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sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor.

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American educator, author, orator, and adviser to presidents of the United States.

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clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.

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administered by various governments to immigrants, and in the United States between the 1850 and 1960s, literacy tests were also administered to prospective voters and used to disenfranchise racial minorities.

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fixed amount applied to an individual in accordance with the census (as opposed to a percentage of income, or any proxy for ability-to-pay).

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state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.

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white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction

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a political candidate who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections.

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divided the south into five military districts.

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granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote

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addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

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the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

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a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States

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laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War.

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Amendments the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War.

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executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.

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the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two.

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slogan summarized the strategy used before the American Civil War of 1861–1865 by pro-secessionists in the Southern States

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confederation of sensationalist states existing from 1861 to 1865.

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included the permanent regular army, which was augmented by massive numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts.