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(Chap. 7) 1. What parts of the baby's skeleton were missing?

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(Chap. 7) 1. What parts of the baby's skeleton were missing?

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The lower leg bones and feet were gone.

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2. Why do insects avoid eating the fabric that was attached with copper shroud pins?

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2. Why do insects avoid eating the fabric that was attached with copper shroud pins?

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In the story it stats, "Copper is a fairly toxic [poisonous] metal." so the insects don't eat the cloth in contact with the copper.

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3. What factors helped the scientists determine the age or the child?

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3. What factors helped the scientists determine the age or the child?

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The cranium, sutures, and the teeth of the child helped Bruwelheide estimate the age.

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4. What may have made the baby's missing bones disappear?

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4. What may have made the baby's missing bones disappear?

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The soil was dampened over time and gravity pulled the water down to where the legs and feet lay. This caused the lower leg bones and feet to deteriorate and disappear.

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5. What diseases did the scientists suspect the baby had?

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5. What diseases did the scientists suspect the baby had?

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They suspected that the baby had rickets and anemia as they observed the bones.

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6. What conclusions did the scientist come to concerning the body in the second coffin?

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6. What conclusions did the scientist come to concerning the body in the second coffin?

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They concluded that the remains belonged to a slender woman, about 5 feet 3 inches tall, who had lived to be at least sixty years old

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7. What trace elements were found in the lady's hair when the nuclear reactor was used?

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7. What trace elements were found in the lady's hair when the nuclear reactor was used?

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Her hair contained very high levels of the element arsenic, a deadly poison.

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8. What uses did arsenic have in colonial times?

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8. What uses did arsenic have in colonial times?

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They thought that arsenic could cure illnesses and many medicines incorporated arsenic as one of the ingredients

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9. How was the man's coffin different than the other two

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9. How was the man's coffin different than the other two

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The coffin was made of several kinds of wood, was shaped into hexagons and stacked, and the lid was preserved very well.

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10. What burial tradition is explained in this section of the book?

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10. What burial tradition is explained in this section of the book?

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The story says, "During the seventeenth century, when the English buried a husband and wife beside each other, they traditionally placed the husband's grave on the north side of the wife's grave.

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11. In what way was the man burial different than all the others we have read about?

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11. In what way was the man burial different than all the others we have read about?

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The top half of the body's bones had been transformed into a white crystalline material

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12. In that day, what chemicals were used to make embalming fluid?

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12. In that day, what chemicals were used to make embalming fluid?

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A mixture of salt, a white powder called alum, lime (a substance found in certain types of rock), and herbs.

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13. How did the team of scientists link the crystal remains to the practice of embalming?

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13. How did the team of scientists link the crystal remains to the practice of embalming?

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The story says, "Geologists identified the crystals found in the coffin as a mineral called brushite." This forms when you embalm a skeleton.

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14. What is known about the man in the coffin?

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14. What is known about the man in the coffin?

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He was a male in his fifties who was probably right handed, about 5 feet 7 inches tall, and-as suggested by the coffin's with-somewhat overweight.

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15. What happened in the experiment to capture the air?

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15. What happened in the experiment to capture the air?

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They found that the sample contained chemicals that came from the materials used to embalm the the man's body and that the coffin air had been contaminated

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16. What did the Carbon-13 results show?

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16. What did the Carbon-13 results show?

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The value for the lead-coffin man was -17.4, and the lady's was -17.1.

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17. Who was likely the man in the lead coffin ?

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17. Who was likely the man in the lead coffin ?

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Philip Calvert was most likely the man in the lead coffin.

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He was the younger half brother of Cecil Calvert

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19. Who were the people in the other two coffins

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19. Who were the people in the other two coffins

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Anne Calvert and Philip and his 2nd wife's child

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(Chap. 6) 1. What events about the founding of the Maryland colony are given in this book?

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(Chap. 6) 1. What events about the founding of the Maryland colony are given in this book?

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It says that, ¨The colony in Maryland was founded in 1634 by a man who was determined to create a safe haven for English Catholics.¨

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2. When did archaeological work begin at St. Mary's?

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2. When did archaeological work begin at St. Mary's?

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They started working on St. Mary´s during the 1980s.

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3. Where were the three lead coffins buried?

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3. Where were the three lead coffins buried?

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They were buried beneath the floor of the brick church.

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4. What people were buried inside the church?

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4. What people were buried inside the church?

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The people that were buried inside the church were Sir Lionel and Annie Copley.

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5. What technology was used to look for buried objects within the walls of the church?

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5. What technology was used to look for buried objects within the walls of the church?

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They used a GPR to look for buried objects within the walls.

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6. What information did the GPR reveal about the foundation of the church?

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6. What information did the GPR reveal about the foundation of the church?

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It revealed a brick foundation that was in the shape of a cross and something beneath the chapel floor.

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7. How did the workers prevent more damage to the lead coffins?

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7. How did the workers prevent more damage to the lead coffins?

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They had to make a detain excavation plan.

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8. How did the scientist protect the grave site from intruders?

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8. How did the scientist protect the grave site from intruders?

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They covered the grave shaft with sheets of tin topped with a thick layer of soil.

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9. What did the scientists name the project?

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9. What did the scientists name the project?

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They named it Project Lead Coffin.

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10. Why were the Project Lead Coffins members allowed to open the Copely coffins and examine them?

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10. Why were the Project Lead Coffins members allowed to open the Copely coffins and examine them?

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It helped the team develop a scientifically thorough strategy for excavating and opening the three lead coffins.

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11. Where were the Copely coffins found?

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11. Where were the Copely coffins found?

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In a underground vault in the cemetery at Trinity Episcopal Church.

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12. What information did the use of stratigraphy give the scientists?

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12. What information did the use of stratigraphy give the scientists?

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It told that the two large coffins were buried at about the same time and that the grave shaft had been disturbed.

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13. Why did the scientist use gamma rays on the trunk?

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13. Why did the scientist use gamma rays on the trunk?

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They used gamma rays to create a image of the things inside the trunk without damaging it.

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14. Why did the scientist replace the oxygen in the coffins with argon, an inert gas?

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14. Why did the scientist replace the oxygen in the coffins with argon, an inert gas?

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The oxygen reacts with the flesh, hair, and clothing and causes it to disintegrate. Argon does not react with it, so it keeps it conserved.

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15. Why were the coffin scanned with infrared light?

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15. Why were the coffin scanned with infrared light?

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The coffins were scanned so that they could be tested to see if they had cracks in them. If they did, the lifting process could break them.

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16. Why were the coffins difficult to move?

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16. Why were the coffins difficult to move?

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The coffins were difficult to move because the scientists did their best not to damage the coffins and the caution they took made the process laborious.

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17. Why do you think they moved the baby's coffin first?

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17. Why do you think they moved the baby's coffin first?

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They moved the baby's coffin first because the baby's coffin had to be moved with a mini crane first because it was the smallest of the three graves.