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1837. TELEGRAPH (MORSE CODE). Samuel Morse 

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1837. TELEGRAPH (MORSE CODE). Samuel Morse 

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It was developed and designed in 1837 by Samuel Morse in New York city.

This was a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances. Helped by a young engineer called Alfred Vail, our inventor created a device which received pulses of electricity and converted them into a code based on dots and dashes. It was necessary to lay thousand of miles of wire to connect different places.

One century later, this device covered the world with a large and complex network that allowed to communicate every part of the world. As important as the new device was the new code based on pattern of pulses. This idea is now used for all kinds of telecommunications.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNhinA8ajoI

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It was invented by  Francis Smith in 1839 but he was inspired by William Froude's researchs. Froude was the first to formulate reliable laws for the resistance that water offers to ships.
He managed to create a rotating magnetic field using electrical current. Placed in the rotating field, a rotor spins. This is because the electric field induces currents in the rotor and, as a result, it moves.

https://youtu.be/jy6RtuFzYoQ

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Goodyear, 1839

Businessmen Charles Goodyear developed Hayward's ideas on artificial rubber in 1839.

After a large number of experiments, he discovered a chemical reaction with Sulphur that made the raw rubber from the trees harder and stronger. Sulphur reduced the stickiness and the weakness of the raw material. This way of making rubber harder was called vulcanization.

It is essential today for car tires and many other rubber items.

https://youtu.be/1o9mVZxoayA

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It was invented by  Isaac Siger in 1846.
A wheel powered the machine by using electricity or by hand. This wheel moved a complex system that drives the spindle of yarn and the needle. The needle moves up and down to link thread with other thread and sews out different pieces of cloth.
It was mainly used in making textiles, decoration, industry. It was very important for its properties which were not in other tissues.
https://youtu.be/rVP1arlLo94

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Gorrié y Carré 1851

It was designed and developed by John Gorrié and Ferdinand Carré in 1851.

Gases get hot when they are compressed and cool down when they expand. This device worked moving some fluid inside a circuit that changed from liquid to gas when it expanded. As a result of this, it absorbed all heat from the inside box that we called fridge.

This device was absolutely neccesary to keep meat, vegetables and fresh friut fresh and preserved them for a long time.

https://youtu.be/EIP3pSio7-M
https://youtu.be/h5wQoA15OnQ

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BESSEMER CONVERTER. WILLIAM BESSEMER 1851

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BESSEMER CONVERTER. WILLIAM BESSEMER 1851

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The process was discovered by William Bessemer in 1851. (He was a British engineer).

It is a rotary furnace that was used to produce good quality steel from pig iron. It introduced pressure air and the pig iron reached high temperature so that they could burn impurities and it was converted into steel.
It was important because it produced too much molten steel than before. It was also important to our society because many things were made by steel: cars, machines, trains, or households.

It was an efficient way to produce this metal and with better quality also it was sold for lower prices.
(Juan Rodríguez)

https://youtu.be/uh_RAMqRgrk

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1852. ELEVATOR OR LIFT. Elisha Graves Otis

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1852. ELEVATOR OR LIFT. Elisha Graves Otis

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Elisha Graves Otis was an American industrialist who designed a useful device to go up safely into the buildings in 1852.

In fact, our inventor did not create the device. He designed a safety system that prevents elevators from failing just in case of supporting cables down. If the electric current of the engine suddenly got away or the cables were cut, a hidraulic piston connected with the cables stopped the elevator by using strong brakes

The name of the inventor can be still be seen on elevators and escaletors everywhere and his device was clearly important to build up high skycrapers.

https://youtu.be/yNL094jbrGU: this is a video about how did he improved the former lift.
https://youtu.be/UtkAJscxbZU :this video speaks about the importance of it.

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Joseph Monier invented this material in 1854 and William Wilkinson in Great Britain was the first builder who used it to build houses.

It consisted in a composite material made of stone or brick chips, fine sand, a paste of binder material and water. To get more strength, durability and to hold high temperatures and heavy strains, they decided to reinforce it with large steel reinforcing bars. It was usually embedded in the concrete before it was still humid.

The steel frame used to build it provided a large and wide space inside the tower. This type of structure is used today in our modern buildings.
(Rosa Rina)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNZAWKcpd98

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It was designed and built in 1861 by an North American inventor called Richard Gatling and it was improved by the British inventor Hiram Maxim in 1883.

It was a fully automatic portable firearm usually designed to fire bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt at a rate of one thousand rounds per minute. Every shoted bullet provoked a force that removed the spent case from the main chamber and fed the machine with another round again (of bullets). It was cooled up with a water cover that surrounded the barrel.

This device changed completely the warfare. Most of the casualties in both World Wars in the XXth century were due to the large use of it by all the armies.

And another video wich have a lot of information of the Gatling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2SPLDfHo0A&t=3s

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This was invented by Werner von Siemens in 1866. Ernst Werner M. von Siemens (Lenthe, Hannover, December 13, 1816 - Berlin, December 6, 1892) was a German inventor, pioneer of electrical engineering and industrial founder of the current company Siemens AG
A dynamo allowed to change mechanical movement  into  an  electric current.
It  used  rotating  spirals  of  cupper  wire   and  magnets to convert mechanical rotation  into a  direct electricity.
Dynamos were  the  first  electrical  generators capable of delivering  power  for industry and  home appliances. With time, one of the most common uses that was given to the dynamo was the electric power generator for the car.

Here I share you a video in English. It may be a bit big, so you can see it from 1:40 to 5:25, where it appears and explains how this device worked.

Dynamo. Werner von Siemens 1866

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1876. TELEPHONE. Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson

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1876. TELEPHONE. Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson

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In 1876, helped by Thomas Watson, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device to tramsmit sound using wires. He was a scientist, inventor and speech therapist.

A telephone converts human voice into electronic signals suitable for transmission through wires over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user. The essential elements of a telephone are a microphone (transmitter) to speak into and an earphone (receiver) which reproduces the voice from a distant location. Telephones permit duplex communication, meaning they allow the people on both ends of the line to talk simultaneously.

It was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. They rapidly became indispensable to business, governments, and households, and are today some of the most widely used small devices. All the proofs show us that the telephone and the mobile industry in the coming years will become more important and will turn to a fundamental sector to inspire the world economy.

https://youtu.be/jdgj6G7IZVc
https://youtu.be/J4L0x_e2R4o A song which explains the discovery very well.

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1878. INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB. Thomas Edison.

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1878. INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB. Thomas Edison.

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Probably, it was the most famous Edison's invention by far. It was developed in 1878 in Edison's workshop in Menlo Park, New Yersey.

It was an incandescent lamp which produced light with a wire filament heated at high temperature by an electric current passing through it. Its inventors had large troubles to find a material to make a long lasting filament. Its first exhibition was at the Paris World Exhibition in 1881.

Since its creation, this device began to be used everywhere and changed our way of living ,giving us light at every time.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWWgDn0C6DA&t=32s

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1879. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE. Werner von Siemens

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1879. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE. Werner von Siemens

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It was invented by Werner von Siemens in 1879. Werner von Siemens was a German invertor and pioneer of electrical engineer. Also he founded a company which calls Siemens AG.
The electric locomotive was moved by an electric engine that was supplied by a nearby stationary dinamo or by wires that collected electricity from overhead cables.
The transport with electric locomotives was cheaper and produced less pollution than steam locomotives
Here I share a short video of electric locomotive:
https://youtu.be/tnHRpCsm160

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It was invented in 1883 by Serbian-US engineer Nikola Tesla. He was a fierce inventor, working not only in electricity but also in how to transmit it or to use it.

He managed to create a rotating magnetic field using electrical current.
Placed in the rotating field, a rotor spins. This is because the electric field induces currents in the rotor and, as a result, it moves.

Induction motors now power most of the world´s ellectrically driven machine.

https://youtu.be/LtJoJBUSe28 : this video shows how it works.
https://youtu.be/hAn1SDcyF2E : this video of the the induction motor in action.

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1884. STEAM PARSONS. Charles Algernon Parsons.

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1884. STEAM PARSONS. Charles Algernon Parsons.

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It was designed in 1884 by Charles Parsons.
He was a british engineer who invented and perfected this famous invention. He award a degree in the Cambridge university, and later in 1877 he worked in the Armstrong company in Newcastle-upan-Tyne.
The steam engine is a thermal engine of outside combustion, turntable, that transform the kinetic energy of vapor in rotation energy.

https://youtu.be/gyyRMO7oAQk

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1885. SKYSCRAPER. William LeBaron Jenney

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1885. SKYSCRAPER. William LeBaron Jenney

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It was developed by the american enginner William LeBaron Jenney in 1885.

It was a building of teen floors called Home Insurance Building. It was set in Chicago. This was the first building that was supported by a metal frame made up of vertical pillars and horizontal beams. The Steel structure supported the entire building and weighted  only a third of a common heavymansory building

The steel frame used to build it provided a large and wide space inside the tower. This type of structure is used today in our modern buildings

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vtiNgxKKqc

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1886. ALUMINIUM. Charles Hall and Paul Heroult

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1886. ALUMINIUM. Charles Hall and Paul Heroult

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It was created in 1886 by Charles Hall in USA and Paul Heroult in France.

As ore, it is the most common metal on Earth but it was very expensive to use because it was found as an oxide. This oxide cannot be easily removed by chemical means. Our inventors developed a system that allowed to dissolve this oxide into an acid tank and used electricity to drag the metal from the oxide.

Thanks to this discovery, this metal is the common stuff in the whole of our most popular goods and devices -from households to airplanes- because it is strong and hard but malleable.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yn9qhQSMCRk

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The gramophone was created by Emile Berliner in 1887. He was an inventor from USA who was born in Germany and who had Jewish ancestors. During the years that he was living in Germany, he didn´t go to school and some of his first jobs there were: painter and office worker. Berliner studied the production methods of the factories in which he worked and in 1870 at the age of 19, he went to USA where he became a great inventor.

The gramophone was a device which reproduced sounds, it usually repruduced music. In shorts, it worked with a needle that went arround the surface of a turntable that spinned and that produced a vibration which the gramophone traduced in sounds.

The gramophone was very important because it stirred up the history of music and entertaiment thanks to the fact that this device improved the sound quality a lot of.

Here I share you a video of how it works. The video is in English, it has not got subtitles but you can understand perfectly how the gramophone works only seeing what the man does.

https://youtu.be/ncoQzlp8zg8

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It was invented in 1893 by Rudolf Diesel. He was a brilliant inventor who built a lot of repair shops of the MAN AG company, belonging of the German Krupp company group, later, the engineer mechanic instituter they awarded him the merit order for his investigations.
It was the first engine that used mineral oil as fuel. This engine was never adapted for the vehicle of that ages.
Today people use this engine for vehicles or equipment.

https://youtu.be/fQ-AM7BZq9Y

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1885. AUTOMOBILE. Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler

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1885. AUTOMOBILE. Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler

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This was built by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 in Germany. Both were German engineers.

It was a three-wheeler carriage propelled by a single-cylinder engine. This engine was developed  by Otto  and  it  worked as  four-stroke engine, using a mixture of petrol and  air  to  be burnt. The engine, below the driver's seat, moved the wheels by using  a  long chain.
It was the first  automobile  in the world. Further  developments  in  gears, breaks and suspensions allowed to build up the modern cars.

This device had some more consecuences in the near future:  Industrial growth for its creation; the possibility of transporting ourselves in less time, with less effort, in a more secure way, especially in longer distances; since then different car brands have emerged both in Europe and in the rest of the world, always trying to be a step ahead in the technology that is used...etc

First automobile. Karl Benz. (explanation)  (The first three minutes)

First automobile. In action

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This was created by Wilhem Röhentgen between 1895 and 1897. Wilhem Röentgen was a German phisicist.

They were very short electromagnetic waves. They were invisible and could pass throught most substances. Röentgen discovered that passing an electrical current through some gas in a tube, produced "cathode ray". This steam of electrons created X rays that could pass through objects and impressed into a photografic plate. It`s a radiograph.

They are used for discovering skeleton diseases, pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary edema, adscesses... X-rays have allowed to discover the genetic structure of human beings.

https://youtu.be/5AyqdV_zeYY : this video is about the history of x-rays.
https://youtu.be/hTz_rGP4v9Y : this one is about how do x-rays works.

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1895. KINEMATOGRAPH. August and Louis Lumière

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1895. KINEMATOGRAPH. August and Louis Lumière

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August and Louis Lumière invented it in 1895 in Paris. Both of them worked in the photographic workshop of his father, Louis as a physicist and August as administrator.

It was the first system that could show an audience a moving picture that ran for several minutes. It was both a motion-picture camera and a projector. It means that with the same device they could take pictures in a film and then, they could project them onto a large screen. The film was lit by a lamp and the images were projected using large lens.

This device moved away another way of projecting images such as the Edison´s Kinetograph and it was the forerunner system of all our cinema systems nowadays. The cinematograph contributes to the economy through the recording of flims which produces jobs. If a movie triumphs, its benefits will increase the economy. The cinematograph has developed from its beginning to finally, reach digital cinema, which is currently used.

https://youtu.be/_OaOCN3pHDQ
https://youtu.be/OjG5bujrzGo

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This was developed by Hoffman in 1899. He was a chemical who worked for the Bayer industries in Germany.
He got synthesized acetylsalicylic acid in an industrial process. He tested the aspirin and felt that his aspirin had properties as analgesic and antipyretic, which reduced temperature.
It has an enormous importance because we are still using it because aspirin is considered to be pain killer in strokes, heart attacks or headaches.
https://youtu.be/uRhkDN2WjzI

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1903. AIRPLANE. Wilbur and Orville Wright

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1903. AIRPLANE. Wilbur and Orville Wright

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Wilbur and Orville Wright were bike builders in Ohio, USA. They were specialized in four stroke engines to apply it to motorbikes.

It was named The Flyer but at its first attemp to fly kept their fragile structure on the air for only 12 seconds. The structure was controlled by wires that warped and bent the wings. There was no cockpit for the pilot and it was powered by a simple two-stroke engine with two blades takenfrom a motorbike.

The nearly pioneers realized that flapping wings as the birds had were not essential. This idea led to a modern airplain driven and substained on the air by propellers. This system is being used on our modern planes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLZsQ-oHj-w

We do need one in English...