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-The paper is cut, arranged, and bound in case of books or magazines.

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- Press run.
- Rolls of paper to be used are fed continuously through the press while the plates transfer ink from the rollers to the paper at a certain speed.

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We assume that the material to be printed is ready at this point, meaning, the design, layout, and digital files are ready for printing. These graphic images must be transferred to the plates, usually made of aluminum. To do this, the file is first created into film negatives. Then, light is used to transfer the images to the plate, through exposure. A chemical reaction makes it possible to transfer the images to the plates using special ink.

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Through the history of offset printing, this method has been very popular. This was due to the fact that artwork could be reproduced with great results at a lower cost. Before lithography printing was developed artworks could only be copied by putting in a lot of time and effort, and the results were not an exact reproduction.The popularity of the offset process grew quickly once the method was available from printers, and that continued through the 1800s and 1900s. It was finally possible to reproduce detailed images in a much shorter time, and without all of the effort required for an artist to start from scratch and draw every single line in the image.

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In 1875, Robert Barclay in England developed the offset printing process for printing on tin.

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Offset printing is one of the most common flat printing techniques, wherein ink is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then back to the printing surface.  Like most types of printing, offset printing is a mix of art and science.   Although the process is very technical (the science part), the press operator also carries a lot of weight in achieving the desired outcome of the printed piece.

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The history of offset printing gets its start in the 19th century when Robert Barclay invented the first lithograph offset press in England in 1875.
In 1903, United States citizen, Ira Washington Rubel, reworked the process to work for printing on paper. This was the beginning of a process still used today by large publishing and printing companies.

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Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique where an inked image is transferred (or “offset”) from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to paper. The offset process is a lithographic process. Lithoghraphy is a process based on the repulsion of oil and water.

An image that is offset printed is separated into its fundamental colors. (This example is assuming a 4 color job, ie. a brochure with text and images. There are times when there is only one or two colors or even six or eight.)

The brochure would be broken down into the primary printing colors; cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK). Thanks to computers this process has become easier. The image is broken down into these four colors and four seperate plates are made.

A plate is made up of areas that are receptive to grease and areas that are receptive to water. The areas receptive to grease hold onto the ink while the other areas attract water and repel the ink.

These plates are then put on to a press. From the ink fountains, the press pulls in the ink and puts it onto the plate. The press applies great pressure to the plate and the ink imprints the image from the plate onto a rubber blanket.  The image is then pressed onto the paper off the blanket to make a print.

When these four colors are printed onto each other the image comes back together and looks the way it did in in the inital PDF.

All this happens really fast and many impressions can be made from one set of plates. It is a very efficient process and lends itself very well to long runs over a long period of time.

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1875:  The first press to use offset lithography and the offset printing process is invented in England.  It used a cardboard covered cylinder to transfer the image from stone to a metal surface.
1880:  Rubber is discovered as a more effective transfer method on an offset printing clylinder.
1892:  First four color rotary press is invented.
1895:  Harris Automatic Press Company is founded in Niles, Ohio.  The company begins research on how to better the offset printing process.
1903:  Ira Washington Rubel of the United States first uses the offset process and uses it to print on paper.  He discovers that images print sharper by printing from the stone to the blanket and then to the paper.  This forms the basis for all modern offset lithography.
1911:  Man Roland enters the offset printing market with their first offset printing press.
1930:  Heatset printing makes a debut with the first heatset inks being produced for offset printers.
1950:  Lithographic offset printing becomes a direct competitor with letterpress.  Popularity now swings in the direction of offset printing as the desired and most economical form of printing.
1960:  More and more newspaper printers begin replacing their outdated letterpress machines with offset presses.
1962:  Heidelberg begins development of offset printing presses.  This came after decades of resistance by management.  Technicians were able to convince them that this was the way of the future.
1995:  Computer-to-plate makes its debut at trade shows around the world.
1998: Heidelberg patents the gapless printing clylinder.
2002:  Man Roland patents the magnetic brake system for folders allowing quarter folders to print faster.