazan and Shaver.
- Simpson et al (2007) assessed infant attachment after one year and found that those securely attached as infants were rated as having higher social confidence and more emotionally attached to their partner in early adulthood.
- Therefore, this is a strength because it supports the view that attachment type predicts relationships in adult life.

Evaluation - Weakness

- Overly deterministic
- Researchers have found evidence where participants are experiencing happy adult relationships despite not having been securely attached as infants.
- Therefore, this is a weakness because by emphasising the risk of experiencing problems if not securely attached, we become pessimistic about people's futures.