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Speech from Martin Luther King

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Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have A Dream Speech

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The United Nations ( UN) is an organization between countries established on 24 October 1945 to promote international cooperation. It was founded to replace the League of Nations following World War II and to prevent another conflict. When it was founded, the UN had 51 Member States; there are now 193. Most nations are members of the UN and send diplomats to the headquarters to hold meetings and make decisions about global issues.

The goals of the United Nations are:

After World War I, the nations of the world formed the League of Nations. This organization was a place where nations could talk through their differences calmly. However, some countries like Germany, Italy and Japan ignored the League and tried to solve their problems through war. Members of the League of Nations did not want to go to war to protect other members and the League failed. A Second World War soon started.

The Allies of World War II often called themselves "the United Nations" (united against the Axis Powers). After the War, the winners formed a new organization for world peace. On 25th April 1945 in San Francisco, they decided on the name '"United Nations". In June they signed the United Nations Charter saying how the organization would work. The UN was created on 24 October 1945 and its first meeting was held in January 1946. Since 1947 the 24th of October has been called "United Nations Day".

Headquarters

All organs of the United Nations are based in New York City, USA,except the International Court of Justice which is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

The main building for the United Nations is in New York City in the United States of America, but the UN also has important offices in Geneva ( Switzerland), Nairobi ( Kenya) and Vienna ( Austria). The UN tries to be peaceful, but sometimes when talks do not work the UN, unlike the League of Nations, will fight too. In the 1950s the UN helped South Korea in a war against North Korea, and in the 1990s the UN helped to force Iraqi soldiers out of Kuwait. At other times, the UN has formed 'peacekeeping' forces. UN peacekeepers travel to troubled places in the world and try - sometimes successfully, sometimes not - to keep the peace. Today there are UN peacekeepers working in Afghanistan, Cyprus, Haiti, Liberia and several other countries. Through a series of goals, resolutions and declarations adopted by member nations of the United Nations, the world has a set of commitments, actions and goals to stop and reverse the spread of HIV and scale up towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services.

The United Nations has six "principal organs":

UN General Assembly
- Deliberative assembly of all U.N. member states (each country has one vote) -

UN Secretariat
- Administrative organ of the U.N. - its chairman is the UN Secretary General -

International Court of Justice
- Universal court for international law (based in The Hague) -

may resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions to the U.N.S.C. (not a Parliament)

decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the U.N.S.C.

adopts the budget

elects the non-permanent members of the U.N.S.C., all members of Economic and Social Council, on the proposal of the U.N.S.C. the U.N. Secretary General, and the 15 judges of the I.C.J.

supports the other U.N. bodies administratively, e.g. in the organization of conferences, writing reports and studies, and the preparation of the budget-plan

its chairman - the U.N. Secretary General - is elected by the U.N. General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the most important representative of the U.N.

beside its headquarters in New York City it has three main offices in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna

decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction and creates legal opinions

the 15 judges are elected by the U.N. General Assembly for nine years. It renders judgement with relative majority

parties on the I.C.J. can only be countries, however no international organizations and other subjects of international law (not to be confused with the I.C.C.)

U.N. Security Council
- For international security issues -

U.N. Economic and Social Council
- For global economical and social affairs -

U.N. Trusteeship Council
- Was administering trust territories (currently not active) -

responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security

the most powerful organ of the U.N., as it may adopt compulsory resolutions

its decisions include peacekeeping- and peace enforcement-missions, as well as non-military pressure mediums, such as trade embargos

has 15 members: five permanent members with veto power (China, Russia, France, the United Kingdom and the United States), and ten elected members

responsible for cooperation on economic and social fields (raising the general standard of living, solve economic, social and health problems, promotion of human rights, culture, education, and humanitarian aid)

therefore it has established numerous functional and regional commissions

also coordinates the cooperation with the numerous specialized agencies of the United Nations

has 54 members, who are elected by the U.N. General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates

was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were earlier League of Nations mandates

is inactive since 1994, with the last trust territory (Namibia) attaining independence in 1990

Additionally there are so-called "special agencies of the United Nations". Some are older than the United Nations. Here are a few of them:

Related pages

References

Notes

Other websites

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The United Nations ( UN) is an organization between countries established on 24 October 1945 to promote international cooperation. It was founded to replace the League of Nations following World War II and to prevent another conflict. When it was founded, the UN had 51 Member States; there are now 193.

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Biography Video

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Fresberg Cartoon – Learning & History for Students

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Fun Cartoon on Dr.Martin Luther King Jr for Kids! Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Bio: Black History Month

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Book By Marion Dane Bauer

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Martin Luther King, Jr. - My First Biography Words On Screen

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Britannica

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Welcome to Britannica School , a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Primary, Middle and Secondary School.

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Britannica log in: http://school.eb.co.uk/storeschoolcard?id
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From School: No Username needed
From Home: ISC + surname e.g.
ISCnanni

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Welcome to Britannica School , a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Primary, Middle and Secondary School.

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VIdeo

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Video part 1

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The Incredible Story of Sir Winston Churchill (Animated)

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Book By Robert Coles

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fun games for kids to learn about EU

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PLAY - TEACH - DISCOVER THE EUROPEAN UNION

Learn and play
If you're a primary or secondary school pupil, this is where you'll find games, competitions and activity books to help you discover the EU in a fun way, in the classroom or at home. You can also find out more about studying or volunteering abroad.
Teach and connect
If you're a teacher and want to help your pupils learn about the EU and how it works, this is a source of teaching material for all age groups. As well as finding inspiration for lesson plans, you can also discover networking opportunities with other schools and teachers across the EU.
In all EU languages
Learning Corner is available in all 24 official EU languages. You can choose your preferred language using the language selector at the top of the page.

Learning corner in a nutshell - VIDEO

What's new

News announcement

Imagine the change you want to see in the European Union!

News announcement

Are you 18 years old and a resident of an EU country or another country associated with Erasmus+? Then get ready to go on an adventure with DiscoverEU!

News article

Best wishes to all teachers - you play a key role in communicating the EU to young people!

The EU stands united in its solidarity with Ukraine and will continue to support Ukraine and its people together with its international partners, including through additional political, financial and humanitarian support.

How much do you know about the European Union?

Take a trip back in time to discover important moments in history, inventions, major events in sport and society and more... many of which made the EU what it is today.

Find schools to team up with, teachers you can share your experiences with, seminars and much more information provided by European networks.

Find information about exchanges, scholarships, volunteering, traineeship, job, visits to the EU institutions and many more opportunities for young people.

Some great resources here - I found it really useful. And the children enjoyed using the material too!

Jessica - Teacher

I used the website to learn more about the history of the EU and which countries belong to it.

Christopher - Secondary school pupil

Learn and play
If you're a primary or secondary school pupil, this is where you'll find games, competitions and activity books to help you discover the EU in a fun way, in the classroom or at home. You can also find out more about studying or volunteering abroad.
Teach and connect
If you're a teacher and want to help your pupils learn about the EU and how it works, this is a source of teaching material for all age groups. As well as finding inspiration for lesson plans, you can also discover networking opportunities with other schools and teachers across the EU.
In all EU languages
Learning Corner is available in all 24 official EU languages. You can choose your preferred language using the language selector at the top of the page.

Learning corner in a nutshell - VIDEO

News announcement

Imagine the change you want to see in the European Union!

News announcement

Are you 18 years old and a resident of an EU country or another country associated with Erasmus+? Then get ready to go on an adventure with DiscoverEU!

News article

Best wishes to all teachers - you play a key role in communicating the EU to young people!

The EU stands united in its solidarity with Ukraine and will continue to support Ukraine and its people together with its international partners, including through additional political, financial and humanitarian support.

Take a trip back in time to discover important moments in history, inventions, major events in sport and society and more... many of which made the EU what it is today.

Find schools to team up with, teachers you can share your experiences with, seminars and much more information provided by European networks.

Find information about exchanges, scholarships, volunteering, traineeship, job, visits to the EU institutions and many more opportunities for young people.

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Discover learning material, games and much more about the European Union and its activities, for children, teenagers, teachers and parents.

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Fun games to learn about UNICEF

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UNICEF works in more than 190 countries and territories to reach the most disadvantaged children and adolescents - and to protect the rights of every child, everywhere.

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Speach from Winston Churchill

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Winston Churchill's "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat" Speech - Written form & Audio

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Video part 2

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A warrior with words by Karen Abouraya

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Malala Yousafzai, Warrior With Words | Malala Yousafzai Story | READ ALOUD!

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Some facts

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447,206,135

$20.366 trillion

$16.033 trillion

0.899

The European Union ( abbreviation: EU) is a confederation of 27 member countries in Europe established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992-1993. The EU grew out of the European Economic Community (EEC) which was established by the Treaties of Rome in 1957. It has created a common economic area with Europe-wide laws allowing the citizens of EU countries to move and trade in other EU countries almost the same as they do in their own. Nineteen of these countries also share the same type of money: the euro.

The Treaty of Lisbon is the most recent treaty that says how the Union is run. Every member state signed to say that they each agreed with what it says. Most importantly, it says which jobs ('powers') the Union should do for the members and which jobs they should do themselves. The members decide how the Union should act by voting for or against proposals.

The objective of the EU is to bring its member states closer together with respect of human rights and democracy. It does this with a common style of passport, common rules about fair trading with each other, common agreements about law enforcement, and other agreements. Most members share a common currency (the euro) and most allow people to travel from one country to another without having to show a passport.

After World War II, the countries in Europe wanted to live peacefully together and help one another's economies. Instead of fighting each other for coal and steel, the first member countries (West) Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg created one European Coal and Steel Community in 1952.

In 1957 in the Italian city of Rome, the member countries signed another treaty and made the European Economic Community. Now it was a community for coal, steel and for trade. Later it changed the name to the European Community.

In 1993, with the Treaty of Maastricht it changed its name to the European Union. Now the member countries work together not only in politics and economy (coal, steel and trade), but also in money, justice ( laws), and foreign affairs. With the Schengen Agreement, 22 member countries of the EU opened their borders to each other, so people can now travel from one country to the other without a passport or identity card. Now already 16 member countries have replaced their national currencies with the euro. 10 new countries became members of the EU in 2004, 2 more became members in 2007, and 1 more in 2013. Today there are 27 member countries altogether.

Free movement

A person who is a citizen of the European Union can live and work in any of the 27 member states without needing a work permit or visa. For example, a French person can move to Greece to work there, or just to live there, and he or she does not need permission from an authority in Greece.

In the same way, products made in one member country can be sold in any other member country without any special permissions or extra taxes. For this reason, the members agree rules on product safety - they want to know that a product made in another country will be as safe as it would be if it had been made in their own.

Main institutions

Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union is the main decision-making group. The cabinet ministers of the member countries meet (Ministers for Foreign affairs, for Agriculture, for Justice, etc...) and discuss issues that are important to them.

Before the Treaty of Lisbon (written in 2007, implemented in 2008) each member state takes a turn at being President of the Council for six months. For example, from January 2007 until July 2007, Germany held the presidency. The six months before that, Finland held the presidency. Now the President of the European Union chairs the council summits. The President of the Council is the organiser and manager and is voted into office for a duration of two and a half years. He or she does not have the power to make decisions about the European Union like the President of the United States does for that country.

Member countries with a large population (Germany, France, United Kingdom, etc.) have more votes than countries with small populations ( Luxembourg, Malta, etc.) but a decision cannot be made if enough countries vote against the decision.

Twice a year, the heads of government ( Prime Ministers) and/or the heads of state ( Presidents) meet to talk about the main issues and make decisions on different issues. This meeting is different and not as formal. It is known as a European Council.

Note: This is not the same thing as the Council of Europe, which is not part of the European Union.

European Commission

The European Commission runs the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the Commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.

The Commission has one President and 27 Commissioners, selected by the European Council. The Commission President is appointed by the European Council with the approval of the European Parliament.

The Commission operates like a cabinet government. There is one Commissioner per member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.

European Parliament

The Parliament has a total of 785 members (called Members of the European Parliament, or MEP). They are elected in their countries every five years by the citizens of the European Union member countries. The Parliament can approve, reject or change proposed laws. It can also sack the European Commission. In that case, the entire commission would have to give up their jobs.

There are many discussions in the EU about how it should develop and change in the future.

The main reasons why European countries came together are political and economic:

Member States

In 1951, six countries made the European Coal and Steel Community, a basic version of what the EU is now. These six then went further and in 1957 they made the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community. The UK and others decided not to join, and then when the UK changed its mind it was stopped from joining by French President Charles de Gaulle. When he was no longer President, the UK and others started to join. Today there are 27 members but the idea that more should join is not seen as a good one by everyone.

1. East Germany and West Germany became one country in 1990. Since then the whole of Germany is an EU member country.

2. Greenland joined as part of Denmark, but was given some power to rule itself afterwards. With this power, it decided to leave the EEC.

3. Although Northern Cyprus is officially part of Cyprus (and the EU), it is not actually controlled by the Government of Cyprus and its passports are not accepted by EU members.

Serbia, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Iceland are "candidate countries"; they are being considered for membership. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are expected to follow.

However, since there have been many political problems happening in Turkey recently, especially with President Erdogan's arresting of tens of thousands of political rivals since the failed coup attempt on July 15, 2016, it is unlikely that it would be allowed to part of the EU anytime soon because EU members believe that the current Turkish government is not respecting human rights, rule of law, or democracy.

United in diversity (or together with many types of people in Simple English), is the motto of the European Union.

The motto in other languages:

On June 23, 2016, the UK held a referendum on whether it should stay in the EU or leave it. The majority [52% to 48%] favoured leaving. Britain leaving the EU is commonly known as Brexit.

The government of the UK triggered "Article 50" of the Treaty of European Union (the Treaty of Lisbon) on 29 March 2017. This began negotiations with fellow members of the EU on the terms of exit. The timetable for these negotiations is two years, which meant that the UK would remain a member of the EU until at least March 2019. However this deadline was later extended to October 31st 2019 at the request of the British Government. The United Kingdom left the European Union on the 31. of January 2020 at 23:00 Greenwich Mean Time.

Related pages

References

1. The 24 languages are equally official and accepted as working languages. Three of them - English, French and German - have the higher status of procedural languages and are used in the day-to-day workings of the European institutions.

2. Calculated using UNDP data for the member states with weighted population.

3. Martinique, Guadeloupe (UTC−4); French Guiana (UTC−3); Azores (UTC−1 / UTC); Mayotte (UTC+3); and La Réunion (UTC+4); which, other than the Azores, do not observe DST.

4. .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states also have their own TLDs.

References

1. . "European Commission - Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe"http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm.

2. , "DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015", Special Eurobarometer, 437 (European Union: European Commission), 2015http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess , retrieved 15 October 2017

3. The New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Ed., Erin McKean (editor), 2051 pages, 2005, Oxford University Press, .

4. Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads: "The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value. The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community".

5. . "Population on 1st January by age, sex and type of projection". Eurostat https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=proj_18np&lang=en . Retrieved 1 February 2020.

6. . "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey". Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1.

7. Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title III: Provisions on the Institutions

8. . "Croatia to become EU member 1 July 2013". Croatian Times. May 23, 2011http://www.croatiantimes.com/news/General_News/2011-05-23/19468/Croatia_to_become_EU_member_1_July_2013 . Retrieved November 17, 2011.

9. . "Turkey 'backsliding' in bid to join EU, says Commission"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37923758.

10. . "The EU motto". Europa. European Unionhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/motto/index_en.htm . Retrieved 2016-05-30.

11. . "Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887.

12. Laura Kuenssberg. . "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39431428 . Retrieved 29 March 2017.

Other websites

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447,206,135 $20.366 trillion $16.033 trillion 0.899 The European Union ( abbreviation: EU) is a confederation of 27 member countries in Europe established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992-1993. The EU grew out of the European Economic Community (EEC) which was established by the Treaties of Rome in 1957.

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some facts

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The United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946. At that time, its name was United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the word Emergency from its name. Its name became United Nations Children's Fund. But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.

UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America. UNICEF provides many types of assistance and help to children and mothers. It receives money from different governments and private persons. It works in almost all countries of the world.

UNICEF has decided the following 5 areas as priority or main areas:

Young Child Survival and Development

Primary Education and Gender Equality

Child protection

Early childhood

Some other priority areas are the child in the family, and sports for development.

UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world. In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work. But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF. They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works. Still, it is the world's leading organization for the development of children. It operates in 190 countries around the world.

Other websites

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The United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946. At that time, its name was United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the word Emergency from its name.

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United Nation Speach

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Malala Yousafzai addresses United Nations Youth Assembly

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Facts from Britannica

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Welcome to Britannica School , a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Primary, Middle and Secondary School.

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Her Biography from her website

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2012

I spoke out publicly on behalf of girls and our right to learn. And this made me a target.

In October 2012, on my way home from school, a masked gunman boarded my school bus and asked, "Who is Malala?" He shot me on the left side of my head.

I woke up 10 days later in a hospital in Birmingham, England. The doctors and nurses told me about the attack - and that people around the world were praying for my recovery.

I graduated from Oxford University!

I will always treasure my time at Lady Margaret Hall - the lectures, club meetings, balls and late nights (some spent finishing papers, some just chatting with friends in the dorm). Although a global pandemic meant I spent my final months as a university student in my parents' house, I'm grateful that I was able to complete my education. After taking time to relax, I am more dedicated than ever to my fight for girls.

With more than 130 million girls out of school today, there is more work to be done. I hope you will join my fight for education and equality. Together, we can create a world where all girls can learn and lead.

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In October 2012, on my way home from school, a masked gunman boarded my school bus and asked, "Who is Malala?" He shot me on the left side of my head. I woke up 10 days later in a hospital in Birmingham, England.

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A book on Michelle Obama by Deborah Hopkinson

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Michelle Obama Biography By Deborah Hopkinson Read Aloud

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a short cartoon on the rights

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Nobel Prize acceptance speach

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Malala Yousafzai Nobel Peace Prize Speech

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http://www.un-documents.net/a14r1386.htm

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Her biography news

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Explaining what a convention is - Video

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The Convention on the Rights of the Child

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Let Girls Learn - Full speach

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The First Lady Speaks in London on the Let Girls Learn Initiative

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Biography

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Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is a former First Lady of the United States and the wife of the 44th president of the U.S., Barack Obama. She is also a lawyer and an author. She is the first African American First Lady of the United States. Like many other First Ladies, Mrs. Obama has worked as a spokesperson for a cause. The cause she supports is better nutrition and exercise for children. She has done work with the Disney Channel and Nickelodeon to support this cause.

Obama was born Michelle LaVaughn Robinson at Provident Hospital of Cook County in Chicago, Illinois on January 17, 1964. She went to Princeton University and Harvard Law School. She and Barack Obama were married on October 3, 1992, and they have two children, Malia (born July 4, 1998) and Sasha (born June 10, 2001). For a long time, she lived in Chicago with her family. Then, her husband became a junior Senator for the State of Illinois. After that, he ran for president of the USA and won. Michelle became the First Lady of the United States and lived in the White House with her husband and two children. Her husband was elected on November 6, 2012, to a second term as president, so she served as First Lady until January 20, 2017.

On September 17, 2014, Obama visited St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Kids there asked her questions. She said when she was asked who in her family that she liked to prank the most that her husband was the person, also saying they love to scare each other. Their daughters also try to scare them, but are not good, as their mother claimed. She also said the Truman Balcony is her favorite part of the White House. When asked about what she liked most about being First Lady of the United States, she answered that she enjoyed meeting the Pope and also spoke of being around Beyoncé and her fans at one of her concerts. She showed how excited she was by saying "Oh, my stars!"

In June 2018, she spoke to the American Library Association saying of her time in the White House as having had "no time for mistake".

Michelle Obama's brother, Craig Robinson, is the head coach of the Oregon State University men's basketball team. Her father, Fraser Robinson, was a pump operator for the Chicago Water Department. Her mother Marion Robinson stayed home to raise her and her brother Craig. Her children are Sasha and Malia Ann Obama.

Michele Obama became a lawyer after graduating from law school. While working at the law firm Sidley Austin, she met her future husband. In 1991, she left the company to work in the mayor's office as an Assistant to the Mayor, then she pursued various jobs outside the city including executive director, associate dean and executive vice president. After her husband's inauguration, she focused on lifestyle and fitness, and she launched the Let's Move campaign to eliminate childhood obesity. Her approval rating was 71% in March of 2010. (Gale Biography in context)

These books were written or ghostwritten and published by Michelle Obama while she was First Lady and afterwards:

      .

      .

References

Other websites

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Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is a former First Lady of the United States and the wife of the 44th president of the U.S., Barack Obama. She is also a lawyer and an author. She is the first African American First Lady of the United States.

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Prince EA

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Biography

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Malala Yousafzai (born July 12, 1997 ) is a Pakistani student and education activist. She is known for her activism for girls' and women's rights, especially for her campaign to allow girls to go to school. She was a victim of a gunshot attack in October 2012.

Yousafzai is the youngest person to have won the Nobel Peace Prize. She was awarded the prize in October 2014, when she was just 17 years old. She was nominated for the prize the year before that.

Malala was born in the town of Mingora in the Swat. In 2009, at age 11, many people got to know her through a blog of the BBC News' Urdu language service. The BBC published translated writings about her life living with Taliban rule.

On 9 October 2012, Yousafzai was shot in the head and neck in an assassination attempt by Atta Ullah Khan, a Taliban gunman. She was given emergency treatment in Pakistan and then moved to Great Britain for more medical treatment.

On 3 January 2013, Yousafzai was discharged from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham to continue to recover at her family's temporary home in the West Midlands. She had two five-hour long operations on 2 February 2013. She had a titanium plate put over the hole in her skull and a cochlear implant so she could hear again.

In May 2012 David Trumble, an award-winning artist, made a cartoon of Yousafzai as a Disney princess as part of a drawing of other feminist icons that he had made into princesses that was in the Huffington Post.

On 12 July 2013, at age 16, she made a speech at the headquarters of the United Nations, stressing the right to education for all and for human rights and peace and non-violence against terrorism and intolerance citing the proverb: "the pen is mightier than the sword". That October she was invited to meet President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, and their daughter Malia in the Oval Office.

She wrote a book about her life, I am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban, which was published in October 2013. The book was banned in Pakistani private schools.

The Taliban have said that they still want to assassinate Yousafzai. She campaigned for girls rights and education. Many officials did not agree with her campaign.

Besides the Nobel Prize in 2014, Yousafzai has been honoured for her work many times. She was awarded prizes for her work.

She is the 2013 recipient of the Sakharov Prize.

She was one of the winners of Glamour magazine's Women of the Year. Lady Gaga, who was also a winner and was on the month's cover, said that Yousafzai should have been on November's cover of Glamour instead of her.

On 27 November 2013 Yousafzai was given the GG2 Hammer Award at the GG2 (Garavi Gujarat2) Leadership Awards 2013.

Malala was chosen by TIME magazine as a candidate for 2013's Person of the Year.

In 2014 she was given a Doctor of Civil Law degree by the University of King's College, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Also in 2014, the Government of Canada announced Yousafzai would become an honorary citizen of Canada. The ceremony was supposed to happen on 22 October of that year, but was cancelled because of a shooting at Parliament Hill. Three years later, on 12 April 2017, she received her certificate of citizenship from Justin Trudeau, who called her "the newest and possibly bravest citizen of Canada". She would go on to speak to the Parliament of Canada that day, calling for Canada to lead the world in bringing education to females and refugees and children.

References

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Malala Yousafzai (born July 12, 1997 ) is a Pakistani student and education activist. She is known for her activism for girls' and women's rights, especially for her campaign to allow girls to go to school. She was a victim of a gunshot attack in October 2012.

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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was an English politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, once during World War II, and again in the early 1950s.

Churchill is the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a State funeral. He was also a soldier, journalist, and author. He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1953.

Churchill featured in two media polls. He was ranked as the greatest British prime minister of the twentieth century by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators. They were asked by BBC Radio 4's The Westminster Hour to rank the 19 prime ministers from Lord Salisbury at the turn of the century through to John Major in the 1990s. In a 2002 BBC 2 television poll Churchill was ranked as the greatest Briton in history. A million votes were cast, and the voting was heavily influenced by public campaigns for various candidates.

He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize, and the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.

Personal life

Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, the home of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke, and a leading Tory politician. His mother (née Jenny Jerome) was American.

As a boy, Churchill went to the famous Harrow School. He did not get good results, but said he was good at fighting.

He joined the British Army, in 1893. In 1896, he was transferred to Bombay, in what was the Indian Empire ( British India). He fought in what is now Pakistan. After this, he fought in a war in Sudan, in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry. In 1899, he went to the Second Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter. He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape.

In 1900, he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament. In 1904, he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party. He married Clementine Hozier in 1908, and had 5 children named Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary.

In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government. In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which put him in charge of the Royal Navy. When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job. He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government. He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament. In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies (Minister of Munitions).

Between the wars

After World War I, in 1919, Churchill was made Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air ( aircraft). In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies as Secretary of State. Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election. In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party. In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924.

After 1929, Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in. He was not given any job in the government. Instead he wrote books. One was called Marlborough: his life and times, about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was A History of the English Speaking Peoples, which was not published until after World War 2.

When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler. However, very few leaders agreed with him.

World War II

At the start of World War II, Churchill was again put in charge of the Navy. In 1940 the war was going badly for Britain, and the Prime Minister resigned. Churchill was given the job. Some people thought that Britain could not win the war, and that the British government should make peace with Hitler. Churchill was sure that Britain could win, and promised to continue the fight. He made famous speeches that are still remembered today.

He was friends with the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He persuaded Roosevelt to give supplies to Britain, and to help Britain. He had many meetings with Roosevelt and with Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, after they came into the war. They were called the Big Three.

After the war

In 1945, his Conservative party lost an election, and he stopped being Prime Minister. However, he became Prime Minister again in 1951, which he was until 1955.

He was knighted in 1953, and became Sir Winston, and also won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In 1955, he retired from being Prime Minister. In 1964, he retired from Parliament.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy named him 'Honorary Citizen of the United States' but too ill to attend a White House ceremony, his son and grandson accepted the award.

Sir Winston died of a stroke at the age of 90, in 1965. When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside.

Title (US Title) (Year of publication)

The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)

The River War (1899): about the reconquest of the Sudan, after the revolution of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed.

Savrola (1900; serialised 1899 and published USA 1899): a novel

London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900): the Second Boer War, and the Relief of Ladysmith

Ian Hamilton's March (1900): Second Boar War continued

Mr. Brodrick's Army (1903)

Lord Randolph Churchill (1906): two-volume biography of his father

For Free Trade (1906)

My African Journey (1908)

Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909)

The People's Rights (1910)

The World Crisis (1923-1931)

My Early Life: A Roving Commission (1930): autobiography

India (1931)

Thoughts and Adventures (Amid These Storms) (1932)

Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933-1938): four-volume biography on his greatest predecessor

Great Contemporaries (1937): short biographies

Arms and the Covenant or While England Slept: A Survey of World Affairs, 1932-1938 (1938): a call to arms, warning about Hitler, urging rearmament

Step by Step 1936-1939 (1939)

Addresses Delivered in the Year 1940 (1940)

Broadcast Addresses (1941)

Into Battle (Blood Sweat and Tears) (1941)

The Unrelenting Struggle (1942)

The End of the Beginning (1943)

Onwards to Victory (1944)

The Dawn of Liberation (1945)

Victory (1946)

Secret Sessions Speeches (1946)

War Speeches 1940-1945 (1946)

The Second World War (1948-1954): six volumes (12 in paperback)

The Sinews of Peace (1948)

Painting as a Pastime (1948)

Europe Unite (1950)

In the Balance (1951)

The War Speeches 1939-1945 (1952)

Stemming the Tide (1953)

A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956-1958): four volumes

The Unwritten Alliance (1961)

Essays and short stories

"Man Overboard!" (1899). First printed in The Harmsworth Magazine, January 1899

"If Lee had not won the Battle of Gettysburg" (1930). First published in Scribner's Magazine, December 1930.

References

Other websites

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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was an English politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, once during World War II, and again in the early 1950s. Churchill is the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a State funeral.

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Biography

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Martin Luther King, Jr. (born Michael King, Jr.; January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He was best known for improving civil rights by using nonviolent civil disobedience, based on his Christian beliefs. Because he was both a Ph.D. and a pastor, King is sometimes called the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. (abbreviation: the Rev. Dr. King), or just Dr King. He is also known by his initials MLK.

King worked hard to make people understand that not only blacks, but that all races should always be treated equally to white people. He gave speeches to encourage African Americans to protest without using violence.

Led by Dr. King and others, many African Americans used nonviolent, peaceful strategies to fight for their civil rights. These strategies included sit-ins, boycotts, and protest marches. Often, they were attacked by white police officers or people who did not want African Americans to have more rights. However, no matter how badly they were attacked, Dr. King and his followers never fought back.

King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his " I Have a Dream" speech. The next year, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

King fought for equal rights from the start of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 until he was murdered by James Earl Ray in April 1968.

Martin Luther King was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929. Although the name "Michael" appeared on his birth certificate, his name was later changed to Martin Luther in honor of German reformer Martin Luther.

As King was growing up, everything in Georgia was segregated, 70 years after the Confederacy was defeated and blacks were later separated away from white people. This meant that black and white people were not allowed to go to the same schools, use the same public bathrooms, eat at the same restaurants, drink at the same water fountains, or even go to the same hospitals. Everything was separate. However, the white hospitals, schools, and other places were usually much better than the places where black people were allowed to go.

At age 6, King first went through discrimination (being treated worse than a white person because he was black). He was sent to an all-black school, and a white friend was sent to an all-white school.

Once, when he was 14, King won a contest with a speech about civil rights. When he was going back home on a bus, he was forced to give up his seat and stand for the bus ride so a white person could sit down. At the time, white people were seen as more important than black people. If a white person wanted a seat, that person could take the seat from any African American. King later said having to give up his seat made him "the angriest I've ever been in my life."

King went to segregated schools in Georgia, and finished high school at age 15. He went on to Morehouse College in Georgia, where his father and grandfather had gone. After graduating from college in 1948, King decided he was not exactly the type of person to join the Baptist Church. He was not sure what kind of career he wanted. He thought about being a doctor or a lawyer. He decided not to do either, and joined the Baptist Church.

King went to a seminary in Pennsylvania to become a pastor. While studying there, King learned about the non-violent methods used by Mahatma Gandhi against the British Empire in India. King was convinced that these non-violent methods would help the civil rights movement.

Finally, in 1955, King earned a Ph.D. from Boston University's School of Theology.

Civil rights work

Montgomery Bus Boycott

King first started his civil rights activism in 1955. At that time, he led a protest against the way black people were segregated on buses. They had to sit at the back of the bus, separate from white people. He told his supporters, and the people who were against equal rights, that people should only use peaceful ways to solve the problem.

King was chosen as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was created during the boycott. Rosa Parks later said: "Dr. King was chosen in part because he was relatively new to the community and so [he] did not have any enemies." King ended up becoming an important leader of the boycott, becoming famous around the country, and making many enemies.

King was arrested for starting a boycott. He was fined $500, plus $500 more in court costs. His house was fire- bombed. Others involved with MIA were also threatened. However, by December 1956, segregation had been ended on Montgomery's buses. People could sit anywhere they wanted on the buses.

After the bus boycott, King and Ralph Abernathy started the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group decided that they would only use non-violence. Its motto was "Not one hair of one head of one person should be harmed." The SCLC chose King as its president.

March on Washington

In 1963, King helped plan the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. This was the largest protest for human rights in United States history. On August 28, 1963, about 250,000 people marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. Then they listened to civil rights leaders speak. King was the last speaker. His speech, called " I Have a Dream," became one of history's most famous civil rights speeches. King talked about his dream that one day, white and black people would be equal.

That same year, the United States government passed the Civil Rights Act. This law made many kinds of discrimination against black people illegal. The March on Washington made it clear to the United States government that they needed to take action on civil rights, and it helped get the Civil Rights Act passed.

Nobel Prize

In 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When presenting him with the award, the Chairman of the Nobel Committee said:

Today, now that mankind [has] the atom bomb, the time has come to lay our weapons and armaments aside and listen to the message Martin Luther King has given us[:] "The choice is either nonviolence or nonexistence"....[King] is the first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence. He is the first to make the message of brotherly love a reality in the course of his struggle, and he has brought this message to all men, to all nations and races.

Voting rights

King and many others then started working on the problem of racism in voting. At the time, many of the Southern states had laws which made it very hard or impossible for African-Americans to vote. For example, they would make African Americans pay extra taxes, pass reading tests, or pass tests about the Constitution. White people did not have to do these things.

In 1963 and 1964, civil rights groups in Selma, Alabama had been trying to sign African-American people up to vote, but they had not been able to. At the time, 99% of the people signed up to vote in Selma were white. However, the government workers who signed up voters were all white. They refused to sign up African-Americans. In January 1965, these civil rights groups asked King and the SCLC to help them. Together, they started working on voting rights. However, the next month, an African-American man named Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot by a police officer during a peaceful march. Jackson died. pp. 121-123 Many African-American people were very angry.

The SCLC decided to organize a march from Selma to Montgomery. By walking 54 miles (87 kilometers) to the state capital, activists hoped to show how badly African-Americans wanted to vote. They also wanted to show that they would not let racism or violence stop them from getting equal rights.

The first march was on March 7, 1965. Police officers, and people they had chosen to help them, attacked the marchers with clubs and tear gas. They threatened to throw the marchers off the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Seventeen marchers had to go to the hospital, and 50 others were also injured. This day came to be called Bloody Sunday. Pictures and film of the marchers being beaten were shown around the world, in newspapers and on television. Seeing these things made more people support the civil rights activists. People came from all over the United States to march with the activists. One of them, James Reeb, was attacked by white people for supporting civil rights. He died on March 11, 1965.

Finally, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to send soldiers from the United States Army and the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers. From March 21 to March 25, the marchers walked along the " Jefferson Davis Highway" from Selma to Montgomery. Led by King and other leaders, 25,000 people who entered Montgomery on March 25. He gave a speech called "How Long? Not Long" at the Alabama State Capitol. He told the marchers that it would not be long before they had equal rights, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice."

On August 6, 1965, the United States passed the Voting Rights Act. This law made it illegal to stop somebody from voting because of their race.

After this, King continued to fight poverty and the Vietnam War.

Assassination

King had made enemies by working for civil rights and becoming such a powerful leader. The Ku Klux Klan did what they could to hurt King's reputation, especially in the South. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) watched King closely. They wiretapped his phones, his home, and the phones and homes of his friends.

On April 4, 1968, King was in Memphis, Tennessee. He planned to lead a protest march to support garbage workers who were on strike. At 6:01 pm, King was shot while he was standing on the balcony of his motel room. pp. 284-285 The bullet entered through his right cheek and travelled down his neck. It cut open the biggest veins and arteries in King's neck before stopping in his shoulder.

King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital. His heart had stopped. Doctors there cut open his chest and tried to make his heart start pumping again. However, they were unable to save King's life. He died at 7:05 p.m. pp. 284-285

King's death led to riots in many cities.

In March 1969, James Earl Ray was found guilty of killing King. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Ray died in 1998.

Just days after King's death, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Title VIII of the Act, usually called the Fair Housing Act, made it illegal to discriminate in housing because of a person's race, religion, or home country. (For example, this made it illegal for a realtor to refuse to let a black family buy a house in a white neighborhood.) This law was seen as a tribute to King's last few years of work fighting housing discrimination in the United States.

"

[After I die,] I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others.

"

After his death, King was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. King and his wife were also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

In 1986, the United States government created a national holiday in King's honor. It is called Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. It is celebrated on the third Monday in January. This is around the time of King's birthday. Many people fought for the holiday to be created, including singer Stevie Wonder.

In 2003, the United States Congress passed a law allowing the beginning words of King's "I Have a Dream" speech to be carved into the Lincoln Memorial.

King County in the state of Washington, is named after King. Originally, the county was named after William R. King, an American politician who owned slaves. In 2005, the King County government decided the county would now be named after Martin Luther King, Jr. Two years later, they changed their official logo to include a picture of King.

More than 900 streets in the United States have also been named after King. These streets exist in 40 different states; Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico. and many others

In 2011, a memorial statue of King was put up on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

There are also memorials for King around the world. These include:

Photo gallery

Rosa Parks with King during the bus boycott (1955)

View of the protestors at the March on Washington (1963)

Police and protesters on the Edmund Pettus Bridge (1965)

King speaks at an anti- Vietnam War rally at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul (1967)

Related pages

In the United States, a person who has any kind of Ph.D. is called a "doctor." This is not the same as being a medical doctor.

References

1. Parks, Rosa (2002). "Introduction". In Clayborne Carson; Kris Shepard (eds.). A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. Grand Central Publishing. p. 2. .

2. Wright, H. R. The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1991). Charro Book Co., Inc. p.123.

3. Hansen, D, D. (2003). The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 177. ASIN B008TFYU54

4. Pildes RH 2000. . "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon". Constitutional Commentary 17. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=224731 . Retrieved February 2, 2016.

5. Shahn, Ben (March 19, 1965). . The Central Points. TIME, Inc.http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,833543-1,00.html.

6. Reed, Roy (March 6, 1966). . 'Bloody Sunday' Was Year Ago. New York, New York. p. 76http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/03/06/129195742.html?pageNumber=76.

7. . "Reeb, James (1927-1965)". Stanford University http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_reeb_james_1927_1965/.

8. Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives (1979) Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representaatives: Findings in the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. . United States Government Printing Office.Report.

9. J.T. Francisco, M.D. (April 11, 1968) . Retrieved on Autopsy Report: Martin Luther King, Jr. . Tennessee Department of Public Health, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1-2.Report February 29, 2016.

10. Wax, Emily (August 23, 2011). . "Martin Luther King Jr. sites across the globe". The Washington Post. Lifestyle: Full Coverage: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorialhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/martin-luther-king-jr-sites-across-the-globe/2011/08/04/gIQAK4R9YJ_story.html . Retrieved February 29, 2016.

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Martin Luther King Jr. Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com

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Martin Luther King, Jr. (born Michael King, Jr.; January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He was best known for improving civil rights by using nonviolent civil disobedience, based on his Christian beliefs. Because he was both a Ph.D.

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Biography on video

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Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

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Michelle Obama fun facts for students | Biography | Black History Month