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Researchers: Albert Bandura

Purpose: Discover whether adult models would have an effect on children and if they would imitate the behavior

Procedure: Children were exposed to violent and non-violent behavior directed towards a bobo doll. Then the children were then placed in a room with the bobo doll and a variety of other toy. Their actions towards the bobo doll and the other toys was observed

Results: The children that were shown the video of the adult being violent towards the bobo doll were more pushed to also display similar violent behavior. The children not exposed tot he violent behavior mostly ignored the bobo doll and proceeded to play with the other toys in the room.

Ethical or not: Not ethical because many of the children were manipulated or coerced into displaying bad behavior and thinking that it was acceptable because it was displayed by an adult. the children were also not debriefed and shown the proper behavior they should have displayed (non-violent behavior).

Impact: It was concluded that males have more a tendency towards displaying aggressive behavior and they paid more attention into replicating the behaviors of their role models or elders.

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Researchers: Martin Seligman

Purpose: To understand the effect of classical conditioning on learned helplessness

Procedure: Three groups of dogs were placed in harnesses. Group 1 dogs were simply put in the harnesses for a period of time and later released. Dogs in Group 2 were given electric shocks at random times, which the dog could end by pressing a lever. Each dog in Group 3 was paired with a Group 2 dog; whenever a Group 2 dog got a shock, its paired dog in Group 3 got a shock of the same intensity and duration, but its lever did not stop the shock so for Group 3 dogs, the shock was "inescapable". The same three groups of dogs were tested in a shuttle-box apparatus. All the dogs could escape shocks on one side of the box by jumping over a low partition to the other side.

Results: The dogs in groups 1 and 2 were able to escape and find a way out of the shuttle box. The dogs in group 3 however were not able to find a way out because they would simply give up.

Ethical or not: Non-ethical because there was no consent for the dogs to be participating in the experiment. Also, many of the dogs in group 3 became clinically depressed because they were not debriefed from the experiment and the shocking. The experiment also posed pain onto the dogs which is unethical.

Impact: Seligman was able to further study learned helplessness and determine it was the behavior in which an organism forced to endure painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable.

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Researchers: John Garcia

Purpose: Pavlov had suggested that any neutral stimulus would create a conditioned response. If that were true, then why would the feelings of sickness be associated with the food that was eaten hours earlier? Garcia's experiment was put in place to test this question.

Procedure: The Rats will be given saccharin and then 30 mins later will be exposed to X-Irradiation, and become sick. 3 days later the rats will be offered the saccharin again, and the results will be recorded. At the same time, there will be another group of rats that will be given no saccharin before being exposed to the X-Irradiation. Then 3 days later the rats will be offered the saccharin again, and results will be recorded

Results: When the rats were given the solution to make them sick after drinking the saccharin they once enjoyed, they then associated that drink with sickness and refused to drink it, even though the drink and the illness were separated from 30 minutes to a few hours apart. The rats in the control group, however, drank copious quantities of the drink, because they had not associated illness with the drink.

Ethical or not: It is difficult to decide whether the experiment was ethical or not, because the paper does not go into any detail of the rat's state after the experiment. The experiment can be seen as unethical because the rats are exposed to X-irradiation, which is very destructive, when applied to humans, and probably even more destructive when applied to rats But the experiment can also be seen as ethical because the rats were fed, and taken care of, and it was for an experiment that allows us to understand ourselves better  in our daily lives.

Impact: What Garcia was able to demonstrate that in some cases, the type of neutral stimulus used does have an influence on the conditioning process.

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Researchers: Watson and Raynor

Purpose: Challenge Freud's theory of classical conditioning

Procedure: Had a young orphan named Little Albert which was the subject of the test. He was exposed to a variety of objects and animals. He was exposed to all the objects for an equal amount of time. In this case, the conditioned stimulus was a live white rat, which the subject, Little Albert, didn't fear when he was initially allowed to play with it. As the experiment began, a calm Little Albert was brought into the lab. Watson hid behind a curtain, ready with a metal bar and a hammer.
Results: Little Albert became terrified of white and fluffy objects because he associated them with the punishment of the sound he received as a consequence of being exposed and reaching for the white rat.

Ethical or not: Non-ethical because Little Albert was never reconditioned to not fear white and fluffy object again which led to or had the capability to lead to a long term fear. No consent to include Albert in the experiment because he was an orphan and he was also placed under distress by constantly being exposed to loud and disturbing sounds and objects.

Impact: Helped to understand classical conditioning and the generalization of fears

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Understand Thorndike and Skinners research studies

Thorndike
Key researchers
prodecure:
- animal would be placedin a small cage iwth only one way out
-animal would push leer or complete tast to open the cage
-aftey they got out they would be rewarded then put back in the cage to see how long it would take the animal to complete the same task
-each time the animal got out the latency would decrease becasue the animals starts to respond to the stimulus quickly

Results:
-the animals were able to find out how to solce the problemss set for them, which would be considered intelligent if humans were able to do it.
-the time to escape was decreasing more and more over time which was not at first expected
- the cats correct response was rewarded by ghe cats escaping the box for the reward
-There was high correlation between the stimulus and the response
-practice makes habits---Law of Excercise
-law of effects; rewards create habits

Relevance and impact of future research:
-Set a foundatin for learned behavior and mental associals with certain tasks and the association with positive reinforcment

Skinner

Key Researcher:
Purpose: wanted to find the effects of rwards and reinforcements on behavior. he focused on events following the response and its effects

Procedure:
-but rat in the skinner box- opperent chamber
-every time the rat would pull on the lever he would apply a source of positive reinforcment
- if the rat pulled the lever more the rat would receive mroe positive reinforcement

Results:
-The ecents following the response had a grater influence of the later rate of occurence
-Opperant conditioning: if a response (the operant) i sfloowed by a reinforcing stiulus, the response strength is increased
-operent= behavior

Schedule of reinforcement:
-Fixed ratio: schedule of reinforcement where a response isn reinforced only agter a specific nuber of responses
-Fixed intercal
-Variable interval

Relevance:
help people with mental disorders or animals with challenging behavior to change their behavior

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Apply behavior modification
When have you wanted to change the behavior of someone around you?
-When my brothers eat food in the pantry, finish it, and then do not take the wrapper out

4 Methods of Learning
1. Trial and error: "if at first you don't succeed"
2. Operant Conditioning: behaviors have consequences
- Positive- addition- positive punishment=down--- positive reinforcement= up
- Negative- subtract- negative punishment=down--- negative response= up
3. Classical Conditioning: associative learning
4. Observational Learning (Modeling): "monkey see monkey do"