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Federalism: Failed English Language Amendment

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Federalism: Failed English Language Amendment

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The English Language Amendment (ELA)was supposed to make English the Official language of the United States. Most of the states have made laws about English being the official language but Congress hasn’t passed any laws to make it the official language for the entire country. All of the official documents of the United States are in English but some are also published in other languages for the people in the U.S. that can’t read English. Early efforts to make it the official language took place at the start of WWI when States prohibited the German language and German books. English only laws would clash with the first Amendment right to communicate or petition the government, as well as the freedom of speech and the right to equality. There are many laws passed by states that make English the official language but because the Federal Government blocked the ELA this would be a failed attempt to change federalism.

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U.S. vs Nixon was a Supreme Court case where the court ruled 8-0 against Nixon and forced him to give them tapes that could provide evidence about the Democratic headquarters break in. After the break in at the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate complex, Leon Jaworski; the special Prosecutor who was conducting the investigation, ordered Nixon to release certain tapes and papers related to meetings with Nixon and those who were indicted by the grand jury. Those tapes and the conversations of the indicted men and the president were believed to have incriminating evidence that could be used to charge them. The Matter between the tapes went to the Supreme Court. Nixon's attorney argued that he had an “executive privilege” to protect communications that were between “high government officials and those who advise and assist them in carrying out their duties.". The court ruled against his claim, saying that Nixon didn’t qualify to have an executive privilege. This proves that checks and balances between branches of the government can keep their power in check.

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The 22nd Amendment limited the president to only serving 2 terms. This was in retaliation to Franklin D. Roosevelt who served 4 terms in office. It was passed by the Congress March 21, 1947. The 22nd Amendment didn’t affect Harry S. Truman who could have been able to serve 3 terms. There had been attempts to repeal the 22nd Amendment while Ronald Reagan was in his second term in office.this limited the Executive branch's power.

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Popular sovereignty Ludlow amendment

The Ludlow Amendment would have allowed the american people to vote on whether the United states should go to war. It had been proposed between the years of 1935 and 1940 by Louis Ludlow. As of 1935 when the law had first been proposed the approval rating of the Ludlow Amendment was 75%  among the american population. Mostly because if you voted for the war you were supposed to enlist in the army or navy or whatnot. By the start of WWII the approval rating had dropped to 51%. This law would mean that the people would have had full control over the whether the United states should go to war rather than that being determined by the President and Congress thus expanding Popular sovereignty.The law didn’t pass and therefore it didn’t make any changes to popular sovereignty.

https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/goldman/1938/01/ludlow.htm

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Federalism:Controlled substances act of 1970

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Federalism:Controlled substances act of 1970

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The controlled substances act of 1970(CSA) was established to help control the production, importation, possession, and use of the certain drugs it regulates. The CSA was signed in as a law by President Nixon. Presently a bunch of states have been making it legal to use marijuana for recreation and for medical use. This clashes with the CSA that makes it illegal to have schedule 1 and 2 drugs. States can get temporary waiver  that allows the people who live in that state to use marijuana without being charged. The CSA was formed by the Federal government without the consideration of state governments. This shows that sometimes Federalism can sometimes be unbalanced between state and federal governments.

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checks & balances: Justice Against Sponsor of Terrorism act

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checks & balances: Justice Against Sponsor of Terrorism act

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The Justice Against Sponsor of Terrorism act allows people of the United States to sue foreign states that harbor terrorist groups. It was passed by both the house and senate,but was vetoed by President Obama. His Veto was overridden by both the house and senate. This would mean that up to 9,000 people who live in the New York area to sue Saudi Arabia for their involvement in the 9/11 attacks. This is an example of checks & balances because the president vetoed the law but it was overridden by the legislative branch(senate & the house).

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The 18th Amendment made the production, transportation, and sale of alcohol illegal. The Amendment was ratified January 16,1919. It officially went into effect January 16,1920. It was in effect for 13 years. During the time it was in effect the ability to enforce it was limited by the Volstead Act, which had set limitations on which liquors were prohibited or allowed.The 18th Amendment hadn’t entirely banned alcohol but just made it harder to purchase it legally. When the 18th Amendment went into effect it ended up producing more crime in the relation of alcohol production in the United States because alcohol production went underground in mafia groups and crime syndicates. The 18th Amendment was Repealed by the Ratification of the 21st Amendment in 1933. Even though the 18th Amendment was a catastrophic failure it allowed the government to control the production of alcohol which expanded the government's power.

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The 26th Amendment lowered the age to vote to 18 years of age instead of 21 years. It was passed July 1, 1971, only three months after being submitted to the states for ratification. Therefore this amendment was one of the fastest to be ratified. The 26th Amendment prohibits the states and federal government from using age as a reason to deny a person their right to vote. When the 26th Amendment was ratified, it allowed younger people to vote in public elections. At the time the draft for the Vietnam War was going on and these 18 year old kids still weren't able to vote. When the 26th Amendment was ratified they were able to vote on public matters that effect their daily lives. this expanded population that was able to vote therefore expanding Popular Sovereignty.