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Diamond is the hardest known natural substance. It is also chemically resistant and has the highest thermal conductivity of any natural material. These properties make it suitable for use as a cutting tool and for other uses where durability is required. Diamond also has special optical properties such as a high index of refraction, high dispersion, and high luster. These properties help make diamond the world's most popular gemstone.

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Soil minerals play a vital role in soil fertility since mineral surfaces serve as potential sites for nutrient storage. However, different types of soil minerals hold and retain differing amounts of nutrients.
- SIZE : 2.0 mm -0.05 mm
- CHARACTERISTIC :Sand is visible to the naked eye, consists of particles with low surface area, and permits excessive drainage.
- TEXTURE : gritty

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Generally, rocks have been divided into three groups which is Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphric rocks.
* Igneous rocks are defines as extrusive or intrusive depending on whether or not the molten magma from which they were formed emerged at the earth's surface.
*Igneous rocks vary in texture.
TYPE OF ROCK : INTERMEDIATE, PLUTONIC, IGNEOUS
NAME OF ROCK :  DIORITE
MAJOR MINERALS : SODIUM PLAGIOCLASE ,HORNBLENDE
MINOR MINERALS : BIOTITE
COLOUR : MOTTLED BLACK , DARK GREEN AND GREY OR WHITE.
TEXTURE : MEDIUM TO COARSE

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Gabbro is type of IGNEOUS ROCK As extrusive or intrusive depending on weather or not molten magma from which they were formed emerged at the Earth’s surface before crystallizing . Extrusive rocks form on the surface , intrusive rocks form below it . Intrusive rocks are categorized as plutonic if formed deed inside the crust and hypabyssal if formed at shallow depth .
Consist of principally of calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene , usually augite . low in silica  usually less than 55% and quartz is rarely . This Gabbro is a gabbro that have high percentage of coarse crystals of plagioclase . Some Gabbro are mined for their nickel , chromium and platinum content . Those containing magnetite and ilmenite are mined for their iron or titanium . Gabbro are widespread but not common , on the earth’s surface
Properties :
Major minerals : light plagioclase feldspar , Dark pyroxene
Colour : Dark grey to black
Texture : medium to coarse

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-Today Earth has many limestone-forming environments.Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite.
Some limestones can form by direct precipitation of calcium carbonate from marine or fresh water. Limestones formed this way are chemical sedimentary rocks.
Limestone is by definition a rock that contains at least 50% calcium carbonate in the form of calcite by weight.
Use of limestone
1.use in construction and in architecture.
2.crushed limestone is used as a weather and heat-resistant coating on asphalt-impregnated shingles and roofing.
3.used in smelting and other metal refining processes.
4. one of the most cost-effective acid-neutralizing agents

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Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils.A pebble is a clast of rock with a particle size of 2 to 64 millimetres . Pebbles are generally considered larger than granules and smaller than cobbles. Pebbles come in various colors and textures and can have streaks, known as veins, of quartz or other minerals. Pebbles are mostly smooth but, dependent on how frequently they come in contact with the sea, they can have marks of contact with other rocks or other pebbles.
-umi saiqah-
Location: Sungai Rual

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Soil is one of the three major natural resources, alongside air and water. It is one of the marvellous products of nature and without which there would be no life.Soil is made up of three main components – minerals that come from rocks below or nearby, organic matter which is the remains of plants and animals that use the soil, and the living organisms that reside in the soil.
The proportion of each of these is important in determining the type of soil that is present. But other factors such as climate, vegetation, time, the surrounding terrain, and even human activities (eg. farming, grazing, gardening)  are also important in influencing how soil is formed and the types of soil that occur in a particular landscape.
Soil can form from the rocks below or from rocks a very long distance away - perhaps being carried by wind or water. The glaciers of the last ice age acted as giant bulldozers pushing truly huge amounts of soil along as they grew and dropping the soil as they melted.

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Hi guys. My name is Thilageswaran A/L M.Velu. I'm from Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. Today I'm very excited because tomorrow i going to start my class for second semester. My target for Earth Material is to get grade A. I will study hard for that.

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Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates that may contain varying amounts of iron, magnesium and alkali metals. These minerals are commonly found in the Earth's near-surface environments and form in soil and sedimentary deposits due to diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration of rocks. Clay minerals form in the presence of moisture and have been used since ancient times for agriculture and manufacturing. Clay is made up of sheets of interconnected silicates that combine with a second sheet-like grouping of oxygen, hydroxyl and metallic atoms to form two-layer minerals. Clay is a soft earthy material that contains particles that have a size of less than 4 micrometers.

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Hi guys. My name is Nariendiran S/O Mohan. I am from Banting, Selangor. Today the was dull and I didn't do much until now when I was informed about the assignment that should be handed tomorrow. When it starts well it ends well. Anyway I will score an A for my Earth Material course. Hope to dig in soon.

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Sandy soils have a light texture and loose structure, which cause them to drain quickly and not hold water well. This can lead to low fertility, but with the addition of some compost, manure or leaf mold, sandy soil can grow a satisfactory garden. This type of soil is dries quickly and is easy to work.

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Clouds form when the atmosphere can no longer hold all the invisible air vapor. Any more water vapor condenses into very small water drops. Warm air holds more water vapor than cool air. So if warm air with lots of water inside cools, it can form a cloud. So, even though typical clouds do contain a lot of water, this water is spread out for miles in the form of tiny water droplets or crystals, which are so small that the effect of gravity on them is negligible. Thus, from our vantage on the ground, clouds seem to float in the sky.                                                     Location:Jeli,Kelantan

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Air is the Earth's atmosphere. Air around us is a mixture of many gases and dust particles. It is the clear gas in which living things live and breath. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has no color or smell. It has mass and weight. It is a matter as it has mass and weight. Air creates atmospheric pressure.
Air is a mixture of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and very small amounts of other gases. Animals need the oxygen in the air to live. In the human body, the lungs give oxygen to the blood, and give back carbon dioxide to the air. Plants need the carbon dioxide in the air to live. They give off oxygen that humans can breathe again.

Location: Lumut, Perak, Malaysia

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How does the granite is formed?Granite is formed when magma (molten rock) is forced between other rocks in the Earth's crust. It cools and crystallizes deep underground. As it cools slowly large crystals are formed.
What is in Granite?
Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye. It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth's surface. Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and other minerals.
Look at the granite rocks and mind the waffle, please.

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Red soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm, and  moist climate under deciduous or mixed forests and that have thin organic and organic-mineral layers .Red soils generally derived from crystalline rock. The colour is red and when it occurs in the hydrate form as limonite the soil gets a yellow colour. Red soils varies from sand to clay, the majority being loam. Under irrigation, they can produce excellent crops like cotton and wheat.
Location : Kg. Pangkal Nering, Pulai Chondong,Kelantan.

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Some chemical elements are called metals. They are the majority of elements in the periodic table. These elements usually have the following properties:

1. They can conduct electricity and heat.

2. They can be formed easily.

3. They have a shiny appearance.

4. They have a high melting point.

Most metals are solid at room temperature, but this does not have to be the case. Metal also can rust. Rust occurs when metal or its alloys, such as steel, corrode. The surface of a piece of iron will begin to corrode first in the presence of oxygen and water. Given enough time, any piece of iron will change entirely into rust and disintegrate.

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River is a large system that water flows across land to the sea. It become essential as water is the basic need of living thing. River can also become a habitat for many fresh water creature such as fresh water fish, crocodile and others.

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Alluvium is loose, unconsolidated which is not cemented together into a solid rock soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. When this loose alluvial material is deposited or cemented into a lithological unit, or lithified, it is called an alluvial deposit.

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Mud cracks are sedimentary structures formed as muddy sediment dries and contracts.Crack formation also occurs in clayey soils as a result of a reduction in water content.

Mud cracks form in very fine clay material that has dried out. As the moisture is removed, the surface will split into cracks that extend a short way down into the mud. These cracks form polygons on the surface of the mud. The top of the bed has the widest distance between the polygons and the cracks taper downwards into the bed. If later sediments come and fill in the cracks and are preserved, the relationship of the bed to the tapered feature will be saved. The tip of the cracks are always oriented downwards, pointing to the bed base or older part of the formation.

If you find lots of mud cracks, you know that your sediments experienced many alternations between wet and bone-dry.

location: a river at Megat Dewa, Kedah.

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Charcoal is a black residue consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. It is usually produced by slow pyrolysis which is the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. Charcoal has been used since earliest times for a large range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel.

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There are two types of water. Salt water which is in the oceans and fresh water which is everyplace else. 75% of earth’s surface is covered with ocean and most of the water on earth is salt water.
Location: Pt. Batu Buruk, Terengganu.

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Concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It’s sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). Concrete blocks are made from cast concrete. Lower density blocks may use industrial wastes, such as fly ash or bottom ash, as an aggregate. The production of concrete blocks consists of four basic processes: mixing, molding, curing, and cubing. The quality control manufacture of concrete blocks requires constant monitoring to produce blocks that have the required properties.

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This picture was taken at Pantai Senok which shows the fine grained sand. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and material particles. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type. The composition of sand varies depends on the local rock sources.

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Ice is water frozen into the solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. All of the parts of the Earth's surface where water is in frozen form is the cryosphere. Ice is a mineral because it meets all the criteria in the definition of mineral (naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, has a specific chemical composition, and crystalline. Ice appears in nature in forms of snowflakes, hail, icicles, pack ice, and entire polar ice caps.

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Rivers form when flowing water from precipitation or springs flows over land and accumulates in existing low points in topography, eroding it and forming a riverbed.

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What is a marble?
Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. It is composed primarily of the mineral calcite (CaCO₃) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxides, and graphite.

Uses of marble
Most marble is made into either crushed stone or dimension stone. Crushed stone is used as an aggregate in highways, railroad beds, building foundations, and other types of construction. Dimension stone is produced by sawing marble into pieces of specific dimensions. These are used in monuments, buildings, sculptures, paving and other projects.

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Comprised of a mixture of clay, sand and silt. Loam soil are black or dark brown in color.  Loam soil is gritty, moist and porous. It is ideal for gardening. It is fertile and rich with nutrients

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a soil profile is a vertical cross-section of a soil. it is divided into a number distinct layers called horizons. the horizon normally designated by a symbols and letters. the presence of particular horizons allow the soil specialist to classify the soil due the characteristic of the soil and the differences colour of the soil.  Each horizon tells a story about the makeup, age, texture and characteristics of that layer.

location : agropark umk

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Hii everyone, im Joanna Anne Nasinin from the Land Below the Wind. I just arrived at umk 2 days ago. I am so sorry that i didnt get to attend your lecture and lab class. I was having some problem back in my hometown so i decided to go back late. I just found out that we got assignments to do and i am working on it now. My target grade for bahan Bumi would be an A ( hopefully).  Anyways, i am happy to be back here in umk and i cant wait to start the semester and meet my new lecturers and friends. 😊

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Hii everyone, im Joanna Anne Nasinin from the Land Below the Wind. I just arrived at umk 2 days ago. I am so sorry that i didnt get to attend your lecture and lab class. I was having some problem back in my hometown so i decided to go back late. I just found out that we got assignments to do and i am working on it now. My target grade for bahan Bumi would be an A ( hopefully).  Anyways, i am happy to be back here in umk and i cant wait to start the semester and meet my new lecturers and friends. 😊

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Assalamualaikum warahmatullahiwabarakatuh madam.First of all i would like to thanks to Allah because got selected to this course. I feel so lucky to joined

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Assa

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Assalamualaikum w.w.t madam, My name is Azriq Izzairi Bin Abu Zarin. First of all i'm sorry for coming late to your class. You can call me Zai and I'm from Selangor. I feel very grateful when I"ve been given a chance to study in Geoscience because this is path where lead to the job that i want the most. Hopefully I and my happy go lucky classmate do the best to pass this year and so on smoothly.

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Assalamua'laikum w.w.t..hye..you can call me Bukhari.. i was born in Kelantan. i'm happy today. I.s.Allah my target for Earth Material is an A..all the best to all of my classmates...

thank you

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Assalamualaikum madam, my name is Zaty Naadwaa binti Razali. You can call me Naadwaa. I was born and live in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

Today is the first day for second semester and it has been great, so far. I woke up before the alarm went off and got ready for classes, I'm excited to learn new subjects and my target grade for Earth Material is an A, insyaAllah GO GEOSCIENCE !!!!!!!

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HI madam ainaa. This is me luqman, sorry for coming late to your class. You can call me luq btw. I'm from Manjung, Perak.

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Assalamualaikum and hi. My name is Nur Farieza binti Juhari. A 21 y/o girl from Terengganu. I' feeling excited and happy since new sem had started. Lots of new things to explore and excitement awaits!! A for this sem.. ameen.. go earth materials!
love,
me

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Assalamualaikum, hi madam ainaa. My nama is Siti Balqis binti Mohd Raflis and im from kuala lumpur. Today, i feel excited to learn something new. in sha Allah, my target for Earth Material is an A. goodluck semua!

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Haiii, Assalamualaikum.
My name is Faten Nabila bt. Salim, call me Faten. Im just 20 years old!
Im from Banting, Selangor.
Today i feel okay,  feel good to start the new sem. All the best to you guyss hehe. Good luck!
And.. my target for Earth material subject is of course A. We can do this guys!! In shaa Allah
Thank youu xoxo

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asalamualaikum dan selamat tengahari . saya hakim...

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Assalamualaikum. Hi, my name is Akila Bt Amirrudin. You can call me KIla. I'm 20 years old and from Sg Petani, Kedah. Today, i feel a bit nervous because today is the first day of the second semester and also i will learn a new subject . My target for Earth Material subject is A inysaAllah. Wish me luck!!!

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Assalamualaikum and hi, my name is Umi Safiqah bt Ismail. You can call me umi. i am 21 years old. Im from Perak. Today,i feel excited to start new semester. My target grade is to get A.

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Assalamualaikum , My name is Nur Alya Shalina Binti Ross Kenedy , 20 . People call me Alya . I’m from Kelantan but I live in Pulau Pinang . Today is my firsday for semester 2 . I’m happy to see my coursemate again . Just too much thing to talk about.  Of course , I feel a little excited because this semester I will learn everything about our earth which is a part of Geoscience . My target for this subject is A . In sha Allah , I will try my best during this semester .

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Assalamualaikum. My name is Nooriman Aina Binti Noorazman. You can call me Iman. I am 20 years old and from Sepang, Selangor. I feel excited today because i can learn new subject and meet my friends again. My target for my Earth Material is A.

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Assalamualaikum and hi.My pleasure to introduce my name is Norshafika Binti Abdullah. My nickname is Sha Bulan. That's what they call me now. I'm 20 years old and from Machang, Kelantan. I feel so excited plus very nervous today as today is the first day I start to learn new subject ,meet a great lecturer and my loving friends. I'm happy with them today My target grade for Earth Material course is really high. I expect to get A+ for this course.

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Assalamualaikum and hi.My pleasure to introduce my name is Norshafika Binti Abdullah. My nickname is Sha Bulan. That's what they call me now. I'm 20 years old and from Machang, Kelantan. I feel so excited plus very nervous today as today is the first day I start to learn new subject ,meet a great lecturer and my loving friends. I'm happy with them today My target grade for Earth Material course is really high. I expect to get A+ for this course.

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Assalamualaikum and hi, my name is Nurul Aina Halimah binti Abdul Rahim. You can call me Aina . I am 20years old . Im from Kuala Terengganu. I feel excited also a bit nervous because i will learn new subjects and meet great lecturers in this semester.

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Assalamualaikum, the name is as above, also known as afif, aflah or pelah. Speak Kelantan Pekat frequently, almost freely. Currently targeting A for this subject, but may change as the the semester goes on and the difficulty toughened up.

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My name is Aimie Aisyah binti Othman.

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Assalamualaikum. Hi. My name is Nur Syafiqa Bt Mohd Sabari, from, Kedah, Malaysia. Today, I am feeling bless and very excited as I can continue my new semester, meet my classmates after semester break and of course to learn new subject that I wonder what is earth material, earth process and so on. Can’t wait to learn it hehe. My target grade for this subject is A. In shaa Allah, Amin.

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Assalamualaikum and hi. My name is Nurul Shaadah binti Mohamad. I'm 20 years old and from Dungun, Terengganu. Today, i feel very excited to learn new things about geoscience especially Earth Material and excited to meet my friends and lecturers. My target grade for this subject is A. Inshaa Allah.

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Assalamualaikum. My name is Mahirah bt Mahather. I'm 20 years old. I'm from Shah Alam, Selangor. I'm excited to study new subjects. I hope the subjects are interesting and fun to study.

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Assalamualaikum. My name is Mahirah bt Mahather. I'm 20 years old. I'm from Shah Alam, Selangor. I'm excited to study new subjects. I hope the subjects are interesting and fun to study.

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My name is Nur Farina Bt Roslan , and i'm 21 years old. I'm from penang , malaysia. today , i feel excited because i can meet my friends and learn new thing in new semester. my target for this subject in this sem is to get A, and i will give my best in everything that i do. Good luck guys !

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assalamualaikum. My name is Noor syafiza binti Mohd Khalim. i'm 20 years old . i'm from kuantan, pahang. i feel good to learn something new

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My name Nur Syazana binti Md. Saliman and nickname is Syana. I'm from Kulim, Kedah. I feel nervous today as today I'll learn new subject and meet new lecturer.  My target grade for earth material is A, in shaa Allah.

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My name is Saidah Izzati binti Mohd Shariffuddin, also known as Saidah or Dot. I am from Sungai Buloh, Selangor. Today is 12 February 2017, probably the another new start for me. I woke up earlier and prepared for class, turns out our first class on our second semester was cancelled. I met my friends after a month of holiday, which is the only reason for me to be here. Holiday was too bored for me and I keep wishing to be here in Jeli as soon as I can just to meet them. Ahaks.

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Assalamualaikum. My name is Ahmad Shafie bin Kamarin. Im from Pahang. Today is our first day  of 2nd sem and our first lab is already been cancelled. But keep smiling and and continue our journey. I mostly hope that my grade for this subject is A.

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Assalamualaikum and Hi :)
My name is Anis Syahira binti Mohd Mozli. I am 20 years old. I am from Negeri Sembilan. I am feeling new today as there will be new fantastic things to be learned and earned. My target for this course will be secret.

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Assalamualaikum and salam 1 Malaysia~
My name is Athirah Binti Tariq Umar and I'm 20 years old. I live in Kuala Kangsar, Perak. i woke up early this morning, eager to begin a new journey for the new semester in 2017. I hope that everyone feel elated to continue their journey onwards thus achieving our goals for the future.

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Assalamualaikum and hi. My name is Nuraihan Syafinah binti Suwaizi, you can call me Raihan. I'm 20 years old, from Selangor. I feel excited as today is the first day of new semester and also I will learn new subjects.

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My name is Sharifah Nurin Wahida bt Syed Sabri Al Qabbani . I am from Kedah. My friends called me nurin .

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assalamu'alaikum my name is wan nur afifa binti wan mustapa ,can call me pipa and im from terengganu. today is our first day for our second sem and it was not so good as our first lab have been cancel, lol. balik tidur. As others of course my wish for my target in earth material also is an A 😊 . 

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assalamu'alaikum my name is wan nur afifa binti wan mustapa ,can call me pipa and im from terengganu. today is our first day for our second sem and it was not so good as our first lab have been cancel, lol. balik tidur. As others of course my wish for my target in earth material also is an A 😊 . 

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Assalamualaikum my name is Ramadhan Ibnu Hassim, my friends called me Ibnu, Ibnuh, Ibnoq, or Ramadhan. I'm 18 years old. I'm from Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Today is our second semester and I'm so excited.

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Look at on top of this padlet.