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How do stars form from the interstellar medium?

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How do stars form from the interstellar medium?

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The stars form from the interstellar medium when the cloud collapses under its own gravity and a dense pocket is formed. The molecules begin to then interact more and more until a protostar is formed. It will then become a star when nucleur fusion begins to take place.

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How do astronomers study the gas and dust between the stars, called the interstellar medium?

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How do astronomers study the gas and dust between the stars, called the interstellar medium?

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Astronomers study the interstellar medium through the use of modern day technology such as telescopes located in space. We can use these to obtain images through the infrared as well as different wavelengths of light. The makeup of the gas can further be determined through spectral analysis which diffracts the light into wavelengths.

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How do the luminosities and lifetimes of stars depend on their mass? 

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How do the luminosities and lifetimes of stars depend on their mass? 

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Larger stars are brighter and less fuel-efficient in comparison to smaller stars. Therefore, larger stars evolve quicker and have a shorter lifespan than that of small stars.

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Stars use nuclear fusion to make energy. Simply put, nuclear fusion is the fusion of smaller particles into a larger particle.

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Stars maintain their stability in using convection. Convection is important in stars because it stirs the material.

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Small-scale shock regions intimately associated with star forming regions.

Have characteristic spectra which set them apart from photo-ionized regions.

ex) The objects in the image represent Herbig-Haro objects 563-565.

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Rise and fall irregularly in brightness, and many are bright when located in the infrared indicating that they are surrounded by dust clouds.

These are newborn stars that seem to be blowing away their dust cocoons.

They range between 100 thousand and 100 million years old and often exhibit signs of an active chromosphere.

ex) Star cluster NGC 2264

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3 Types of Nebula

Reflection Nebula: occurs when starlight scatters from a dusty nebula; therefore, the spectrum of this nebula is simply the reflected absorption spectrum of the starlight being given off

ex) NGC 1973-75-77

Emission Nebula: occur when a hot star excites the surrounding gas to produce an emission spectrum

ex) The Orion Nebula

Dark Nebula: dense clouds of gas and dust that obstruct

ex) Barnard 86

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Represents two continuous flows of gas from the poles of a star

In the case of a young star, the bipolar outflow is driven by a dense, collimated jet.

These jets are very difficult to observe, but supersonic shock fronts along the jet heat the gas in and around the jet to thousands of degrees. These pockets of hot gas radiate at infrared wavelengths and can be detected with telescopes like the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT).

ex) The Boomerang Nebula is a great example of a bipolar outflow.

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Compact, isolated molecular clouds

Named after Bart Bok, an astronomer who first suggested that they may be the precursor to protostars

Smallest manifestations of dark nebulae with sizes less than 3 light years across

Most easily visible when silhouetted in front of emission and reflection nebulae

ex) This image represents bok globules located within the NGC 281 nebula.